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The aim of this study was to examine aromatherapy practice in relation to its claim of being or becoming a profession. This process of professionalisation is explored within the current context where the status of complementary and alternative medicines within the Australian health care system, like aromatherapy practice, is currently influenced by medical dominance and broader social and political scrutiny. This investigation of aromatherapy practice may provide a model for the general professionalisation, or development, of complementary and alternative medicine in Australian health care today. Critical theory was employed as the primary methodology of this study. As critical theory has no defined method for data collection, grounded theory data collection and analysis methods were used to obtain current and relevant data from two of the most prominent users of aromatherapy practice in health care, aromatherapists and nurses.The study found that while aromatherapy is often referred to as a profession, it fails to meet the criteria for being considered a profession in the ‘true’ sense. The data also revealed felt dissatisfactions experienced by aromatherapists’ to be due to the lack of recognition of the practice and a perceived double bind regarding the need to establish an appropriate knowledge base via scientific research and maintaining the ‘essence’ of aromatherapy practice. Considering the professionalisation process and the requirements of the system (health care and Government) a number of potential pathways for the development of aromatherapy practice were explored. The findings and discussion have relevance to other complementary and alternative modalities endeavouring to professionalise and or increase their status within the Australian health care system. In addition the study considers the related public felt dissatisfaction and revealed false consciousness relating to a broader social change and the integration of holistic and biomedical practices in health care.

A negatively biased substrate has several advantages over a grounded substrate in CMOS technology. The on-chip generation of this negative substrate bias has made chips easier to use when only a single supply is preferred. This project demonstrates two types of charge pump circuits used to generate negative voltages not only for biasing the substrate, but in a broader sense also for other purposes in CMOS technology. One other possible use is in conjunction with 'Guard Ring Diodes for Suppressing the Substrate Noise in Mixed-Mode CMOS Circuits'. This work proposes a reasonable approach to generate the forward biasing current for the guard ring diode whose depletion capacitance and the substrate lead inductance form a resonant circuit to provide very low substrate-to-ground impedance at specific frequencies. Given this emphasis on generating a reasonably predictable current source, the generated negative voltages are regulated using a feedback loop. The amplitude of this negative voltage can be determined exclusively by transistor sizes. Simulation results support the theoretical analysis in that accurate negative voltages and current sources can be generated on-chip, although there are some limitations. / Graduation date: 1996

Much information has been published regarding herbal medication use. However, information is limited on how nurses incorporate this information into their practice, communicate information to the client, or collaborate with physicians to prevent drug/herbal interactions. The purpose of this study is to explore the attitudes and knowledge of nurses regarding the use of herbal remedies at various levels of practice. According to Henderson's Theory of Basic Care Components, the nurse has a responsibility to assess client needs, help clients meet health needs, and provide a safe environment for the client to perform activities unaided. These interventions help the client become complete, whole and independent. These skills are blended when teaching about herbal/drug interactions. A convenience sample of RNs and LPNs (n=51) from a southern Kentucky hospital was used in this study. After informed consent was obtained, a researcher developed questionnaire with 15 knowledge-based, multiple choice questions and 10 attitude-based, Likert scaled questions were given. The study was conducted using a preand posttest design with an educational in-service intervention. Sample demographic data revealed 96% to be female, with a mean age of 39.2 years, 53% hold an ADN, 16% a BSN, and 4% a MSN. Average years of experience were nine years. Chi-squared tests showed no significance as a function of age, gender, education, years of experience or area of practice in baseline knowledge. T-tests for related samples revealed a change in mean score from 9.0 on the pre-test to 12.0 on the post-test. (T=8.63) (p=0.001). Further research in this field is needed before generalization can be made. Consumers use herbal medications to reduce health care costs. Knowledge of herbal medications can prevent dangerous interactions with prescription medications.

This is a research on orthogonal complementary codes, including complete complementary codes, super complementary codes, and generalized pairwise complementary code(GPC code). I discuss the properties of orthogonal complementary codes by the generation of orthogonal matries and realize its auto-correlation and cross-correlation are perfect. Apply orthogonal complementary codes on direct-sequence spreading system and offset stacked spreading system. In these two kinds of transmission, orthogonal complementary codes have the ideal auto-correlation and cross-correlation by way of direct-sequence spreading system, so it can solve multipath interference and multi-access interference effectively. While in offset stacked spreading system, orthogonal complementary codes have ideal cross-correlation. Modulating the offset chip time of offset stacked spreading properly can also solve multipath interference effectively. Moreover, GPC code keeps sub-ideal auto-correlation and cross-correlation, and it forsakes its ideal property to exchange for spreading codes with more users. In Chapter 2, we start to introduce complete complementary codes and its property to resist interferences in different transmission. Chapter 3 is the introduction of super complementary codes and its property to resist interferences in different transmission. Chapter 4 is the introduction of GPC code. We explain that GPC code forsakes its ideal property to exchange for spreading codes with more users. Chapter 5 is the introduce multi-rate orthogonal complementary codes and use 2D OVSF to suport different transmission speed.

This is a research on Performance Analysis of Random Complementary Code Based MIMO-CDMA System. In the first instance we discuss the produce method of random complementary codes by the basic matrix and pole matrix. Pole matrix is the produce method of Walsh Hadamard matrix. We discuss the properties of random complementary codes by the pole matrix and realize its auto-correlation and cross-correlation are perfect. Apply random complementary codes on Distributed Users and Antennas. Random complementary codes have the ideal auto-correlation and cross-correlation by way of direct-sequence spreading system, so it can solve multi-path interference and multi-access interference effectively. Apply Space-Time Block Codes on Distributed time and Antennas in the same user. Systems combine RCC with STBC. I design STBC RCC-CDMA System and two receivers. We discuss Signal Synthesis Receiver and Distributed Antennas Receiver with Rayleigh fading channel. In Chapter 2, we start to introduce random complete complementary codes and its property to resist interferences in different transmission. Chapter 3 is the introduction Performance Analysis of Random Complementary Code Based MIMO-CDMA System with full correlated Rayleigh fading channel. Chapter 4 is the introduction Performance Analysis of Random Complementary Code Based MIMO-CDMA System with multi-path Rayleigh fading channel. Chapter 5 is the introduce conclusion and to research a goal in the future.

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Autism affects approximately one in 110 children in the United States. Many parents choose to treat their children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with complementary and alternative (CAM) treatments. In this study, factors that contribute to parents' decisions to treat their child with ASD with a complementary or alternative (CAM) treatment were examined through the use of an online survey. Invitations to participate in the study were sent to approximately 800 support groups for parents of children with autism and information from 452 respondents was used in data analysis. Information regarding the impact of parental characteristics, children's behavioral symptoms, characteristics of specific CAM treatments, and possible barriers to treatment were obtained and analyzed. Overall, the responding parents/guardians were mothers, fathers, and grandmothers with a mean age of 41.58. The majority self-identified as White (86.7 percent), with 41.8 percent having attained a college education. The average income of respondents was $89,106.66. 100 percent of the participants in the study indicated they had tried a CAM in the past, or were currently using one. Results indicated a statistically significant relationship between severity of symptoms with having tried treatments in the past, and with currently using treatments. In addition, several specific treatments that were tried in the past and were currently being used were correlated with greater severity of symptoms. Severity of symptoms was not predictive of the total number of CAMs used. Educational level and marital status of parents were predictive of CAM use. In addition, individuals with a graduate level degree were more likely to use CAM than those with technical school/some college. Respondents who were married were significantly more likely to use CAMs than those who were divorced. Results indicated that accessibility and acceptance of treatments were predictive of CAM use. Possible barriers to treatment, as well as study limitations and implications, are also discussed. The findings of this study are important, as while the use of CAM treatments is growing among the population of children with autism, information regarding the reasons parents decide to use CAM treatments with their children with autism is relatively sparse.