Depuis plusieurs années, l’aéronautique est confrontée à une mutation majeure due à l’émergence des matériaux composites. Ce changement, justifié par les excellentes propriétés mécaniques des matériaux composites et un gain de masse important, implique une révision complète des réseaux de retour de courant. Pour faciliter cette révision, la thèse propose de lier au travers de l’analyse spectrale des graphes les performances des réseaux électriques avec leur topologie. Deux objectifs couplés sont étudiés : un dimensionnement topologique visant un bon compromis masse/robustesse et une stratégie de surveillance de ces réseaux. / The principles of the electrical system design in future aircrafts have to be reconsidered due to the emergence of new composite materials. The use of these materials for the aircraft structure has indeed implied a complete revision of on-board current return path networks. To facilitate this revision, it is proposed to link through the spectral graph analysis the performances of electrical networks with their topology. The aim of this thesis is to give topological drivers that could help the aeronautical engineers during the design process and then to propose a monitoring methodology.

<p dir="ltr">Composite materials have gained popularity and favor in the aviation and aerospace industries. Their distinctive blend of properties transformed the design and material selection of aircraft and spacecraft, providing significant advantages in terms of weight reduction, fuel efficiency, structural integrity, and environmental sustainability. While multiple automated technologies for composite manufacturing, such as the AFP/ATL machine's robotic arms, are currently being used in the industry, manual layup is still the primary choice for complicated geometry and small-scale manufacturing. For manual layup assistance, physical templates and a laser projector can assist the laminator for ply placement. However, physical templates can be costly, complicated to manufacture, and inefficient. On the other hand, the implementation of laser projection can assist the laminator with ply placement seed point identification and eliminate the need for a physical template, making it a more sustainable option. This study is designed to determine whether the laser projector can assist the laminator in ensuring a constant overlap length, which might improve material structural performance and reduce manufacturing time.</p>