Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnuskaIA.pdf: 788750 bytes, checksum: 3e9eb68e01cc2a95f7315ab5b061a6b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-06 / Cooperation is a well known behavior and influenced by all cultures. Probably selective pressures brought advantages to individuals that cooperate, and then this behavior is current in human societies. Most of it is studied about cooperation and natural selection was understood by the game theory, a mathematical approach that helps to understand the conflict and cooperation. We believe that natural selection and game theory could facilitate understanding these behaviors and two theoretical articles were written regarding this view. It was also found that most of data about cooperation was obtained in (with) adults. Since game theory is effective to understand this phenomenon, and to be used and understood, two games were used with five and eleven year old children: the common pool and public goods games. The results are presented in four empirical articles. We found that children respond to social dilemmas of game theory like the adults do. They adjust their rounds regarding the feedback obtained of their partness; in the beginning they cooperate and reduce the degree of cooperation along (throughout) the following session; in the absence of punition the level of opportunism increased, mainly in larger groups; boys and girls behave differently when donate. This research suggest that cooperation has an evolutionary basis in human and it is since earlier in the behavioral pattern shown by adults. / A coopera??o ? um comportamento bastante difundido e estimulado em todas as culturas. Provavelmente press?es seletivas trouxeram vantagens para indiv?duos que cooperavam, e por essa raz?o, esse comportamento est? presente nas sociedades humanas. Muito do que se estuda sobre coopera??o e sele??o natural foi compreendida utilizando a teoria dos jogos, uma abordagem matem?tica que ajuda compreender o conflito e a coopera??o. Acreditamos a sele??o natural e a teoria dos jogos podem nos ajudar a compreender esses comportamentos e escrevemos dois dois artigos te?ricos abordando essa id?ia. Verificamos tamb?m, que muito dos achados sobre coopera??o foram realizados com adultos. Pelo fato da teoria dos jogos ser eficaz para compreender esse fen?meno, e de f?cil aplica??o e compreens?o, utilizamos dois jogos em crian?as de 5 a 11 anos de idade: o jogo da terra dos comuns e o dos bens p?blicos. Os achados est?o relatados em quatro artigos emp?ricos. Neles verificamos que as crian?as respondem aos dilemas sociais da teoria dos jogos de forma semelhante aos adultos. Elas ajustam as jogadas em fun??o do retorno que obt?m dos companheiros; s?o cooperativas no in?cio e reduzem a coopera??o ao longo das sess?es; na aus?ncia de puni??o o n?vel de oportunismo aumentou, principalmente nos grupos grandes; meninos e meninas se comportam de forma diferente na de realizar as doa??es. O conjunto deste trabalho sugere que a coopera??o tem uma base evolutiva em humanos e que ela est? presente desde cedo nos padr?es apresentados pelos adultos

La participation des pêcheurs artisanaux a longtemps été écartée de la gestion institutionnelle des activités halieutiques marines côtières dans la zone intertropicale, notamment au sein des États centralisés d’Amérique Centrale. L’objectif majeur de cette thèse était de déterminer le potentiel de cogestion des activités halieutiques artisanales au sein du Golfo Dulce (Pacifique Sud du Costa Rica). La réflexion s’organise en deux parties. La première est consacrée à l’étude de la gestion des activités halieutiques artisanales exploitant les ressources marines côtières, ressources communes, dans les pays en développement tropicaux, et la seconde, à une étude de cas du Golfo Dulce. Dans un premier temps, le secteur halieutique artisanal costaricain a été caractérisé, notamment au travers de son évolution historique et de sa gestion déconcentrée et pluri-institutionnelle. Les différentes modalités de participation des pêcheurs artisanaux à la gestion de leurs activités halieutiques sont illustrées par plusieurs études de cas (Cahuita, Marino-Ballena, Palito, Tárcoles, Golfo Dulce). Dans un second temps, les pratiques de pêche et le profil socio-économique des pêcheurs artisanaux des trois communautés de Bahía Pavones (sud-est du Golfo Dulce) ont été caractérisés. L’activité de pêche artisanale y repose sur huit espèces, dont les deux principales, Lutjanus gutattus (vivaneau rose) et L. peru (vivaneau garance) seraient surexploitées. La participation des pêcheurs artisanaux aux organisations locales est importante malgré un déficit de confiance envers ces dernières. Enfin, la comparaison des différentes études de cas a mis en évidence l’existence de huit conditions nécessaires au développement d’un processus de cogestion d’activités halieutiques artisanales au Costa Rica. Au sein de l’Aire Marine de Pêche Responsable du Golfo Dulce, malgré la volonté des pêcheurs artisanaux de participer à une pêche durable, c’est la manipulation de ces derniers par divers acteurs qui entrave le processus de cogestion. / The participation of small scale fishers in institutional management of tropical coastal marine fisheries activities has long been excluded, notably in the centralized states of Central America. The major objective of this study was to determine the potential of co-management of coastal marine small scale fisheries activities in Golfo Dulce (South Pacific of Costa Rica). The study consists of two main parts. The first analyses the management of small scale fishing activities exploiting coastal marine resources in tropical developing countries, and the second is devoted to the case study of Golfo Dulce. In a first step, the Costa Rican small scale fishery sector was characterized, especially its historical evolution and its decentralized and multi-agency management. The various modalities of the participation of small scale fishers in its management were illustrated by several case studies (Cahuita, Marino-Ballena, Palito, Tárcoles, Golfo Dulce). Second, fishing practices and socio-economic profile of small scale fishers of the three communities of Bahía Pavones (southeast of Golfo Dulce) were characterized. The small scale fishing activity is essentially based on eight species, of which the two main ones, Lutjanus gutattus (spotted rose snapper) and L. peru (Pacific red snapper) could be overexploited. The participation of small scale fishers to local organizations is significant despite a general lack of confidence towards these organizations. Finally, comparing the different case studies revealed the existence of eight key conditions for the development of a successful co-managed small scale fishery in Costa Rica. Within the Marine Responsible Fishing Area of the Golfo Dulce, it is the manipulation of small scale fishers by various user groups (in particular government and the tourism sector) that hinders the process of co-management.