Thesis advisor: Richard, S.J. McGowan / At the very core of the National Basketball Association’s labor negotiations between the owners and the players during the 2011 lockout was the league’s argument that its economic structure was broken. Owners contended that the NBA’s soft salary cap system, and the resulting payroll disparity, has put small-market franchises at a talent disadvantage and produced a league of haves and have-nots. To remedy this purported competitive balance problem, the owners demanded severe policy measures to decrease the pay dispersion among teams. However, the players union cautioned that these hardline provisions were merely an attempt to transfer wealth from players to owners. This charge warranted further analysis. Existing literature on this topic is either outdated or insufficient in scope. As such, using regression analysis, this thesis evaluated the league’s argument and determined to what extent the league’s soft salary cap system has contributed to its competitive imbalance.The empirical analysis of this thesis produced several meaningful conclusions. While the NBA has relative imbalance, it does not affect consumer demand for the regular season product. Moreover, while pay dispersion exists, additional salary expenditures only marginally add to a team’s winning percentage. There is no significant relationship between payroll disparity and competitive balance. Finally, with the escalating importance of media rights contracts and the historical appreciation of franchise valuation, the league overstated the financial distress of most of its small-market owners. Overall, the NBA and its owners used deceptive rhetoric and misleading economic policies to decrease player salaries, not to increase competitive balance, in a collusive effort to maximize profits and reassert its diminishing monopsony power in an increasingly star-driven league. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2012. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Carroll School of Management Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

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Master of Arts / Department of Economics / Yang M. Chang / College football thrives on the ideas that each school has what it takes to be the best, rivalries are of major importance, and either team can win the game. Competitive balance is what keeps these thoughts alive, offering the last team in the conference the chance to beat their top-ranked opponent, or the mediocre middle-rank team the chance to win a post-season bowl game. Competitive balance provides the level of uncertainty of game outcome that keeps fans coming back every season. Previous research has examined many variables that have an effect on competitive balance. The purpose of this report is to step forward from where previous studies left off and examine the effect of the conference championship game on competitive balance. Five of the eleven NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision conferences currently determine their conference champion by holding a championship game at the end of the season. Recent conference realignments bring about the possibility for two more conferences to establish championship games. Does hosting a conference championship game improve competitive balance within the league? This study examined several measures of competitive balance, including standard deviation measures, the competitive balance ratio, and Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. Results suggest a slightly higher level of competitive balance for conferences hosting championship games versus those that do not. However, these results are not statistically significant, and this higher level of competitive balance could be explained by the larger membership of conferences hosting championship games.

Thesis advisor: Christopher Maxwell / Although there is extensive theoretical and empirical literature discussing the impact of revenue sharing agreements on competitive balance in professional sports leagues, there has been little work done to improve the structure of current agreements which are designed to improve competitive balance. This paper focuses on the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the current revenue sharing agreements it has in place. This paper both evaluates franchises’ efforts in earning revenue sharing payments and offers alternative metrics designed to accomplish the goals of league-wide profitability and competitive balance. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics Honors Program. / Discipline: Economics.

Rezultatai ir išvados: Yra dvi žaidėjų perėjimų rūšys: 1) perėjimas už kurį mokama kompensacija dėl kontrakto nutraukimo ir 2) perėjimas, vykstantis pasibaigus galiojančiam žaidėjo kontraktui. Besiformuojant dabartinei perėjimų sistemai atsirado priklausomybė tarp nacionalinių ir tarptautinių perėjimų sistemos reglamentų. Išanalizavus ekonominės raidos aspektus matoma, kad konkurencinio balanso stoka sukuria nelygias galimybes sporto klubams įsigyti norimus žaidėjus, perėjimo mokesčio vertei nustatyti neįmanoma sukurti vieno standarto, o perėjimų kaina kasmet auga, įrodant šio fenomeno didėjančią svarbą. Išskiriamos trys žaidėjų perėjimų sukeliamos problemos: socialinės problemos prekiaujant jaunais žaidėjais arba žaidėjais iš trečiojo pasaulio šalių, pinigų plovimas tarptautiniuose perėjimuose ir rungtynių rezultato išankstinis sutarimas. / Legal regulations and economic development impact on player transfer system in Lithuania.

Sedan 2012 har UEFA implementerat ett nytt regelverk vid namn Financial Fair Play, där klubblag måste följa denna reglering för att kunna delta i UEFA:s två största turneringar (Champions League och UEFA Europa League). Den större vikten av regleringen har lagts på en regel vid namn break-even rule som innebär att de relevanta kostnaderna inte får överstiga de relevanta intäkterna. Syftet med denna reglering är att förbättra den ekonomiska ställningen inom Europeisk fotboll, samt förbättra konkurrensbalansen i de olika ligorna.    Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilken ekonomisk effekt regleringen haft på fotbollsklubbar i den engelska högstaligan. Vidare är syftet att granska hur klubbarna förhållt sig till Financial fair play och hur klubbarna klarat implementeringen, detta för att se om klubbarna har stärkt deras position i hierarkin och hur konkurrensbalansen i ligan har påverkats. En analys av ekonomiska rapporter har genomförts för de klubblag som deltagit i den Engelska Premier League säsongerna 2005/2006-2014/2015. Den totala populationen för studien blev 36 lag. En totalundersökning har gjorts där studien använt sig av beräkningar som Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, C5 Ratio och Pearsons korrelationskoefficient. Studien har utgått ifrån regleringsteorin public interest theory, den nyinstitutionella teorin med fokus på den tvingande isomorfismen samt contest theory model för att kunna ge svar på studiens frågeställning. Det kan konstateras att lagen i Premier League förbättrat deras ekonomiska ställning efter att regleringen sattes i kraft. Break-even kravet har tvingat lag att ta mer hänsyn till ekonomin, detta kan ha i kombination med andra faktorer resulterat i en bättre ekonomisk utveckling. Vidare kan det konstateras att konkurrensbalansen har förbättrats överlag mellan lagen men samtidigt har den försämrats mellan topp fem och resterande, det vill säga konkurrensbalansen mellan lagen under topp fem har förbättrats. Det går dock inte att fastställa om den ekonomiska utvecklingen samt konkurrensbalansen förändring beror just på FFP.

The thesis deals with the influence of European cup competitions on competitive balance within national leagues. The importance of competitive balance in sports leagues is highlighted and its vulnerability to the growing differences in revenues between the clubs I discussed. The main part of the thesis provides an analysis of specifics of English, German and Spanish football league. It focuses on the differences in revenue structure and revenue level between clubs within the league, as well as between the leagues. The paper analyzes the influence of participating in European cups on club revenues and the connection between growing revenues with the development of competitive balance.

The focus of this dissertation is imperfectly competitive sports labor markets and the effects of league labor policy on player mobility, compensation, and job location choice. The analyses conducted herein contributes primarily to a broad area of research within sports economics that generally uses changes in league labor rules to examine employer monopsony power and the validity of the Invariance Principle, which states that the distribution of playing talent in a sports league is invariant to the ownership of the rights to players’ services. After a critical review of the literature and some background on the National Basketball Association (NBA), a broad-to-narrow approach is used to present evidence from three empirical essays. Essay one examines the effects of 40 years’ worth of institutional change on competitive balance in the NBA. Essay two investigates the effects of more recent free agency rules on player mobility and pay. Finally, essay three narrows the focus a bit further to the effects of nonwage job characteristics on player wages and the implications of such nonwage attributes for player movement. / Tourism and Sport

The thesis deals with the competitive balance in professional sports leagues. It focuses on the comparison of two systems: open European and closed North American. Aim is to analyze competitive balance in selected leagues. Open system is represented by the top football leagues of Europe and closed by NHL. It specifies what regulatory instruments are adopted. The thesis also tries to find answer to question whether competitive balance influences the average attendance. Within NHL, it examines whether salary cap improved the competitive balance.

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