Emulation is a technology, historically mostly used for virtual commissioning of automated industrial systems, and operator training. Trends show that new areas for deployment are being investigated. One way to broaden the scope of emulation technology is to increase emulation detail level. The University of Skövde conduct research within emulation technology, and are developing a higher detail level emulation platform performing  on component level. For transparent and systematic development of component models on this level, an open, extensible, and flexible data model for emulation models of industrial components is wanted. This thesis is contributing to this endeavour by developing a first draft of such a data model. A demonstration is also conducted by implementing a few components into the developing emulation environment, using XML as file format. An iterative "design and creation" methodology was used to develop and implement an object oriented data model. A selected set of industrial components were used to develop and demonstrate the data model, and the final result is visually represented as a class diagram together with explanatory documentation. Using the methodology and data modelling strategy used in this thesis, systematic and transparent development of emulation models on component level is possible in an extensible and flexible manner. / Emulering är en teknologi som historiskt mestadels använts vid virtuel idrifttagning av industriella automatiserade system samt vid operatörsträning. Trender visar att nya användningsområden utforskas. Ett sätt att vidga användningsområdet för emulering är att öka dess detaljnivå. Högskolan i Skövde utför forskning inom emulering och utvecklar en emuleringsplattform med utökad detaljnivå, även kallad komponentnivån. För att kunna arbeta systematiskt med utvecklandet av emuleringsmodeller för denna nivå önskas en öppen, skalbar, och flexibel datamodell för emuleringsmodeller. Detta examensarbete bidrar till detta genom att utveckla ett första utkast av en sådan data modell. Datamodellen demonstreras genom implementation inom den utvecklandes emuleringsmiljön, med hjälp av filformatet XML. En iterativ "design and creation" metodologi användes för att utveckla och implementera datamodellen. Ett set av industriella komponenter användes i utvecklingen och implementationen av datamodellen. Projektets resultat presenteras som ett klassdiagram tillsammans med förklarande dokumentation. Används projektes metodologi och datamodellerings-strategi kan man med fördel arbeta transparant och systematiskt med utveckling av emuleringsmodeller för anginven nivå. / TWIN

Fossil fuel reserves are projected to be decreasing, and emission regulations are becoming more stringent due to increasing atmospheric pollution. Alternative fuels for power generation in industrial gas turbines are thus required able to meet the above demands. Examples of such fuels are synthetic gas, blast furnace gas and coke oven gas. A common characteristic of these fuels is that they are multi-component fuels, whose composition varies greatly depending on their production process. This implies that their combustion characteristics will also vary significantly. Thus, accurate and yet flexible enough combustion sub-models are required for such fuels, which are used during the design stage, to ensure optimum performance during practical operating conditions. Most combustion sub-model development and validation is based on Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) studies. DNS however is computationally expensive. This, has so far limited DNS to single-component fuels such as methane and hydrogen. Furthermore, the majority of DNS conducted to date used one-step chemistry in 3D, and skeletal chemistry in 2D only. The need for 3D DNS using skeletal chemistry is thus apparent. In this study, an accurate reduced chemical mechanism suitable for multi-component fuel-air combustion is developed from a skeletal mechanism. Three-dimensional DNS of a freely propagating turbulent premixed flame is then conducted using both mechanisms to shed some light into the flame structure and turbulence-scalar interaction of such multi-component fuel flames. It is found that for the multi-component fuel flame heat is released over a wider temperature range contrary to a methane flame. This, results from the presence of individual species reactions zones which do not all overlap. The performance of the reduced mechanism is also validated using the DNS data. Results suggest it to be a good substitute of the skeletal mechanism, resulting in significant time and memory savings. The flame markers commonly used to visualize heat release rate in laser diagnostics are found to be inadequate for the multi-component fuel flame, and alternative markers are proposed. Finally, some popular mean reaction rate closures are tested for the multi-component fuel flame. Significant differences are observed between the models’ performance at the highest turbulence level considered in this study. These arise from the chemical complexity of the fuel, and further parametric studies using skeletal chemistry DNS would be useful for the refinement of the models.

Dans les années à venir, l’industrie de l’aéronautique doit améliorer le contrôle thermique des composants et modules hautement intégrés. Les approches de refroidissement standard, utilisant l’air forcé ne sont plus utilisables. Il est donc nécessaire de développer de nouvelles technologies capables d’offrir des solutions compatibles avec ces nouvelles problématiques. Une revue bibliographique approfondie est présentée pour montrer les solutions existantes pour l’avionique. Les systèmes à changement de phase, tels que les boucles diphasiques capillaires (LHPs), sont très attractifs puisqu’ils peuvent être utilisés pour transporter la chaleur vers une grande surface d’un radiateur qui dissipera la chaleur vers le milieu ambiant. Une première famille de LHP, conçue et réalisée par la compagnie Atherm, et remplie avec du méthanol, est décrite. Deux autres familles de LHP sont également présentées. La première a été réalisée par la société ATHERM et a un condenseur et des lignes de transports modifiés, afin d’être intégrée sur une carte électronique existante. La deuxième famille, a été conçue et réalisée par l’Institut of Thermal Physics (ITP), sur la base de spécifications similaires. Un banc d’essai expérimental est conçu et réalisé pour tester ces systèmes. Les effets de la charge en fluide, baïonnette, et mèche secondaire, sont observés. Des tests d’orientation et d’accélération sont réalisés sur des LHPs intégrées dans un rack aéronautique. Même une certaine sensibilité aux orientations et accélérations est observée, les LHPs fonctionnement toujours jusqu’à l’accélération maximale testée de 6 G. Un modèle stationnaire d’une boucle diphasique basé sur une approche à plusieurs échelles est développé. Plusieurs niveaux de complexité et de précision peuvent être sélectionnés pour le modèle des composants individuels de la boucle, allant du modèle nodal au modèle 3D. Le modèle est validé avec les données expérimentales. Un bon accord entre les simulations numériques et les résultats expérimentaux est obtenu. Les résultats numériques montrent que la charge de fluide dans le réservoir affecte le comportement thermique de la LHP en modifiant la répartition des flux de chaleurs. Des gradients de température importants sont observés dans la plaque du condenseur, et un nouveau tracé de la ligne condenseur est proposé. Plusieurs modifications de l’évaporateur sont analysées. La diminution la plus importante de la résistance thermique de l’évaporateur est obtenue par une bonne disposition des rainures axiales de la mèche, associée à une semelle optimisée, ou à des rainures radiales. / In the coming years, the avionics industry will have to improve the thermal control of both existing and emerging highly integrated electronic components and modules. The standard cooling approaches using forced air are no longer applicable. It is necessary to develop new technologies being able to offer solutions compatible with those new problematic. An extensive literature review is presented to show the existing cooling solutions for avionics. Two-phase passive systems, such as LHPs are very attractive as they may be used as heat spreader, associated with a classical heat sink to dissipate the heat. A first family of LHP, designed and manufactured by the ATHERM Company and filled with methanol as the working fluid is described. Two other LHP families are also presented. The first one was manufactured by ATHERM and has modified condenser and transport line shapes, in order to be integrated into an existing electronic card. The second one was manufactured and designed by the Institute of Thermal Physics, on the same specification basis. An experimental setup is designed and built to test these LHPs. The effects of fluid fill charge, bayonet and secondary wick are observed. Orientation and acceleration tests are conducted on LHPs integrated within an avionic rack. Even if the LHPs exhibited sensitivity to orientation and acceleration, no failure of the LHP was observed up to the maximum applied acceleration (6 G). A steady state model of LHP based on a multi-level approach is developed. Various levels of complexity and precision can be selected for the model of the individual component, going from the nodal to the 3D model. The model is validated with experimental data from the laboratory tests. A good agreement is achieved between the experimental and the numerical data. The numerical results show that the fluid fill charge within the reservoir affects the thermal behavior of the LHP, by modifying the heat flux distribution. High temperature gradients are highlighted in the condenser plate and a redesign of its shape is proposed. Various modifications of the evaporator design are considered. The most important decrease of the evaporator thermal resistance is brought by a good disposition of the axial vapor grooves associated with an optimized saddle shape or radial vapor grooves.

The Master Thesis deals with the design of hardware component interconnection inference algorithm that is supposed to be used in the FPGA schema editor that was integrated into educational integrated development environment VLAM IDE. The aim of the algorithm is to support user by finding an optimal interconnection of two given components. The editor and the development environment are implemented as an Eclipse plugin using GMF framework. A brief description of this technologies and the embedded systems design are followed by the design of the inference algorithm. This problem is a topic of combinatorial optimization, related to the bipartite matching and assignment problem. After this, the implementation of the algorithm is described, followed by tests and a summary of achieved results.