The present study commences with an exposition of the problem statement with reference to the influence that school principals' perceptions have on outcomes based education and the implementation there off. A study of the relevant literature in connection to outcomes based education as well as "tutor leadership" is conducted. This literature study will show the change that outcomes based education has on the role and tasks of educators and principals. The qualitative research method as well as a detailed background of the study will be described. An analysis of data accumulated during focus group interviews and semi-structured interviews lead to the compilation of definitive categories and sub-categories in the research. Finally a specific conclusion is reached regarding the influence that school principals' perceptions have on outcomes based education and certain recommendations are made for further research. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Education Management)

This study focuses on the concept of Active Learning (AL) and the related concept Active Leamer Participation (ALP) as it features in the Literacy Learning Programme of the Foundation Phase of Curriculum 2005. The aim of the action research project, conducted at four schools in the Durban district of K waZulu- Natal, was to find a model of AL in order to provide guidance on teaching for ALP. The study involved the researcher working collaboratively with five Foundation Phase educators over a period of four months. Results of the study indicated that teaching in the sequential stages of classbuilding and teambuilding, whole class discussion, group work and individual work increases learners' active participation and ownership in terms of the learning experience. These stages form the model of active learning. Due to the spirit of camaraderie and partnership that developed in each stage, the research team is inclined to call it "The Tirisano Model of Active Learning". / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master's Degree of Technology: Information Technology, Durban University of Technology, 2010. / The main purpose of this study was to examine how e-learning can help resolve some of the most acute problems that are specific to the nature of the outcomes-based education (OBE) system in developing countries. This was accomplished by investigating the relevant literature on OBE and by designing an e-learning content prototype for the South African version of OBE, with the focus on the training of Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy educators. OBE is an education system centred on the theory of mastery of learning introduced by Bloom in the 1950s. It has been implemented worldwide in primary and secondary schools and also in tertiary institutions. Some studies have shown that OBE is problematic, and that both educators and learners are opposed to this system of education. Existing research also reports that the quality of education in OBE is very poor as compared to that of the traditional education system. This study was an attempt to identify the most acute problems experienced by educators and learners in the OBE context and to design a prototype for e-learning content that can be used in courses in an attempt to solve these problems. The research population of the perceptions survey consisted of Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy educators and learners from the 6 000 primary and secondary schools of the KwaZulu- Natal (KZN) province of South Africa. Eighteen schools formed part of the research sample, with an average of two schools per region (the KZN province is divided into nine regions). Both private and public schools were included in the study. Data for the study were collected from March 2007 to August 2007 in the form of a perceptions survey of 104 educators and 288 learners, yielding an average of six educators and sixteen learners for each randomly selected school. Results from the perceptions survey show that educators and learners do not understand OBE terminology. In addition, educators claim that they are not sufficiently trained for OBE. Research iii participants also report that schools’ basic infrastructure is unsatisfactory, and that their classrooms are overcrowded. Mathematics is perceived as the most difficult subject by both educators and learners. The survey also reveals that most public schools do not have computers and that neither educators nor learners have access to computers in their public libraries. A SCORM- (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) compliant e-learning course was developed in this study to address the most acute problems identified by the survey, based on the Software Engineering Unified Model. The designed e-course contains OBE terminology such as learning outcomes, OBE principles, assessment standards, assessment methods, national curriculum statement and learning fields. The e-learning course content also contains the Mathematics and Mathematical Literacy curriculum for grades 11 and 12. It was constructed using 16 documents extracted from the National Department of Education’s website: 7 documents under Further Education and Training, 4 under Teacher Guide, and 5 under General Education and Training. The evaluation of the e-learning content prototype was conducted through a survey among 36 educators from different primary and secondary schools of the Mnquma Municipality of the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. They were trained in the SCORM-compliant e-learning course content at the Walter Sisulu University’s Butterworth campus. The training took place from 10 to 13 November 2009. After the training, educators filled out a questionnaire on their perceptions of the effectiveness of the proposed e-learning content prototype with regard to the practice of OBE. Results from the SCORM e-course evaluation survey showed that the proposed SCORM software artefacts allow educators to have a better understanding of OBE terminology. The proposed software artefact is user-friendly and educators recommended its use not only for Mathematics but for all subjects.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Magister of Technology: Language Practice, Durban University of Technology, 2012. / Outcomes-based education compelled South African teachers to make an important paradigm shift in education from a teacher-centred approach to a learner-centred approach. This paradigm shift in teaching and learning emphasised an active participation of learners which necessitated Technology Education (TE) teachers to restructure their teaching strategies in terms of the National Curriculum Statement (NCS). Conducted within a constructivist paradigm, this study was based on Shulman‟s (1986, 2004) theory of pedagogical and content knowledge, and Vygotsky‟s (1978) zone of proximal development within social constructivism. Using a mixed method approach, this study investigated teachers‟ understanding and implementation of the design process as it relates to teaching TE in the intermediate and senior phases (Grades 4–9) of the General Education and Training Band in KwaZulu-Natal. The study also considered the training of TE teachers in a bid to facilitate teaching and learning in the classroom and to enable learners to become creative and critical problem solvers. Analysis of the questionnaire and semi-structured responses revealed that teachers were interpreting and implementing policy differently and that they were not adequately trained to teach TE. As a result, classroom practice in terms of teaching and learners‟ experience of the design process in TE also differed. Valuable lessons were learned in this study for the structuring of training programmes for teachers in Technology Education to enhance teaching and learning in the classroom. Therefore, based on the findings, this study makes recommendations regarding teaching, learning, assessment, and training of teachers in TE.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree in Masters of Technology in Nursing, Durban University of Technology, 2015. / Introduction Critical care nursing is one of the most stressful specialities in the nursing profession that involves caring for patients who are suffering with life threatening illness or injuries. The highly technological environment where critical care nursing is rendered is associated with a great amount of stress, frustration and burnout. The critical care nursing student needs to be prepared, mentored and supported for the role transition from student to professional nurse. Nursing education and training cannot succeed without proper theory and practice integration. Therefore, the critical care nursing environment should be supportive of the improvement of teaching and learning. Peer mentoring is one important strategy to help foster an environment that is supportive of the critical care nursing student, allowing them to grow and succeed as experts within the speciality of critical care nursing. Aim of the study The aim of the study was to explore the influence of peer mentoring on critical care nursing students’ learning outcomes in critical care units in KwaZulu- Natal. Methodology A qualitative exploratory research design was used to conduct the study. Ten nurses were recruited from the critical care units in five private and two public hospitals. Descriptions of their experiences were gained through individual face-to-face interviews. The broad question to the participants was: “What influence does peer mentoring have on the critical nurses’ learning outcomes in the critical care unit?” iii Results The findings of the study revealed that peer mentoring is a vital strategy in helping the critical care nursing students to attain their learning outcomes so that they will be proficient in the critical care unit. Peer mentoring was however, not consistent in all hospitals and the critical care nursing students were not given the necessary support and supervision. There were no structured support systems in place to ensure that peer mentoring was formalized and that all required nursing personnel took on the responsibility to teach and facilitate learning for critical care nursing students. Recommendations Recommendations were made with regards to policy development, service provision, nursing education and research. These include that a formalized mentorship programme should be incorporated into the core competencies of all qualified critical care nurses, and to be reflected in their performance appraisal in order to motivate the registered nurses to fulfil their independent function as teachers. Each unit mentor should familiarize him/herself with the prescribed learning objectives of the critical care nursing student in order to be able to delegate appropriately so that learning outcomes are achieved by the mentee. There should be an allocation of supernumerary time for the critical care nursing student and their mentor to allow time for formal mentoring responsibilities to take place away from the clinical area, to facilitate assessment and feedback, and enhance consolidation. Ongoing evidencebased practice research should be conducted on this topic, to provide more information on how peer mentoring effects the mentee, nursing education and retention of skilled staff.

Thesis (MMus) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study involves the research and documentation to develop an integrated, outcomesbased curriculum for music education in Grade 8 in South Africa by using guided composition as a teaching method. Directives from the new national curriculum, i.e. Curriculum 2005, the current Western Cape Education Department's syllabus for Music and the British National Music Curriculum are considered and applied. Composition is a medium that assists learners in exploring sound in an approach that emphasizes discovery through processes of creative thinking when organizing sound. Music as an art form cannot be mastered through discussion and performance alone. This study focuses on how composition helps learners to explore and discover through problem-solving activities when learning to think in sound and to manipulate the language of music. General perspectives on music education curricula are researched to determine an acceptable theoretical proficiency level for Grade 8. The praxial music educational approach of David Elliott is used as a philosophical foundation for developing the composition program curriculum. Actively making music, developing musicianship and developing creativity in music education form the backbone of this author's approach and hence an accountable basis for a curriculum. Fundamental issues in developing a curriculum are examined, the crux being how we learn. Cognitive apprenticeship and reflective thinking as praxial techniques focussing on integrated and holistic learning are proposed as a methodology for a music education curriculum, in this case composition. A curriculum for guided composition is designed and set out in four stages according to the four stages of curriculum development as proposed by David Elliott. Orientation, preparation and planning, teaching and learning and evaluation and assessment are addressed. This composition program attempts to situate and activate musical learning by proposing teaching and learning skills through which learners can activate and catalyze their creativity. When learning and experiencing music in a situated, authentic and practical way, as through composition, lifelong involvement, musical skills and continued enjoyment and accountability for the subject can be stimulated and established. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie behels die navorsing en dokumentasie van die ontwikkeling van 'n geïntegreerde, uitkomsgebaseerde kurrikulum vir musiekopvoeding in Graad 8 in Suid- Afrika deur begeleide komposisie as 'n onderrigmetode te gebruik. Riglyne uit die nuwe nasionale kurrikulum, nl. Kurrikulum 2005, die huidige Wes-Kaap Onderwysdepartement se sillabus vir musiek en die Britse Nasionale Musiekkurrikulum word ondersoek en toegepas. Komposisie is 'n medium wat hom by uitstek daartoe verleen om op ontdekkende wyse, deur middel van kreatiewe prossesse, klank te eksploreer wanneer dit georganiseer word. Musiek as kunsvorm kan nie bemeester word deur blote besprekings oor musiek en voordrag alleen nie. Hierdie studie ondersoek hoe komposisie leerders kan help om te eksploreer en te ontdek deur middel van probleemoplossingsaktiwitieite wanneer hulle leer om in klank te dink en die taal van musiek te manipuleer. Breë perspektiewe op musiekopvoedkundige kurrikula word ondersoek om 'n aanvaarde vlak van teoretiese bevoegdheid vir leerders in Graad 8 te bepaal. Die praksiële musiekopvoedkundige benadering van David Elliott is die vertrekpunt om as filosofiese basis vir die ontwikkeling van hierdie komposisieprogram te dien. Aktiewe musisering. die ontwikkeling van musiseerderskap en die stimulering van kreatiwiteit in musiekopvoeding vorm die ruggraat van hierdie outeur se benadering en derhalwe 'n besinde basis vir 'n kurrikulum. Fundamentele aangeleenthede in die ontwikkeling van 'n kurrikulum word ondersoek, waar die kruks lê in hoe ons leer. Kognitiewe vakleerlingskap en reflektiewe denke is praksiële tegnieke wat fokus op geïntegreerde en holistiese leer en word voorgestel as 'n metodologie vir 'n musiekopvoedkundige kurrikulum, in hierdie geval komposisie. 'n Kurrikulum vir begeleide komposisie word ontwerp en word voorgestel in vier fases volgens die vier fases van kurrikulum-ontwikkeling van David Elliott nl. oriëntasie, voorbereiding en beplanning, onderrig en leer en evaluasie en assessering. Die komposisieprogram word geëvalueer en metodes van kurrikulum-evaluering word beskryf. Die komposisieprogram poog om musikale leer te situeer en te aktiveer deur onderrigen leervaardighede voor te stel waardeur leerders hul kreatiwiteit kan aktiveer en kataliseer. Wanneer musiek in 'n gesitueerde en outentiek praktiese wyse geleer en ervaar word, soos deur komposisie, kan lewenslange leer, musikale vaardighede, voortgehoue genot van musiek en regverdiging van die vak gestimuleer en gevestig word.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study utilises the theoretical framework of text construction developed by Grabe and Kaplan (1996) for the analysis of Sepedi sports articles from Bona Magazine. This includes linguistic elements which are applicable in language learning to equip learners with analytic skills. These skills are indicated in the Curriculum 2005 for the learning area: languages. These skills will enable learners to analyse the discourse structure of written texts effectively. Use is made of various textlinguistic strategies for analysing written genre texts on sports matters. Including these strategies in language learning and teaching situation will help learners to understand how language is used in text analysis. In order to demonstrate how to analyse texts practically, these strategies are investigated through sports texts from Bona Magazine. This study demonstrates the importance of generic factors for a proper analysis of texts. These factors include the community in which the text is produced, cultural factors and the communicative purpose of a text. In exploring the generic features of texts, the definition of the term text is investigated, including all its characteristics, textlinguistic construction and levels of text analysis are also identified. This study demonstrates the importance of including the parameters of the ethnography of writing advanced by Grabe and Kaplan (1996) in the analysis of the linguistic structure of texts. The ethnography of writing entails that a thorough text analysis should address the following question: AWho writes what to whom for what purpose, why, when and hews. The study examines the importance of utilising text analysis in language learning and teaching. The study also demonstrates the relationship between the theoretical aspects examined and the learning outcomes of Curriculum 2005. The study thus demonstrates how the theoretical framework discusses is applicable in the analysis of Sepedi texts. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie maak gebruik van die teoretiese raamwerk van tekskonstruksie ontwikkel deur Grabe en Kaplan (1996) vir die analise van Sepedi sport artikels vanuit die BONA tydskrif. Hierdie tekslinguistiese model sluit in die linguistiese elemente wat toepaslik is in taalleer en wat leerders met analitiese vaardighede toerus. Hierdie vaardighede word in Kurrikulum 2005 gespesifiseer vir die leerarea van tale. Hierdie vaardighede stelleerders in staat om die diskoers struktuur van geskrewe teks te analiseer. Die studie maak gebruik van In verskeidenheid tekslinguistiese strategieë vir die analise van geskrewe genres oor sportsake. Die insluiting van die onderrig van hierdie strategieë sal leerders help om te verstaan hoe taal gebruik word in terme van teksanalise. Ten einde die praktiese toepassing van die analise van tekste te illustreer, word die betrokke tekslinguistiese strategieë ondersoek met verwysing na die BONAtekste. Die tesis demonstreer die belang van genre-analitiese eienskappe in die analise van tekste. Hierdie faktore hou o.a. verband met gemeenskap waarin die teks geproduseer word, kulturele faktore, en die kommunikatiewe doelstelling van die teks. In die ondersoek van die genre-analitiese eienskappe van tekste, word die definisie van die term teks ondersoek, insluitende die tekslinguistiese konstruksie en die vlakke van teks-analise. Die studie demonstreer voorts die belang van die parameters van die etnografie van skryf, soos voorgestel deur Grabe en Kaplan in die analise van die struktuur van tekste. Die etnografie van skryf hou in dat In deeglike analise van tekste die volgende vrae moet aanspreek: "Wie skryf wat aan wie, vir watter doel, hoekom, waar en hoe." Die studie ondersoek die belang van die gebruik van teksanalise in leer en onderrig. Die studie demonstreer ook die verband tussen teoretiese aspekte en die leeruitkomste van Kurrikulum 2005. Die studie toon aan hoe die teoretiese raamwerk toepaslik is in die analise van Sepedi tekste. / SEPEDI SENAGANWA: Kakanyothema ye e somisa kakanyo ya semolomo ya hlamo ya dingwalwa, ye e tSweletSwago ke Grabe Ie Kaplan (1996) tshekatshekong ya dingwalwakgolo tsa dipapadi go tswa kqatisobakenq ya Sepedi. Se se akaretsa dithopolelo tseo di lego maleba thutopolelong yeo e hlamago barutwana ka mabokgone a go sekaseka. Mabokgone a tSwelela lenaneothutong la 2005 mafapheng a boithutelo a maleme. Go somisitSwe mekgwa ya go fapana ya temanapolelo go sekaseka dingwalwa tsa go amana le tsa dipapadi. Go akaretsa mekgwa ye go ruteng le go ithuteng polelo go tla thusa barutwana go kweslsa ka moo polelo e somiswago tshekatshekong ya dingwalwa. Go laetSa tirlso tshekatshekong ya dingwalwa, mekgwa ye ya tshekatsheko e nyakisisitswe ka go sornlëa dingwalwa tsa dipapadi go tswa go kqatlsobaka ya Bona. Kakanyothema ye e bea pepeneneng bohlokwa bja dinhla tsa besetshaba tshekatshekong ya maleba ya dingwalwa. Dinhla tseo di akaretsa lefelo leo sengwalwa se hlamilwego go lona, dinhla tsa setso le morero woo 0 tsweletswaqo ke sengwalwa. Go nyakisiseng ka ga ponagalo tSa besetshaba. hlathollo ya lereo le 'sengwalwa' e nyakisisitSwe, go akeretse le dipharoloqantsho tsa sona, hlamego ya temanapolelo le magato a go sekaseka sengwalwa a laedltswe, Thuto ye e laetSa bohlokwa bja go akaretSa le hlaloso ya phapantsho ka hlalososemahlale ya go ngwalwa bjalo ka ge e tsweletswa ke Grabe le Kaplan (1996) tshekatshekong ya dibopego tsa polelo tsa dingwalwa. Hlalososemahlale e tsweletsa gore tshekatsheko ye etebilego ya dingwalwa e swanetse go araba potslso tse di latelago: 'Mang 0 ngwalela mang, go tsweletsa eng, ka baka lang, kae, neng, bjang?' Kakanyothema ye e lekodlslêa bohlokwa bja go somrsa tshekatsheko ya dingwalwa go ruteng le go ithuteng polelo. Thuto ye e laetsa le tswalano ye e lego gona gare ga dinhla tSasemolomo tseo di lekotSwego le ditebanyo tsa boithutelo tsa lenaneothuto la 2005. Ke ka fao kakanyothema ye e beago pepeneneng ka moo kakanyosemolomo yeo e hlalosïtsweqo e ka diriswago tshekatshekong ya dingwalwa tsa dipapadi tsa Sepedi.

Examines genre approach with reference to its use to teach Xhosa to learners. / Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the genre approach with reference to its use to teach Xhosa to learners. Genres or text types are produced by learners through writing texts. Different genres are distinguished, such as social, cultural and also political texts. This study firstly considers definitions of genre by different researchers. Swales (1990) views genre as a set of communicative events whereas Medway (1994) views genre by its common communicative purposes. Kaplan (1996) defines genre as discourse type that has identifiable properties and purposes. Kalantzis (1996) argues that the genre-approach to literacy represents fundamentally new educational approach. The study reviews register, which results from the situation of the speaker and the writer respect to three aspects, namely field, mode and tenor. Littlefair defines the notion of systems of genre as the interrelated genres that interact with each other. These authors consider rhetorical devices in genre, like explanation, narration, persuasion and exposition. This study demonstrates that in constructing the Xhosa text, the level and status of the reader is considered by the writer. The writer chooses different lexical items when constructing the text for readers to understand. If the writer and the reader share the same background knowledge reader it is easy for the reader to interpret the phrases used. The study will demonstrate how the writer constructs the text in terms of the sentential and textual structures. The five community-related Bona articles are examined, illustrate the theoretical assumptions. The ethnography of writing addresses the question who writes what to whom for what purpose why and how. Finally, this study explores the curriculum 2005 outcomes for learning language. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die genre-benadering met betrekking tot die gebruik daarvan om Xhosa aan leerders te onderrig. Genres of tekstipes word geproduseer deur die skryf van tekste deur leerders. Verskillende genres kan onderskei word, bv. genres wat vir sosiale of politieke doeleindes geskryf word. Die studie beskou eerstens definisies van die term genre deur verskillende navorsers. Swales (1990) beskou genre as 'n stel kommunikatiewe gebeurtenisse terwyl Medway (1994) genre definieer in terme van die algemene kommunikatiewe doelstellings daarvan. Kaplan (1996) definieer genre as 'n diskoerstipe wat identifiseerbare eienskappe en doelstellings het. Kalantzis (1996) argumenteer dat die genre benadering tot geletterdheid 'n fundamenteel-verskillende opvoedkundige benadering tot geletterdheid verteenwoordig. Die studie verwys na die konsep van register, wat voortspruit uit die situasie van die spreker en skrywer met betrekking tot drie aspekte, naamlik veld, tenor en modus. Littlefair (1991) definieer die begrip van sisteme van genre as die verbandhoudende genres wat met mekaar in interaksie is. Hierdie outeurs beskou retoriese meganismes in genre, byvoorbeeld verduideliking, narratief, oorreding en eksposisie. Hierdie studie demonstreer dat in die konstruksie van Xhosa tekste, die vlak en status van die leser in ag geneem word deur die skrywer. Die skrywer kies bepaalde leksikale items in die konstruksie van die teks wat lesers kan verstaan. Indien die skrywer en die leser dieselfde agtergrondkennis deel, is dit makliker vir die leser om die teks te interpreteer. Die studie salook demonstreer hoe die skrywer die teks saamstel in terme van tekstuele en sinsstrukture. Die vyf gemeenskaps-verwante BONA artikels wat in die studie ontleed word, illustreer die teoretiese aannames van die genre-benadering. Die etnografie van skryf spreek die vraag aan van: wie skryf wat aan wie, vir watter doel, hoekom en hoe. Laastens ondersoek die studie die beginsels en riglyne van skryfvaardigheid soos uiteengesit in Kurrikulum 2005. / ISICAPHULO: Esi sifundo sophando sijongana nendlela yejenra esetyenziswayo ukufundisa ulwimi kubafundi. Ijenra iveliswa ngokuthetha okanye ukubhala. Injenra ezohlukeneyo ziya setyenziswa ezinjengezentlalo, ezenkcubeko kwakunje nezopholitiko. Esi sifundo sicingela inkcazo ngejenra yababhali abaninzi. uSwales 91990) ubona injera njengeseti yezehlo zoqhagamshelwano xa vena u Medway (1994) ebona ijenra ngeenjongo zoqhagamshelwano. Kaplan (1996) uthetha ngejenra njengohlobo Iwentetho Iwezinto ezikhethekayo. Kalantzis (1996) uxoxa athi uhlobo Iwejenra kufundo lumele uhlobo olusiseko Iwemfundo entsha. uLittlefair (1991) chaza umnabo wolwimi njengento engekhoyo ezinokuthi iititshala ziyive kuphondo lolwimi. Umnabo wolwimi uvela kwimeko yesithethi nonobhala enezinto ezintathu ezi zezi ifilidi, imowudi ne thena. uLittlefair (1991) uchaza uluvo Iwesisistim Iwejenra njengeejenra ezithungeleneyo nezithi zisebenzisane enye kwenye. Ababhali bacinga ngezinto zobuciko ezinjengochazo, ukubalisa, ukucenga nokubhenca. uLittlefair (1991) ujolisa kwiintlobo zejenra zeencwadi ezinjengezenkqubo, iincwadi zolwazi. Xa umbumba isicatshulwa inqanaba nezinga lomlesi uyalicingela umbhali. Umbhali uthi akhethe isigama esohlukileyo xa ebumba isicatshulwa sabalesi ukuze basiqonde. Ukuba umbhali nomlesi bakwizinga elinye lovimba wolwazi kuiuia ukuba umlesi akwazi ukutolika amabinzana amagama asetyenzisiweyo. Igrama Vivo enika intsingiselo kwisicatshulwa. Umbhali ubumba isicatshulwa esekele kwisakhivo sesivakalisi nesakhiwo sesicatshulwa. Imiba ezalaniswa noluntu iyaxoxwa, ixukushwa kusetyenziswa inqqikelelo yengcingane. Ubhalo ngenkcazo yenzululwazi ngcentlanga liphendula umbuzo othi, ngubani obhala, ntoni isiya kubani? Nganjongo zini, kutheni njani? Ukuphetha esi sifundo sijongana neziphumo zokufunda kwikharityhulam 2005.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores and potrays various ways in which reading in Xhosa can be analyzed. Learners are encouraged to see the importance of reading so that they can produce an effective communication. A range of approaches will be employed to describe and analyze what the author or writer wants to deliver through his/her message. Various types of descriptions and analyses of texts are explored in order to demonstrate the importance of reading. Important proposals advanced by Davies (1995) in her framework of hierarchical levels of text analysis are employed in showing that Xhosa reading can be analyzed in terms of this framework. This study aims at demonstrating the success of adopting the Davies framework for the learning and teaching of reading in Xhosa. Different examples of articles are examined from the Xhosa Bona Magazines. Six articles about Tourism promotion are demonstrated in an analysis using Davies' (1995) hierarchical levels of describing and analyzing texts. The seven specific outcomes for the language, literacy and communication learning area as specified in the Outcomes-based education (OBE) curriculum are discussed in relation to the teaching and learning of reading. The tourism promotion articles used in demonstrating the learner - centered approach underlying outcomes-based teaching. One of the aims of the Outcomes-based curriculum is to enhance learner participation in learning language including reading. The teaching of this kind of reading skills necessitate an understanding of how learners respond and understand texts when reading. The analyses undertaken for the Xhosa texts are important, because they demonstrate the foundation for successful teaching and learning of reading in Xhosa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek en gee In voorstelling van verskillende wyses waarop leestekste in Xhosa ontleed kan word. In Verskeidenheid benaderings saloorweeg word in die beskrywing en analise van die inhoud wat die skrywer wil oordra in sy/haar skryfwerk. Verskillende tipes beskrywings en analises van tekste word ondersoek ten einde die belangrikheid van leesvaardigheid te demonstreer. Belangrike voorstelle soos aangetoon deur Davies (1995) in haar raamwerk van hiërargiese vlakke vir teksanalise word aangewend ten einde aan te toon dat Xhosa leestekste ontleed kan word in terme van dieselfde raamwerk. Hierdie studie het dus as doelstelling om die sukses te demonstreer van die aanvaarding van Davies se raamwerk in die onderrig en leer van leesvaardigheid in Xhosa. Verskillende voorbeelde van artikels word ontleed van die BONA tydskrif. Ses artikels oor toerisme promosie word gedemonstreer en ontleed in terme van davies se hiërargiese vlakke vir die beskrywing en analise van tekste. Die sewe spesifieke uitkomste van die taal, geletterdheid en kommunikasie leerarea soos gespesifiseer in die Uitkoms-gebaseerde onderwys kurrikulum word bespreek met betrekking tot onderrig en leer van leesvaardigheid. Een van die doelstellings van die uitkoms-gebaseerde kurrikulum is om leerders se deelname in die leerproses te vergroot, insluitende die leesproses. Die onderrig van hierdie tipe leesvaardighede noodsaak In begrip van hoe leerders tekste verstaan wanneer hulle lees. Die analises wat gedoen is en die studie is belangrik aangesien dit die basis demonstreer van suksesvolle onderrig en leer van leesvaardighede en Xhosa.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the reading process as addressed by Davies and Wallace in their research. The key concept of the models of the reading process as explored by Davies with reference to different researchers are examined. These researchers include Gough, whose model of the reading process represents a bottom-up view of the reading process, Goodman's model which reflects a top-down view of the reading process and Rumelhart's interactive model which is an alternative to bottom-up and top-down models. Davies advances a schema-theory which is the development of Rumelhart's interactive model. The study also considers the model of Rayner and Pollatsek as proposed by Davies, namely, the bottom-up interactive model of the reading process. This model intends to be bottom-up, without excluding the interactive features. A further model explored by Davies is that of Mathewson, which incorporates affective factors in reading. Hedge, according to Davies, developed the models of reading into a taxonomy of modes, anchors and drivers. Modes represent the reading behaviours, anchors express knowledge sources, and drivers typify the reading purposes. The study also considers Wallace's approach to the reading process, which represents reading as a psycholinguistic as well as a sociolinguistic process. In addition, this study conducts an investigation of a practical framework for describing and analysing texts; ways of describing differences amongst texts as proposed by Wallace and the integration of different descriptions of texts. Levels of text analysis and the theoretical foundation of the analytic procedure are considered. The last part of this discussion provides some perspectives on reaching reading in the outcomes-based curriculum for language, literacy and communication (see Appendix B). In the next part of the study an analysis of the Xhosa Bona magazine articles is offered which commences with the recapitulation of the framework for the analysis of texts. This framework includes elements such as the discourse type and genre; textual units and their functions; rhetorical functions and rhetorical patterns; text cohesion; text coherence and language choice as a reflection of the writer's communicative purpose or goal. Each article is analysed according to the framework assumed. The study invokes Davies' analytic framework for the analysis of the Bona magazine articles. The last part of this research explores the significance between Davies' model and the requirements of outcomes-based language teaching. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie ondersoek 'n praktiese raamwerk vir die beskrywing en analise van tekste, maniere vir die beskrywing van verskille tussen tekste soos voorgestel deur Wallace, en die integrasie van die verskillende beskrywings van tekste. Die vlakke van teksanalise en die teoretiese basis van die analitiese prosedure word bespreek. Die laaste deel van hierdie bespreking skenk aandag aan perspektiewe oor die onderrig van leesvaardigheid in die Uitkoms-gebaseerde kurrikulum vir die leerveld tale, geletterdheid en kommunikasie (sien Bylae B). In die volgende deel van die studie word 'n analise gedoen van Xhosa BONA tydskrifartikels, wat begin met 'n rekapitulasie van die raamwerk vir die analise van tekste. Hierdie raamwerk sluit elemente in soos diskoerstipe en genre, retoriese funksies en taalkeuse as 'n refleksie van die skrywer se kommunikatiewe doelstellings. Elke artikel word ontleed volgens die analitiese raamwerk van Davies. Die laaste deel van die studie ondersoek die verband en betekenis van Davies se leesmodel vir die onderrig van lees volgens die vereistes van die Uitkoms-gebaseerde kurrikulum. / ISICATSHULWA: Esi sifundo sijongene nophando ngendlela yokufunda njengoko indululwe ngokaDavies noWallace kwiincwadi zabo. Le ngqikelelo yemifuziselo yofundo njengoko iphononongwa ngulo kaDavies ngokubhekisele le ke kwizimvo zabacebi, nayo iyahlolwa kwesi sifundo. Aba bacebi bale mifuziselo yale ngqikelelo yofundo ngaba balandelayo; okaGough, omfuziselo wakhe wofundo ubonisa ukuba ufundo luqala phantsi luye phezulu oko kukuthi, phantsi-phezulu, kanti yena uGoodman uqikelela ufundo njengento eqala phezulu iye phantsi, oko kukuthi, phezulu-phantsi. Kukho ke noluvo lokaRumelhart malunga nolu qikelelo-fundo. Vena uceba ufundo okanye umfuziselo wofundo osebenzisanayo, futhi oluyenye indlela endaweni yezi zimbini zit hi phantsi-phezulu okanye phezulu-phantsi. Ngaphaya koko, uDavies uvelisa enye indlela ekwacetywa nguRumelhart, athi ukuyibiza yinkcazo-ngcingane (theory) yeskima. Yona ikhulisa ikwaqhubela phambili le yomfuziselo osebenzisanayo (interactive model). Isifundo esi sikwaluthathela ingqalelo uluvo lukaRayner noPollatsek ngokuphakanyiswa nguDavies, olu ke lokuba bacebe inkqubo yofundo oluqala phantsi luye phezulu luze luhlangane nolu lukaRumelhart lokusebenzisana. Injongo yale nkqubo yofundo lwabo kukuba baqiniseke ngofundo oluqala phantsi luye phezulu phofu bengakhange nakancinane balahle ezo mpawu zolo fundo losebenziswano. Omnye umfuziselo wofundo owaziswa nguDavies ngokaMathewson. Wona ke ubandakanya iimeko ezichukumisayo xeshikweni ubani afundayo (affective factors). UDavies ukwasichazela nangoluvo lukaHedge othe yena le mifuziselo (models) yokufunda wayihlela ngokwezintlu azibiza ngokuba ziindlela zokuziphatha xa ufundayo (modes) okanye (reading behaviours), neeankile (anchors) ezithetha indawo apho ubani afumana khona ulwazi (knowledge sources) kunye nezo athi ngabaqhubi (drivers). Zona ke zibonisa iinjongo zokuba ubani afunde oko asukuba ekufunda. OkaWallace ufundo olu ulubonisa ngeyakhe indlela eyahlukileyo kwabanye aba. Ulubona njengenkqubo ehlanganisa inzululwazi ngezengqondo edibaniselene nenzululwazi ngezolwimi, edibeneyo (unitary) nekhethayo (and selective), kunye naleyo inenzululwazi ngoluntu neelwimi (sociolinguistic). Ukongeza apho isifundo esi siphonononga indlela ephathekayo yokuchaza nokucazulula okubhaliweyo (text analysis); iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuchaza umahluko phakathi kwezinto ezibhaliweyo. Oku ke kudibene nezimvo ezivela kokaWallace. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezi ndlela zahlukeneyo zokuchaza okubhaliweyo; imigangatho yokubhaliweyo (levels of text); eyiyeyona isetyenziswayo nefundwa ngokubanzi jikelele; isiseko (basic) senkcazo eyingcingane senkqubo yocazululo kwakunye ke nokuveliswa kweendlela ezimisiweyo ezahlukeneyo zolu calulo lokubhaliweyo, zonke zikhankanyiwe kwesi sifundo. Indawo yokugqibela yolu phando inika iinkcazelo ngamagama athile (terms) afumaneka kufundo ngeelwimi olubhekiselele kwiziqhamo zokufundwayo (outcomes-based language study). Emveni koku ke ngoku kulandela ucazululo-ncakasana lwamanqaku omhleli kalindixesha wesiXhosa ekuthiwa yiBona, cazululo 010 oluqala ngokuwenza amavandlakanya ngendlela lo kaDavies aceba ngayo ucazululo lokubhaliweyo. Le ndlela ke yile ilandelayo; idiskhosi nejenra; iziqwengana zentetho ebhaliweyo (textual units) nemisebenzi yazo; imisebenzi yeentetho zobuciko (rhetorical functions), neendlela zobuciko (rhetorical patterns); ukunxibelelana nokuyondelelana kokubhaliweyo (text coherence and text cohesion); nokhetho magamallwimi ngendlela yokubonisa iinjongo nomyalezo wombhali (language choices as a reflection of the writer's communicative goal and purpose). Inqakwana (article) ngalinye kula sesithethe ngawo ngentla apha, licazululwa ngokwale ndlela ixeliweyo endululwe ngulo kaDavies. Ngaphandle koko isifundo esi sihlola unxibelelwano phakathi kwendlela yocazululo lokubhaliweyo ecetywa nguDavies kunye nendlela athe la manqaku eBona acazululwa ngayo. Ekugqibeleni kwako konke uphando olu luthabatha ingqalelo kumcimbi wonxibelelwano phakathi kwendlela le kaDavies yocazululo nocalulo lokubhaliweyo kunye nofundiso lolwimi olujongene neziqhamo zokufundwayo (outcomes-based language teaching).