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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The balance of trade and the virtual water transfers: analysis of agricultural sector in Cearà / A BalanÃa comercial e as transferÃncias de Ãgua virtual: anÃlise do setor agrÃcola no CearÃ

SÃrgio Rodrigues Rocha 23 April 2014 (has links)
The concepts of virtual water and water footprint are being increasingly used as management tools and relevant indicators to the appropriation of water resources consumption. Virtual water is the amount of fresh water incorporated into the production process of any goods or services consumed by people. The objective of this research is to measure the balance of trade of virtual water, from 1997 to 2012, in the state of CearÃ. For this purpose, were selected the main agricultural commodities of export tariffs and import of commodities; well as was used to water footprint methodology,which includes direct and indirect consumption of water, at all locations in which occur the productive chains of goods and services. As a result of quantification, for the case study of CearÃ, which is located in the semiarid Northeast Brazil and faces problems of water shortages, imports exceed exports in 44,629,598.5 million liters of virtual water. Cearà is, therefore, a net importer of virtual water. The United States is the main destination of Cearà exports of virtual water (12,188,074.6 million liters). The Argentina is the principal source of imports of Cearà of virtual water (42,219,370.0 million liters). Considering the total volume traded of virtual water, in liters, the main export products (cashews) and import (wheat) present, in liters per kilogram, patterns of total water footprints, respectively, 39,549.9 and 4,411.2. With the purpose of reducing the water footprint, of Cearà products, may be employed in the agricultural sector for measures:increasing productivity green footprint (rainwater) in rainfed agriculture; add the total production in rainfed agriculture; increase productivity of blue footprint (surface or underground water) on irrigated agriculture; decrease the relationship between blue and green water footprints; reduce the footprint gray (polluted water), through the reduction of the use of artificial fertilizers and pesticides. So that consumers are made aware, with respect to the products they consume, it may be useful to put information about the water footprint on the labels of the goods. / Os conceitos de Ãgua virtual e pegada hÃdrica estÃo sendo, cada vez mais, usados como relevantes ferramentas de gestÃo e indicadores de apropriaÃÃo de consumo de recursos hÃdricos. A Ãgua virtual à a quantidade de Ãgua doce incorporada ao processo produtivo de quaisquer bens ou serviÃos consumidos pelas pessoas. O objetivo desta pesquisa à mensurar o saldo da balanÃa comercial de Ãgua virtual, de 1997 a 2012, do estado do CearÃ. Para esse fim, foram selecionados os principais produtos bÃsicos agrÃcolas das pautas de exportaÃÃo e importaÃÃo de commodities; bem como foi utilizada a metodologia da pegada hÃdrica, que contempla os consumos direto e indireto de Ãgua, em todos os locais em que ocorrem as cadeias produtivas dos bens e serviÃos. Como resultado da quantificaÃÃo, para o estudo de caso do CearÃ, que està localizado no semiÃrido da RegiÃo Nordeste do Brasil e enfrenta problemas de escassez hÃdrica, as importaÃÃes superam as exportaÃÃes em 44.629.598,5 milhÃes de litros de Ãgua virtual. O Cearà Ã, portanto, importador lÃquido de Ãgua virtual. Os Estados Unidos sÃo o principal destino das exportaÃÃes cearenses de Ãgua virtual (12.188.074,6 milhÃes de litros). A Argentina à a principal origem das importaÃÃes cearenses de Ãgua virtual (42.219.370,0 milhÃes de litros). Considerando-se o volume total comercializado de Ãgua virtual, em litros, os principais produtos de exportaÃÃo (castanha de caju) e importaÃÃo (trigo) apresentam, em litros por quilograma, padrÃes de pegadas hÃdricas totais de, respectivamente, 39.549,9 e 4.411,2. Com a finalidade de reduzir a pegada hÃdrica, dos produtos cearenses, podem ser empregadas medidas no setor agrÃcola para: aumentar a produtividade da pegada verde (Ãgua da chuva) na agricultura de sequeiro; acrescer a produÃÃo total na agricultura de sequeiro; aumentar a produtividade da pegada azul (Ãgua superficial ou subterrÃnea) na agricultura irrigada; diminuir a relaÃÃo entre as pegadas hÃdricas azul e verde; reduzir a pegada cinza (Ãgua poluÃda), por meio da diminuiÃÃo do uso de fertilizantes e pesticidas artificiais. Para que os consumidores sejam conscientizados, com relaÃÃo aos produtos que consomem, pode ser Ãtil colocar informaÃÃes sobre a pegada hÃdrica nos rÃtulos das mercadorias.

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