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The Iroquoian language family is indigenous to eastern North America. It has both a southern branch, represented by Cherokee, and a northern branch, represented by Huron, Mohawk, and Tuscarora, among others. The languages are notable for their rich inflectional morphology and complex patterns of allomorphy, as well as their small numbers of consonant phonemes which nonetheless yield complex consonant clusters. To date, the history of the Iroquoian languages has been limited to short summaries, and formal reconstruction of the phonology and morphology of Proto-Iroquoian (PI) has not been undertaken. This work represents the first systematic attempt to reconstruct PI phonology and morphology and trace subsequent developments through to modern languages. The comparative method has been used, but the theoretical disposition of the work is otherwise neutral and should permit interpretation of the data by researchers of any theoretical persuasion. Chapter 1 outlines previous studies in Iroquoian historical linguistics and addresses issues of time depth, subgrouping, borrowing, and inheritance. Chapter 2 presents the phonemic inventory, phonology, and morphology of PI as reconstructed through comparison of Cherokee and Proto-Northern Iroquoian (PNI). Fifteen chapters follow that relate the phonological and morphological changes separating each descendant language from its parent stage. Evolution of Cherokee from PI is described in Chapter 3. The descent of PNI from PI is detailed in Chapter 4. Development of Proto-Tuscarora-Nottoway (PTN) from PNI is related in Chapter 5, and development of Tuscarora and Nottoway from PTN in Chapters 6 and 7. Development of Susquehannock and Laurentian from PNI is discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. Descent of Proto-Mohawk-Oneida (PMO) from PNI is presented in Chapter 10, and the evolution of Mohawk and Oneida from PMO in Chapters 11 and 12. Development of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Huron from PNI is related in Chapters 13 through 16, and development of Wyandot from Huron is described in Chapter 17. Chapter 18 discusses fragmentary languages: Meherrin, Wenro, Erie, and Neutral. Data for this study were gathered from primary sources (dictionaries, grammars, word lists), and cognate sets upon which reconstructions in the study are based are included in two appendices.

The Iroquoian language family is indigenous to eastern North America. It has both a southern branch, represented by Cherokee, and a northern branch, represented by Huron, Mohawk, and Tuscarora, among others. The languages are notable for their rich inflectional morphology and complex patterns of allomorphy, as well as their small numbers of consonant phonemes which nonetheless yield complex consonant clusters. To date, the history of the Iroquoian languages has been limited to short summaries, and formal reconstruction of the phonology and morphology of Proto-Iroquoian (PI) has not been undertaken. This work represents the first systematic attempt to reconstruct PI phonology and morphology and trace subsequent developments through to modern languages. The comparative method has been used, but the theoretical disposition of the work is otherwise neutral and should permit interpretation of the data by researchers of any theoretical persuasion. Chapter 1 outlines previous studies in Iroquoian historical linguistics and addresses issues of time depth, subgrouping, borrowing, and inheritance. Chapter 2 presents the phonemic inventory, phonology, and morphology of PI as reconstructed through comparison of Cherokee and Proto-Northern Iroquoian (PNI). Fifteen chapters follow that relate the phonological and morphological changes separating each descendant language from its parent stage. Evolution of Cherokee from PI is described in Chapter 3. The descent of PNI from PI is detailed in Chapter 4. Development of Proto-Tuscarora-Nottoway (PTN) from PNI is related in Chapter 5, and development of Tuscarora and Nottoway from PTN in Chapters 6 and 7. Development of Susquehannock and Laurentian from PNI is discussed in Chapters 8 and 9. Descent of Proto-Mohawk-Oneida (PMO) from PNI is presented in Chapter 10, and the evolution of Mohawk and Oneida from PMO in Chapters 11 and 12. Development of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Huron from PNI is related in Chapters 13 through 16, and development of Wyandot from Huron is described in Chapter 17. Chapter 18 discusses fragmentary languages: Meherrin, Wenro, Erie, and Neutral. Data for this study were gathered from primary sources (dictionaries, grammars, word lists), and cognate sets upon which reconstructions in the study are based are included in two appendices.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1998. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 356-381).

本研究通过语言中的量词系统来探索语言相对论的假说。在诸如汉语普通话这样的量词语言中，名词通过名量词之间的搭配关系可以被分成不同的类。属于同一个量词类的名词所指通常在形状，有生性或者功能等方面有着共同的特征。这个研究关注的问题是，使用量词语言是否会影响一个人对于日常物体间相似度的判断。 / 相较于非量词语言母语者来说，量词语言母语者可能是因为两个物体属于同一个量词类而倾向于认为它们彼此更相似（量词类假说），也可能是因为两个物体在形状、有生性和大小这些特征上有共同点而认为它们彼此更相似（量词特征假说）。为了检验这两种可能性，这个研究中涉及到了两种量词语言普通话和粤语。这两种语言的量词系统在量词特征方面有很多共同点，但在量词对于名词的分类上却有不同。 / 前两个实验通过比较北京普通话母语者，香港粤语母语者和欧洲语言母语者来检验两个量词假说。结果发现，中国被试和欧美被试在物体相似判断任务中表现出了明显的整体差异，而中国被试内部，即普通话和粤语被试之间则没有明显差异，两者表现十分相似。中国被试的结果主要对量词特征假说提供了支持，而非量词类假说。此前研究中发现的量词效应也并不完全是由于名量词搭配这一语言关系引起的。此外，在第三个实验中，通过测试北京普通话母语者和有高级汉语水平的欧洲语言母语者，还验证了语言内部因素，即量词类之间的差异对于量词效应的产生也会有影响。 / 这个研究的结果表明使用和学习一种量词语言可以影响一个人对于物体间相似度的判断，这一发现为语言相对论提供了证据。 / This study examines the hypothesis of linguistic relativity through classifier systems. In a classifier language like Mandarin, nouns can be categorized through the collocation relationship between nouns and classifiers into different categories. The referents of nouns in the same classifier categories usually have some features in common, such as shape, animacy or function. This study is concerned with whether speaking a classifier language can affect one's similarity judgment on everyday objects. / It is likely that classifier language speakers tend to judge two objects that belong to the same classifier category as similar (category-based classifier hypothesis). Alternatively, classifier language speakers attend to certain features (e.g. shape, animacy, and size) between objects more than do non-classifier language speakers (feature-based classifier hypothesis). In order to distinguish these two possibilities, two classifier languages were included in the investigation - Mandarin and Cantonese, which have much in common in terms of the semantic features of classifiers, but differ in the classifier categorization of nouns. / The first two experiments tested the two classifier hypotheses with Beijing Mandarin speakers, Hong Kong Cantonese speakers, and European language speakers. There was an overall difference between Chinese speakers and European language speakers, but Mandarin and Cantonese speakers behaved quite similarly in terms of similarity judgment. Lack of difference between Mandarin and Cantonese speakers gives more support to feature-based classifier hypothesis than to category-based classifier hypothesis. It suggests that the classifier effect reported in previous studies is not merely contributed by the classifier-noun collocation. Besides, some other within-language factors in terms of the differences between classifier categories can also account for the absence of classifier category effect. They were supported by the results of the third experiment, with Beijing Mandarin speakers and European language speakers who were advanced Mandarin learners as subjects. / Findings of this study offer evidence for linguistic relativity, by showing that our similarity judgment on objects can be influenced by speaking or learning a classifier language. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Wang, Ruijing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 123-127). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables and Figures --- p.vii / Chapter 1 --- Classifiers in Mandarin and Cantonese --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Classifier languages --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Syntax of classifiers in Mandarin and Cantonese --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Types of classifiers in Chinese --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Classifier category and overlaps between classifier categories --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Classifier features --- p.16 / Chapter 2 --- Empirical studies of linguistic relativity on classifier languages --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Linguistic relativity --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Classifier hypothesis and count-mass noun hypothesis --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2 --- Empirical studies of the classifier hypothesis --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- Empirical studies of count-mass noun hypothesis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.51 / Chapter 3 --- Studies --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1 --- Pre-study 1: Classifier Survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experiment 1A: Similarity judgment task with pictorial stimuli --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experiment 1B: Similarity judgment task with word stimuli --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4 --- Experiment 2: testing the gradient classifier model --- p.78 / Chapter 4 --- General discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1 --- Classifier effect as shape effect --- p.92 / Chapter 4.2 --- Classifier categories and classifier languages --- p.94 / Chapter 4.3 --- Classifier effect as preferred strategy and habitual thought --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- The function of classifiers and the classifier effect --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5 --- Bilinguals and second language leaners --- p.104 / Chapter 4.6 --- Future studies --- p.105 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.107 / Appendix --- p.108 / References --- p.123

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves 248-258. / Microfiche. / xiii, 258 leaves map 28 cm

This study attempts to further our understanding of linguistic politeness by focusing on both a Western and a non-Western language. It is based on two sets of data (one spontaneous and the other elicited) and provides a comparative analysis of three expressive speech acts produced by native speakers of British English and Thai. At face value, compliments, apologies and thanks may seem to have little referential meaning, yet these speech acts can be crucially important in originating, maintaining or even terminating social relationships. The data reveal a tendency for the two groups of speakers to use the three politeness devices in a different manner, reflecting cross-cultural differences in social norms and value systems. This project follows earlier studies of similar nature, in particular those carried out on different varieties of English. The findings are interpreted within pragmatic and sociolinguistic theoretical frameworks, and are discussed in the following format: linguistic structures of the speech acts, their functions, the topics of compliments, apologies and thanks, interpersonal and contextual factors influencing the production of these expressives, and the responses given to them. The analysis has implications for language specialists and lay people alike, in that it brings together a number of important insights with regard to these speech features that may result in miscommunication if and when British and Thai speakers converse in intercultural situations.

The subject of collocability has been a common concern among linguists, lexicographers, and language pedagogues recently. They find the linguistic aspect of collocation interesting, because words due not exist in isolation from other words in a language. They exist with other words. In every language, the vocabulary consists of single words and multi-word expressions. Collocations are among those multi-word expressions. The aim of this thesis is to characterize collocations in the Arabic language, to devise a classification of the semantic and the distributional patterns of collocations in the Arabic language and to examine the problems encountered in translating English collocations into Arabic. This will require an analysis of the collocational patterns in both English and Arabic, a classification of the translation outcomes, and therefore, types of errors adopted by translators, an indication of how frequent and significant each error is, and an analysis of the causes of each error. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The subject of collocability has been a common concern among linguists, lexicographers, and language pedagogues recently. They find the linguistic aspect of collocation interesting, because words due not exist in isolation from other words in a language. They exist with other words. In every language, the vocabulary consists of single words and multi-word expressions. Collocations are among those multi-word expressions. The aim of this thesis is to characterize collocations in the Arabic language, to devise a classification of the semantic and the distributional patterns of collocations in the Arabic language and to examine the problems encountered in translating English collocations into Arabic. This will require an analysis of the collocational patterns in both English and Arabic, a classification of the translation outcomes, and therefore, types of errors adopted by translators, an indication of how frequent and significant each error is, and an analysis of the causes of each error. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)