The term 'community development' used in this thesis applies to an urban neighborhood. Incorporating the ideology of community development into community planning would make community planning developmental., Community developmental planning implies the realization of human potential; the concentration on the strengths of different community organizations as well as the mobilization of organized human resources for a balanced social and physical development, The NIP/LAP (Neighborhood Improvement Program / Local Area Planning) program of the City of Vancouver is chosen as an example to illustrate this concept. The purpose of NIP/LAP, as viewed from a developmental perspective, would be to help local residents identify their needs, mobilize them for active participation and develop local leadership for future local initiative in neighborhood planning. When NIP funding is exhausted, community developmental planners can leave behind a team of organized and mobilized local leaders capable of making future initiations for community betterment. The focus of the thesis is on the organizationa1 process of achieving community developmental planning. Voluntary and governmental organizations can complement each other to bring about this kind of developmental planning in local areas. This thesis looks into why and how they ought to be blended. The Riley Park NIP Committee and the Kitsilano Neighborhood House were chosen to represent respectively governmental and voluntary agencies for community developmental planning. Two research studies are conducted to identify the unique strengths and weaknesses of each type of organization. The first research investigates the role of local mobilization through the generation of social network. The second research attempts to understand the tactics of citizen participation adopted in achieving locally-initiated goals and plans. Two blending models, static and dynamic, are recommended at the end of the thesis for guiding developmental planning in urban neighborhoods. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The start-up of the Community Development Workers' Initiative (CDWI) aims at formally beginning the process of re-establishing community development practice within British Columbia's Ministry of Social Services (MSS). This report's goals are to document the MSS Community Development Workers1 (CDWs) perceptions of their practice, challenges, and successes both outside of and within the MSS. These goals are carried out within the context of organizational change theories and models. This research was conducted approximately one year after the start-up of the CDWI. This is an explorative/descriptive study which garners CDW input from questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. These two measures were utilized in order to yield qualitative data. Qualitative methods and Rothman's framework (three modes of community organization) are employed to extrapolate major themes. The findings reveal that most CDW respondents report their practice to reflect one or more of the three models described in Rothman's framework. Underlining this trend, the selection of community organizational strategies usually appears to be driven by a process involving the community and their identified needs and interests. Documentation and discussion also include CDWI community work constructs, the obstacles faced by the respondents, CDW's perceptions of MSS' s needs and interests, and the sampled CDW's recommendations surrounding organizational change through the use of a community development approach.

The start-up of the Community Development Workers' Initiative (CDWI) aims at formally beginning the process of re-establishing community development practice within British Columbia's Ministry of Social Services (MSS). This report's goals are to document the MSS Community Development Workers1 (CDWs) perceptions of their practice, challenges, and successes both outside of and within the MSS. These goals are carried out within the context of organizational change theories and models. This research was conducted approximately one year after the start-up of the CDWI. This is an explorative/descriptive study which garners CDW input from questionnaires and face-to-face interviews. These two measures were utilized in order to yield qualitative data. Qualitative methods and Rothman's framework (three modes of community organization) are employed to extrapolate major themes. The findings reveal that most CDW respondents report their practice to reflect one or more of the three models described in Rothman's framework. Underlining this trend, the selection of community organizational strategies usually appears to be driven by a process involving the community and their identified needs and interests. Documentation and discussion also include CDWI community work constructs, the obstacles faced by the respondents, CDW's perceptions of MSS' s needs and interests, and the sampled CDW's recommendations surrounding organizational change through the use of a community development approach. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

M.A. / Development administrators in the Third World, whether attached to Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) or Third World governments, face the same kind of problems. Considering the high failure rate of "development" in Third World countries, the major challenge is to implement development programmes effectively. Development in the Third World is highly complex due to a vast variety of regional variations in terms of historical, economic and political factors, and diverse cultures and traditions, etcetera, crammed together in states that were initiated and demarcated by the previous colonial powers of the Western world. Implementing Western development policies successfully in the Third World without taking the above diversity into consideration has detrimental and stagnating results. This study highlights some causes, elements and the consequences of inertia. The purpose is to make administrators, organizations and governments aware of the negative effect of this phenomenon. A literary review indicates that inertia exists virtually in all development circumstances, and if inertia is ignored, it will inhibit the effective and efficient implementation of development programmmes. This finding is substantiated by the experiences of the Reconstruction and Development Program (RDP), indicated in case studies from the Northern Province of South Africa. These case studies revealed certain elements of inertia that not only delay the execution of RDP projects, but also underline the nature of financial burdens as a result thereof. Furthermore, the different types of pathology in the Third World, such as the patrimonial state and Sultanism, create a situation full of loopholes allowing inertia to take its toll. The impact of these "types" of government is highlighted by the excessive centralization of decision-making, the sheer size of the civil services as well as the obsession of political leaders in the Third World to obtain power and self-enrichment. Inertia is like an octopus that spreads its tentacles to all spheres of civil service operations and has a detrimental impact on the effective implementation of development projects. The operation of civil services in the Third World not only delays the processing of development policies, but has a negative impact on the attitude of civil servants as well. The findings are substantiated by the consequences of the rigid rules and regulations in the civil service as well as the inadequacy of civil servants to operate efficiently. The implementation of the recommendations of this study to eliminate inertia calls for a review of development strategies used by developers in order to successfully address the highlighted practical problems of implementation.

Evaluation is an important aspect of the project cycle. The evaluation results are used to determine new strategies of the programme as well as the future of the project. However, the problem is that most conventional evaluations are seen as external intervention because they often disregard the role project participants could play in the process of evaluation. Then there is sustainable livelihoods approach which is viewed as a holistic and participatory approach. Because the sustainable livelihoods approach is people-centred; is holistic; dynamic; builds on strengths; considers macro-micro links; and considers issue of sustainability, it could provide a framework with which evaluation could be conducted. The objective of this study was to find out the outcomes of using the sustainable livelihoods approach as a tool for evaluating developmental projects. The theoretical framework for evaluating projects was designed using sustainable livelihoods and evaluation literature. The framework was tested using two projects in the area of agriculture and rural education. The research process guide was also designed and guided the process of data collection. The study has shown that the sustainable livelihoods approach could be used to evaluate developmental projects. The opportunities and the challenges of evaluating developmental projects using the sustainable livelihoods approach in each step of evaluation process were discovered. Using SL framework to define evaluation programme revealed that projects could be viewed holistically though not covering everything. However, the volume of the data collected was large and required more time to analyse. The logical framework was useful in terms of planning the evaluation programme. On the downside, the logical framework was technical and required guidance from the researcher. Establishing success indicators required the participants to negotiate the yardstick for measuring. The participants could not select data gathering methods because 1) the participants had no knowledge of the participatory methods and 2) the methods already used were not appropriate for the data collected. Reliance on participatory methods alone affected the robustness of the evaluation data collected. Thorough planning and capacity building are critical in interpretation of evaluation results follow sustainable livelihoods approach guidelines. Further studies with more representative sample and with a longer time span are needed to refine the implementation of the evaluation of developmental projects using sustainable livelihoods approach. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.

M.A. (Development Studies) / This investigation was conducted in a transitional phase of South Africa's political dispensation. The emphasis on "transformation" in the new dispensation, promises to have far-reaching consequences for the development of people in communities. The achievement of the obj ectives of the community development approach, which is currently being used in South Africa as a development strategy, can lead to a better quality of life for people living in informal settlements (squatter communities) if communi ty development (as a development strategy) is applied succesfully. Against this background, a study was conducted in Finetown (see location map : annexture 1) on which this inquiry is especially focussing. In the second instance, Finetown serves as an example of an informal settlement, in the hope of general ising some of the findings and recommendations. Two readiness models for community development, in particular the model of Levi and Litwin (1986 : 31-35) as well as the model of Conyers and Raul (1990 : 127-138) is used as the study's starting point. The readiness indicators that could be identified from the literature study, was applied on two groups of respondents (namely the facilitators and the members of the Finetown communi ty). The findings of the literature study are thus compared to the investigation in Finetown to firstly, "place" Finetown on a readiness scale and, secondly, expand the available knowledge of a "readiness model" for community facilitating in such communities. This investigation is therefore based on a literature study,questionnaires, informal interviewing and observations in Finetown. These sources of data are used to compare the objectives of the community development strategy with the community's current perceptions of community development. The researcher comes to the conclusion that, allthough both the community facilitators and the community perceive the readiness indicators as relevant for the community's development, the former cherishes higher expectations about the indicators than the latter. The main objective of this study was thus to, firstly, identify indicators for community development and, secondly, test them in Finetown. Thirdly, additional indicators were identified for inclosure with the existing indicators. Hereby a contribution is hopefully made to the eventual development of a model which could be used to evaluate the level of readiness of communities for community development and through which a more effective use of scarce recources for development can be made

M.A. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

Orientador: Carla Kazue Nakao Carvaliero / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_AndreFrazao_M.pdf: 351601 bytes, checksum: 3451aec5763178d2db19b2fff690c6a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho procurou-se enquadrar a geração de energia elétrica para as comunidades isoladas do interior do Estado do Amazonas em um contexto de desenvolvimento endógeno. Para isso, inicialmente explicou-se quais as características dos modelos de desenvolvimento adotados para o mesmo Estado, evidenciando as conseqüências socioeconômicas na atualidade para o interior do Amazonas. Logo após mostrou-se as características atuais socioeconômicas e energéticas do interior do Estado em questão, evidenciando a estagnação econômica e a exclusão energética destas comunidades, mostrando ainda as potencialidades regionais possivelmente aproveitáveis e o potencial energético local. Desta forma, propõe-se um desenvolvimento regional local, com a inclusão da geração de energia elétrica para estas comunidades em um contexto de desenvolvimento, e não de forma isolada como proposto pelo programa de eletrificação do Governo Federal ¿Luz Para Todos¿ / Abstract: This work was developed to fit the generation of electric energy for the isolated communities of the interior of the Amazonas State in a context of endogenous development. Initially, the characteristics of the adopted models of development for the Amazonas State were explained with a focus on the social and economic consequences for the interior of Amazonas. The next step was to reveal the actual social, economic and energy characteristics of the interior of the State in question, revealing the economic stagnation and energy exclusion of these communities. The regional potentialities and the local energy potential were also taken into consideration. Based on the research mentioned above, a regional development is proposed, with the inclusion of the generation of electric energy for these communities in a context of development, rather than the isolated form proposed in the federal government electrification program of "Luz Para Todos" (Light For All) / Mestrado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos

Orientador: Renato Peixoto Dagnino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T16:46:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fonseca_RodrigoRodriguesda_D.pdf: 2941516 bytes, checksum: ca38819dd8bfed91bc0ead215ecd5b1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Desigualdade, injustiça, dano ambiental, por um lado, e inclusão social, por outro, estão entrando na agenda do processo decisório da política pública brasileira. Contraditoriamente, a utilização do potencial de pesquisa e desenvolvimento local para gerar soluções economicamente viáveis e social e ambientalmente sustentáveis, que pudessem enfrentar os desafios colocados por essas questões não tinha, até pouco tempo atrás, preocupado os responsáveis pela área de ciência e tecnologia (C&T). Entre outras razões, porque nos países de capitalismo avançado, de onde provém a maior parte dos insumos teóricos e de policy making usados para a elaboração dessa política, essas questões não preocupam os governos e a comunidade de pesquisa. O fato de que num período recente estas questões mobilizaram diversas instâncias e atores da área de C&T levando à elaboração de uma Política de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Desenvolvimento Social (PCTDS) foi o que motivou a elaboração desta tese. Ela analisa eventos relacionados a essa política ocorridos entre 2003 e 2008. Sua hipótese orientadora é de que a PCTDS não tem conseguido, como política-meio, fomentar a produção de conhecimentos adequados à viabilização das políticas-fim orientadas à inclusão social, formuladas na mesma conjuntura política. Ao contrário do esperado, a PCTDS não foi capaz de dar suporte às políticas de inclusão social, em que pese o fato da ação do Estado neste campo ter produzido resultados significativos. O marco analítico-conceitual utilizado para o trabalho é tributário do instrumental de Análise de Política e dos Estudos Sociais da Ciência e Tecnologia e se apóia na contribuição de autores que analisaram a relação Estado-Sociedade e as políticas públicas latino-americanas com ênfase na política de C&T. O primeiro capítulo caracteriza a política e constrói a hipótese do trabalho. O segundo sistematiza as evidências que parecem comprová-la usando documentos oficiais e o discurso dos atores envolvidos com a PCTDS. O terceiro, usando a mesma sistematização, analisa as evidências e seus condicionantes de modo a comprovar a hipótese. No capítulo conclusivo apresentaremos elementos que consideramos necessários para superar o hiato de formulação. / Abstract: Inequality, injustice and environmental damage, on the one hand, and social inclusion, on the other hand, are entering policy agendas in Brazil. Contradictorily, the use of local research and development potential for generating socially and economically viable solutions, that could withstand the challenges posed by these issues had not, been noted by science and technology policy makers until recently. Among other reasons, this is due to the fact that in developed countries, where the majority of theoretical and policy making inputs used for the elaboration of this policy are created, these issues are not perceived as important by the government, the research community and society in general. The main motivation behind this thesis is that these issues have recently mobilized several actors involved with S&T, leading to the development of a Science and Technology Policy for Social Development (PCTDS). The thesis examines events related to this policy that occurred between 2003 and 2008. It is guided by the hypothesis that the PCTDS has been unable to encourage the production of adequate knowledge to support social inclusion policies, formulated in the same political framework. Unlike that which was expected, the PCTDS was not able to offer support to the social inclusion policies, despite the significant results these actions have produced. The analytical and conceptual framework utilized here is derived from the instruments provided by Policy Analysis and by the field of Social Studies of Science and Technology, based on the contribution of authors that have analyzed State-Society relations and Latin American public policies with emphasis on S&T policy. The first chapter defines the policy and elaborates on the main hypothesis behind the thesis. The second one systematizes evidences that seem to prove it, based on official documents and on the discourse of the actors involved with the PCTDS. The third one, using the same systematization, analyzes the evidences and some important factors in order to prove the hypothesis. In the final chapter, some evidence that we consider necessary to overcome the formulation gap of Brazilian S&T policy are presented. / Doutorado / Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica / Doutor em Política Científica e Tecnológica

D.Litt. et Phil. / Please refer to full text to view abstract