<p>Massage therapy is often used to treat musculoskeletal symptoms and to promote wellness. While evidence regarding its effectiveness is increasing, research related to actual practice and studies seeking to understand the mechanisms of massage therapy are needed. The purpose of this research was to describe the characteristics of massage therapists and their clients and to understand the role of communication in massage therapy outcomes. The first study examined the outcome expectations, expectancies, and behaviors of a random sample of massage therapists in Iowa (n=151) using a cross-sectional survey. The second study used a practice-based research design incorporating two samples of massage therapy clients (n=320 and n=321) to develop and validate a measure of client expectations of massage, the Client Expectations of Massage Scale (CEMS). The third study examined the influence of client expectations and massage therapists' interpersonal attractiveness on pain and satisfaction following massage. Social Cognitive Theory and Expectancy Violation Theory were used as frameworks to demonstrate how health behavior and communication theories can provide insight to massage therapy research. Results indicated that massage therapists had high expectations regarding the benefits of massage therapy and engaged in a variety of behaviors that reflect the clinical, educational, and interpersonal nature of massage therapy. In addition to using a variety of manual therapies, the massage therapists educated their clients in areas such as diet, stress management, and exercise to improve client health. Similarly, clients had positive expectations as measured by the outcome, clinical, educational, and interpersonal subscales of the CEMS. Positive outcome expectations predicted significant improvements in pain and serenity. High interpersonal expectations were related to negative changes in serenity. The third study revealed that high satisfaction was influenced by positive interpersonal attractiveness but more research is needed to understand the influence of client expectations being met on satisfaction. Initially high educational expectations, exceeded educational expectations, violated interpersonal expectations, and positive interpersonal attractiveness were related to less pain following massage. In conclusion, this research demonstrated that client expectations and massage therapist interpersonal attractiveness are important constructs to consider when evaluating the effects of massage therapy.

Les citoyens doivent-ils conquérir un droit à la communication ? Que signifie la démocratisation des médias télévisuels alternatifs locaux ou communautaires ? Quelles expériences ont été menées pour quels résultats ? Les citoyens ont-ils gagné des espaces de paroles qu'ils gèrent eux-mêmes et ces expériences ont-elles conduit à des évolutions sociales ? Au Brésil, terre d’expérimentation de la démocratie délibérative ou participative, nous étudions le cas de deux télévisions : TV Viva, télévision de rue pionnière à Recife dans les années 80 et TV ROC, première télévision par câble autorisée dans une favela, dans la Rocinha à Rio de Janeiro. Dans un phénomène comparatif, nous nous intéressons également à l'expérience de Télé Millevaches en France qui comporte de nombreuses similitudes avec celle des deux TV brésiliennes. Les médias dans la démocratie et leur rôle dans la diffusion de ses valeurs, comme acteurs sociaux, sont au centre du premier temps du document. Les questions de l'identité, de la participation et de l'accès au média y sont traités, en comparant la France et le Brésil, et pour arriver à des propositions quant à une "autre communication". Dans un second temps, nous voyons ce qu'est la relation entre les médias télévisuels locaux ou communautaires, le territoire, le local et la proximité en mettant en perspective les approches françaises et brésiliennes du "local" ainsi que l'historique et les modèles de ces médias dans les deux pays. Le dernier temps est consacré à TV Viva et à l'étude de cas sur TV ROC / Must the citizens conquest a human right to communication ? What is the meaning of democratization of the alternative or community televisions ? What experiences exist and for what results ? Have the citizens won places for their expression that they are managing them selves and does these experiences encourage social evolutions ? In Brazil, where are tested the deliberative and the participative democracy, we are studying the case of two televisions : TV Viva, a pioneer street television in Recife, and TV ROC of the Rocinha in Rio de Janeiro, the first authorized Brazilian cable television in a slum. In a comparative phenomenon, we study as well the French experience of Télé Millevaches which includes various similarities. Media and democracy and their function in the diffusion of the democratic values, as social actors, is the focus of the first part of the document. The questions of the identity, media participation and media access are treated, comparing France and Brazil's situations, in a way of propositions for an "other communication". In a second time, we examine what is the relationship between the local and community medias, the local and the proximity in a French and Brazilian perspective of the local as the history and the models of these medias in the two countries. The third part is consecrated to TV Viva and to a case study of TV ROC

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-17T18:17:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Otre.pdf: 1692273 bytes, checksum: 27bf6418ce610279d091f88fcedad4ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:17:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Otre.pdf: 1692273 bytes, checksum: 27bf6418ce610279d091f88fcedad4ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Mapping of the dissertations and theses regarding the subarea of popular, alternative and community communication (PACC) developed in the Post Graduate Programs in sticto sensu Communication in Brazil, from 1972 to 2012. Within the main objectives, we intended to track the researches; the authors; their distribution within time and space; identify the institutions and advisors which promote the subarea; define the theoretical methodological approaches; and point referential authors/concepts. By means of exploratory research and the application of four filters, we got to a final sample of 102 researches, 87 dissertations and 15 theses, subjected to quantitative analysis, by means of Content Analysis towards the pre-established parts (Abstract, Key Words, Introduction, Summary, Closing Remarks and Methodological Chapter, when existing), and a qualitative analysis of the full content of the 15 theses. The method guiding this research is the historical dialectic with a view to finding an analysis of a context and attentive to the contradictions and changes that the object is involved; and the bibliographic research which supports it is anchored in authors, such as, Jorge González, Cicilia Peruzzo, Regina Festa, Pedro Gilberto Gomes, Gilberto Giménez and Augusto Triviños. The research was held with software NVivo support. Quantitative results indicated: a) predominance of community communication research (68%); b) prevalence of empiric studies (79%); c) the variety of denominations attributed to the experiences by the researchers; d) the constant struggle of the popular classes to democratize communication and to achieve social rights; e) the relevance and influence of the organic intellectuals on the studied experiences; f) methodological problems; g) UMESP, USP and UFRJ as the lead producers on this sub-area, and; h) Cicilia Peruzzo and Raquel Paiva as the supervisors who mostly advise theses on the theme. As for the qualitative analysis, there were some criteria that permeate the PACC: 1) the definition of subaltern classes; 2) the importance of the communities’ active participation in the communication processes and; 3) forms, contents and objectives that complement each other and give identity to the experiences / Mapeamento das dissertações e teses referentes à subárea da comunicação popular, alternativa e comunitária (CPAC) desenvolvidas nos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação stricto sensu no Brasil, de 1972 a 2012. Dentre os objetivos estão localizar as pesquisas; os autores; sua distribuição no tempo e espaço; identificar as instituições e orientadores que impulsionam a subárea; definir as abordagens teórico-metodológicas; e apontar autores/conceitos referência. Por meio de pesquisa exploratória e aplicação de quatro filtros, chegou-se a uma amostra final de 102 pesquisas, 87 dissertações e 15 teses, submetidas à análise quantitativa, por meio de Análise de Conteúdo a partir de partes pré-definidas (Resumo, Palavras chave, Introdução, Sumário, Considerações Finais e capítulo metodológico, quando presente), e a uma análise qualitativa do conteúdo completo das 15 teses. O método que orienta esta pesquisa é o histórico dialético, na perspectiva da busca de uma análise de conjunto e atenta às contradições e mudanças que o objeto está implicado; e a pesquisa bibliográfica que a fundamenta se ancora em autores como Jorge González, Cicilia Peruzzo, Regina Festa, Pedro Gilberto Gomes, Gilberto Giménez e Augusto Triviños e foi realizada com o apoio do software NVivo. Resultados quantitativos indicam: a) predominância de pesquisas sobre comunicação comunitária (68%) b) predominância de estudos empíricos (79%); c) a variedade de denominações atribuídas às experiências pelos pesquisadores; d) a constante luta das classes populares por democratização da comunicação e por direitos sociais ao longo dos anos; e) a influência e importância dos intelectuais orgânicos nas experiências estudadas, f) problemas metodológicos; g) UMESP, USP e UFRJ como instituições protagonistas, e, h) Cicilia Peruzzo e Raquel Paiva como as que mais orientam teses e dissertações sobre a temática. Quanto à análise qualitativa verificaram-se alguns critérios que permeiam a CPAC: 1) a definição de classes subalternas; 2) a importância da participação ativa das comunidades nos processos de comunicação; e 3) formas, conteúdos e objetivos que se complementam e dão identidade às experiências