Submitted by Lara Gomes Melchior null (lahtuti@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-14T21:11:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Lara Versão Final.pdf: 949503 bytes, checksum: 2675776db95f4fd4b4d6542497c65b45 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-15T13:12:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 melchior_lg_me_sjrp.pdf: 949503 bytes, checksum: 2675776db95f4fd4b4d6542497c65b45 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T13:12:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 melchior_lg_me_sjrp.pdf: 949503 bytes, checksum: 2675776db95f4fd4b4d6542497c65b45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escolha da unidade amostral e extensão da área de estudo é crucial para a compreensão dos processos e mecanismos influenciando os padrões de distribuição da biodiversidade. Dependendo da escala espacial escolhida, os padrões de distribuição serão influenciados por processos ecológicos e biogeográficos diferentes. Neste trabalho, nós alternamos as unidades amostrais e extensões da área estudada (corpos d’água em um município, corpos d’água em uma ecoregião, municípios em uma ecoregião e municípios na área total de estudo) para avaliar a importância relativa das variáveis ecológicas e biogeográficas na diversidade beta de anuros na Floresta Atlântica Brasileira. Para isso, nós parcionamos a diversidade beta total nos componentes substituição espacial de espécies e aninhamento. Nós observamos que, mantendo a mesma unidade amostral e aumentando a extensão da área de estudo, os valores da substituição espécies aumentam. Por outro lado, mantendo a mesma extensão e aumentando a unidade amostral, os valores da substituição de espécies diminuem. Além disso, nossos resultados concordam que a importância relativa dos fatores ecológicos e biogeográficos na diversidade beta de anuros é dependente da escala espacial. Considerando as menores unidade amostral e extensão, as variáveis ambientais e distância geográfica se alternam na importância relativa associada aos valores de diversidade beta, enquanto que, em escalas espaciais maiores, as ecoregiões passam a ter uma importância relativa maior. / The selection of the sampling unit and extension of the study area is crucial for understanding the processes and mechanisms influencing biodiversity distribution patterns. Depending on the chosen scale, patterns of distribution will be influenced by different ecological and biogegraphical processes. Here, we alternate the sample units and extensions of the study area (water bodies in a municipality, water bodies in an ecoregion, municipalities in an ecoregion, and municipalities in total area of study) to assess the relative importance of ecological and biogeographical factors in the beta diversity of frogs in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We partitioned total beta diversity into two additive components, spatial species turnover and nestedness. We found that considering the same sample unit and increasing the extent of the study area the turnover values increased. On the other hand, considering the same extension and increasing the sampling unit, the turnover values decreased. Furthermore, our results agree that relative importance of the ecological and biogeographical processes in frog beta diversity is dependent on spatial scales. Considering the smallest sampling unit and extension, environmental variables and geographic distance alternated in their relative importance associated with beta diversity, while at largest spatial scales, ecoregions showed higher values of relative importance.

Le recours à des épandages d'amendements calco-magnésiens dans les forêts acidifiées peut représenter une alternative intéressante pour corriger l'acidification des sols et la perte d'éléments nutritifs engendrés par des décennies de dépôts atmosphériques acides. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de cette thèse sont d'évaluer les effets d'amendements calco-magnésiens sur (i) la diversité taxonomique et la structure des communautés des macroinvertébrés de sol forestier et sur (ii) deux processus fonctionnels associés notamment à l'activité des vers de terre, tels que la structuration du sol et l'évolution des humus. Au cours de nos travaux, trois sites localisés dans les Vosges (nord-est, France) ont été étudiés : deux massifs forestiers (sur grès et granite) en moyenne montagne, ayant fait l'objet d'amendements aériens en 2003 et la forêt domaniale de Humont située dans les collines sous-vosgiennes, où des amendements en 1991 et 2008 ont été réalisés. Les résultats montrent que 4 ans après amendement sur les bassins versants en moyenne montagne, l'abondance totale de la communauté de macrofaune a diminué, alors que les richesses spécifiques sont similaires. Cependant, la composition des communautés diffère avec moins de 50 % d'espèces communes aux sites amendés et témoins. Une diminution de l'abondance des prédateurs a également été observée alors que la plupart des détritivores ont été favorisés par l'amendement. Les études in vitro montrent également son effet positif sur les activités de structuration du sol par les vers de terre (production de turricules et construction de galeries). En forêt de Humont, les amendements ont eu un effet majeur à moyen terme (4 ans) et à long terme (20 ans) sur la population d'Aporrectodea velox, espèce endémique des Vosges. De part sa biomasse importante, cette augmentation de densité favorise l'amélioration des caractéristiques physico-chimiques du sol forestier tels que la structuration des sols et la morphologie des humus. / The use of liming (Ca-Mg) on acidified forest can be interesting to counteract soil acidification and loss of nutrients caused by decades of acid atmospheric deposition. In this context, the aims of this work were to assess liming effect on (i) taxonomical diversity and community structure of soil macro-invertebrates and on (ii) two associated functional processes related to earthworms: soil structuration and humus evolution. The PhD project was realised in three sites from the Vosges mountains (North-eastern, France): two forest mountain catchments (one lying on sandstone and the other on granite) limed in 2003 and the public hill forest of Humont at a lower altitude limed in 1991 and 2008. Results showed that 4 years after liming in mountain forest, the total abundance of macro-invertebrates decreased, while the species richness were similar. However, the community structure strongly differed, and less than 50% of the species were common to limed and control sites. Moreover, 43 species appeared to be indicators of liming. Predator taxa abundance decreased whereas the detritivorous were favoured by lime addition. The in vitro experiments showed a positive effect of liming on soil structuration by earthworm activities (cast production and burrowing activities). In the Humont forest, liming at medium-term (4 years) and long term (20 years) have an important effect on the Aporrectodea velox population, an endemic vosgian species. Related to its high biomass, this increase strongly improved soil physicochemical parameters such as soil structure and humus morphology.

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