Thesis (Phd)--Open University. BLDSC no. DXN106438.

Bibliography: pages 153-156. / The study investigates Kwa Mashu Family and Child Welfare Society, a welfare organization providing child welfare services to the community of Kwa Mashu. This organization interacts with other organizations that serve the interests of the child. The study investigates the Kwa Mashu Family and Child Welfare Society as it interacts with other organizations in the provision of Child Welfare Services. The study was motivated by the earnest desire of the organization to find out from the community of Kwa Mashu how the latter views the society in the midst of changing circumstances within the Township. The study is descriptive and exploratory, it explores and describes the child welfare field. It addresses the development of this field and demonstrates how the political priorities affected child welfare provision in South Africa. The study also gives a brief profile of Kwa Mashu Township in which the society operates. In the analysis of Kwa Mashu Family and Child Welfare Society special attention is given to the structure of the organization and the channels of communication within the organization and between the organization and the community. The study investigates the views and opinions of 50 community organizations operating within Kwa Mashu. The study discovered that these organizations had a variety of views about Kwa Mashu Family and Child Welfare Society. The major discovery was that although the community organizations are aware of Kwa Mashu Family and Child Welfare Society they are unaware of the services offered.

Waka have a special place in the heart of many Maaori. The waka that brought the ancestors of the Maaori to Aotearoa and Te Waipounamu are valued symbols of identity, both culturally and metaphorically. With the effects of colonisation the use of waka as a means of transport disappeared leaving it to re-emerge in the 20th century as a symbol of the revitalisation of Maaori society. Through the construction of waka-taua, ocean going waka and the emergence of waka-ama as a sport, Maaori have endeavoured to reclaim their association to the seas and waterways of New Zealand. This research is a case study of Tupuwae, a kaupapa Maaori injury prevention project using traditional Maaori concepts regarding waka and applying it to a contemporary context. Tapuwae have used this attachment of Maaori to different forms of waka to associate the message of not drinking and driving using purpose-built waka-ama in the southern part of Te Waipounamu. This research identifies some of the wider outcomes that come from a kaupapa Maaori project, but, more importantly it identifies some of the processes that are important in implementing such a project by Maaori living in Otago, outside their tribal boundaries. This research also raises questions about the theoretical underpinnings of kaupapa Maaori theory and argues that there are two threads to this approach, one from a critical theory informed approach and the other from a native theory approach. Key words:Waka, Community Action, Community Development, Kaupapa Maaori, Maaori Development, Maaori Advancement, Native Theory.

The political and economic history of New Zealand since the turn of the nineteenth century has been characterised by the colonisation of the indigenous Maori people by settlers mainly from Britain. In 1840 the British Crown and representative Maori Rangatira signed the Maori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, which guaranteed to Maori continuing ownership of their land and natural resources, and self determination under the protection of the Crown, What Maori did not know in signing the Treaty was that already thousands of new settlers were being recruited in Britain on the promise of a paradise, where vacant land could be purchased cheaply and every man was the equal of his master. While the Maori population was in decline following the introduction of disease and the musket, the immigrant European population exploded. It established a Westminster styled Government which in its early years included no Maori, and passed laws which over the next 50 years alienated Maori from 95% of their land, prevented Maori from accumulating capital and participating in the most rewarding industries, and imposed alien social institutions on a previously well organised and successful people. For many Maori in the twenty-first century, the legacy of colonisation has been either marginalisation in rural communities on land frozen by legal structures which run counter to traditional values and procedures, or migration to towns and cities where employment opportunities are mainly in less skilled work and subject to variation in the economy. This thesis examines the extent of the displacement of the institutions of Maori society and its impact on the development of Maori land and other assets. It proposes an approach which could assist shareholders in Maori land to reassert traditional values and tikanga and promote collective decision making, while gaining understanding of the concepts and language of business and organisations and a skill base for greater participation in the organisations which own and manage their assets. The research results are promising, with participants in a research project accepting an approach to governance and organisation which bridges tikanga and modem business structures. There is evidence from an extended case study that the approach engenders a confidence which has positive social and cultural outcomes while encouraging the development of Maori land

The political and economic history of New Zealand since the turn of the nineteenth century has been characterised by the colonisation of the indigenous Maori people by settlers mainly from Britain. In 1840 the British Crown and representative Maori Rangatira signed the Maori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, which guaranteed to Maori continuing ownership of their land and natural resources, and self determination under the protection of the Crown, What Maori did not know in signing the Treaty was that already thousands of new settlers were being recruited in Britain on the promise of a paradise, where vacant land could be purchased cheaply and every man was the equal of his master. While the Maori population was in decline following the introduction of disease and the musket, the immigrant European population exploded. It established a Westminster styled Government which in its early years included no Maori, and passed laws which over the next 50 years alienated Maori from 95% of their land, prevented Maori from accumulating capital and participating in the most rewarding industries, and imposed alien social institutions on a previously well organised and successful people. For many Maori in the twenty-first century, the legacy of colonisation has been either marginalisation in rural communities on land frozen by legal structures which run counter to traditional values and procedures, or migration to towns and cities where employment opportunities are mainly in less skilled work and subject to variation in the economy. This thesis examines the extent of the displacement of the institutions of Maori society and its impact on the development of Maori land and other assets. It proposes an approach which could assist shareholders in Maori land to reassert traditional values and tikanga and promote collective decision making, while gaining understanding of the concepts and language of business and organisations and a skill base for greater participation in the organisations which own and manage their assets. The research results are promising, with participants in a research project accepting an approach to governance and organisation which bridges tikanga and modem business structures. There is evidence from an extended case study that the approach engenders a confidence which has positive social and cultural outcomes while encouraging the development of Maori land

The political and economic history of New Zealand since the turn of the nineteenth century has been characterised by the colonisation of the indigenous Maori people by settlers mainly from Britain. In 1840 the British Crown and representative Maori Rangatira signed the Maori language version of the Treaty of Waitangi, which guaranteed to Maori continuing ownership of their land and natural resources, and self determination under the protection of the Crown, What Maori did not know in signing the Treaty was that already thousands of new settlers were being recruited in Britain on the promise of a paradise, where vacant land could be purchased cheaply and every man was the equal of his master. While the Maori population was in decline following the introduction of disease and the musket, the immigrant European population exploded. It established a Westminster styled Government which in its early years included no Maori, and passed laws which over the next 50 years alienated Maori from 95% of their land, prevented Maori from accumulating capital and participating in the most rewarding industries, and imposed alien social institutions on a previously well organised and successful people. For many Maori in the twenty-first century, the legacy of colonisation has been either marginalisation in rural communities on land frozen by legal structures which run counter to traditional values and procedures, or migration to towns and cities where employment opportunities are mainly in less skilled work and subject to variation in the economy. This thesis examines the extent of the displacement of the institutions of Maori society and its impact on the development of Maori land and other assets. It proposes an approach which could assist shareholders in Maori land to reassert traditional values and tikanga and promote collective decision making, while gaining understanding of the concepts and language of business and organisations and a skill base for greater participation in the organisations which own and manage their assets. The research results are promising, with participants in a research project accepting an approach to governance and organisation which bridges tikanga and modem business structures. There is evidence from an extended case study that the approach engenders a confidence which has positive social and cultural outcomes while encouraging the development of Maori land

This study examines the role of Community Based-Organisations (CBOs) in the response to HIV/AIDS as a development challenge drawing examples from the Gabane Community Home-Based Care CBO in Botswana. The study adopted qualitative methods of research and used group discussions, relative unstructured interviews, direct observation and literature review as methods of data collection. The study found out that HIV/AIDS is indeed a development problem and that it can be dealt with using some existing development approaches such as the sustainable livelihoods approaches. The study further identified specific roles that CBOs play in the response to HIV/AIDS. It also revealed the potential that CBOs have in achieving development. In addition, the study identified and outlined challenges that CBOs face in responding to HIV/AIDS. Key recommendations are that CBOs must integrate poverty reduction interventions in their activities. They must also form coalitions and strengthen their capacity to sustain their activities and manage partnerships. / Development Studies

L’empowerment, concept central de la prévention et de l'intervention psychosociale et en santé, est recommandé par l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé autant pour les femmes ayant un parcours de prostitution, que plus généralement pour les populations socialement et politiquement défavorisées. Aujourd’hui, bien que de nombreux organismes et professionnels se déclarent promouvoir l’empowerment, la question continue de se poser sur la façon dont ces pratiques s’articulent et se vivent en intervention psychosociale. En plus des paradoxes et contradictions soulevés dans les écrits scientifiques, l'articulation de ce concept est possiblement encore plus complexe auprès d'individus marginalisés pour qui les contextes de vie et les structures d'intervention viennent freiner leur capacité d'autodétermination, comme c'est le cas des femmes avec un parcours de prostitution. L'aspect multidimensionnel des enjeux de sortie de la prostitution ainsi que le vécu d'abus et d'oppression de ces femmes soulèvent des défis importants dans l'établissement d'un lien de confiance et des objectifs d'intervention. Afin de conceptualiser les pratiques d’empowerment, cette recherche de nature qualitative et d’approche compréhensive, a recueilli les savoirs expérientiels de six intervenantes se disant pratiquer l’empowerment auprès de femmes ayant un parcours de prostitution. Les analyses ont permis de décrire : (1) les contextes dans lesquels les pratiques s’incarnent, (2) la façon dont les participantes adaptent leurs pratiques, (3) l’empowerment en tant que processus, (4) les conditions et mécanismes à l’empowerment et enfin, (5) les paradoxes et tensions que les participantes rencontrent dans l’application de leurs pratiques d’empowerment. Les résultats illustrent que les participantes exercent l’empowerment aux niveaux individuel, collectif et structurel, tout en décortiquant les conditions et mécanismes nécessaires pour soutenir le processus. Notamment, les résultats soulignent l’importance de développer une relation basée sur la congruence, la réciprocité et la coopération. / The World Health Organization promotes the use of empowerment-based approaches when working with socially and politically disadvantaged populations in general and more specifically with women engaged in prostitution. With the growing popularity of this concept, it is now used to label a variety of psychosocial practices, however, questions remain as to how these practices are articulated and put into practice in interventions, especially considering that certain authors have highlighted paradoxes associated with the concept of empowerment. The articulation of this concept may be even more complex when working with people who experience social marginalization and for whom life contexts and intervention structures can limit the possibilities of self-determination, as is the case for women with a history of prostitution. There are major barriers in establishing a bond of trust and developing pertinent objectives in interventions. Such barriers are related to the complex nature of exiting prostitution and the long-term impacts of experiences of abuse and oppression. In order to conceptualize empowerment practices, this qualitative research, with a comprehensive approach, gathered the experiential knowledge of six practitioners who describe their practice as empowerment-oriented and work with women who have experienced prostitution. Analyses allow us to describe: (1) the contexts in which the practices are embodied, (2) the way in which the participants adapt their practices, (3) empowerment as a process, (4) the conditions and mechanisms for empowerment, and finally, (5) the paradoxes and tensions that the participants encounter in applying their empowerment practices. The results illustrate that the participants exercise empowerment at individual, collective and structural levels, and dissect the conditions and mechanisms necessary to support the process of empowerment. The results underline the importance of developing a relationship based on authenticity, reciprocity and cooperation.

This study examines the role of Community Based-Organisations (CBOs) in the response to HIV/AIDS as a development challenge drawing examples from the Gabane Community Home-Based Care CBO in Botswana. The study adopted qualitative methods of research and used group discussions, relative unstructured interviews, direct observation and literature review as methods of data collection. The study found out that HIV/AIDS is indeed a development problem and that it can be dealt with using some existing development approaches such as the sustainable livelihoods approaches. The study further identified specific roles that CBOs play in the response to HIV/AIDS. It also revealed the potential that CBOs have in achieving development. In addition, the study identified and outlined challenges that CBOs face in responding to HIV/AIDS. Key recommendations are that CBOs must integrate poverty reduction interventions in their activities. They must also form coalitions and strengthen their capacity to sustain their activities and manage partnerships. / Development Studies