Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1994. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 103). Also available via the Internet.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-16. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:24:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858626.pdf: 5395021 bytes, checksum: 9effbe891d5fe9c3fbf2e8710f1f9138 (MD5) / Em compressores de refrigeração, as válvulas de sucção e descarga são responsáveis pela retenção e passagem do fluido refrigerante da câmara de sucção ao cilindro, e do cilindro à câmara de descarga. Projetistas trabalham para que essas válvulas tenham baixa perda de carga, aumentando a eficiência do processo. Como a abertura e o fechamento das válvulas são realizados por forças do próprio escoamento, o entendimento do escoamento através das mesmas é fundamental para melhorar o desempenho do sistema de válvulas. Esta tarefa pode ser realizada eficientemente com o uso de ferramentas numéricas. Devido à complexidade da geometria real das válvulas, encontram-se na literatura diversos trabalhos que utilizam modelos simplificados na representação das válvulas. Em particular, a geometria do difusor radial se destaca como o modelo simplificado mais utilizado nesse tipo de escoamento, e importantes conclusões foram obtidas devido ao uso adequado do modelo. O Método da Fronteira Imersa é um método promissor no estudo de problemas de geometria complexa e envolvendo interações de fluido-estrutura. Com esse método, é possível investigar o escoamento em modelos mais complexos, sem grandes complicações no processo de geração de malha. No presente trabalho, utiliza-se o método de Multi-Forçagem Direta proposto por Wang (2007) para os cálculos de forças na representação do corpo rígido. A solução do escoamento incompressível e viscoso é feita através do código AMR3D (Adaptive Mesh Refinement 3D), composto por um esquema de avanço temporal semi-implícito de segunda ordem e um método de projeção no acoplamento pressão-velocidade. A malha gerada pelo código consiste em blocos de refinamento localizado alocados de acordo com uma sequência de níveis de refinamento, que se adapta ao campo de vorticidade e a presença de uma fronteira imersa. O método numérico é... / In refrigeration compressors, the suction and discharge valves are responsible for the retention and passage of the refrigerant fluid from the suction chamber to the cylinder, and from the cylinder to the discharge chamber. Valve system designers seek for valves with small overall flow pressure drop in order to increase the compressor efficiency. As the opening and closing of the valves are caused by the forces produced by the refrigerant flow, the understanding of the flow through the valve is of fundamental importance in order to enhance the efficiency of the valve system. The numerical simulation of the flow is an efficient method to perform this task. Due to the complex geometry usually found in this type of valve, simplified geometries have been used to represent the valve, particularly the radial diffuser geometry. The Immersed Boundary method is very attractive when it comes to complex geometries and fluid-structure interaction, for it allows the simulation of fluid flow past complex geometries, with boundary movement, without complicating the mesh generation process. In the present work, the Multi-Direct Forcing introduced by Wang (2007) is used for the rigid body force calculations. The incompressible, viscous flow is solved by the AMR3D (Adaptive Mesh Refinement 3D) which contains a semi-implicit time discretization scheme of second order and a projection method for the pressure-velocity coupling. The mesh generated by the code consists in sequences of nested, progressive finer rectangular grid patches, which dynamically adapts to the flows vorticity field and the presence of an immersed boundary. The numerical method is validated with experimental data obtained for the flow through the radial diffuser's geometry. A model that represents well the real geometry of the real valve is proposed, with angular movement imposed for valve opening and closing simulation. Results show that the ...

Orientador: José Luiz Gasche / Banca: João Batista Campos Silva / Banca: Millena Martins Villar Vale / Resumo: Em compressores de refrigeração, as válvulas de sucção e descarga são responsáveis pela retenção e passagem do fluido refrigerante da câmara de sucção ao cilindro, e do cilindro à câmara de descarga. Projetistas trabalham para que essas válvulas tenham baixa perda de carga, aumentando a eficiência do processo. Como a abertura e o fechamento das válvulas são realizados por forças do próprio escoamento, o entendimento do escoamento através das mesmas é fundamental para melhorar o desempenho do sistema de válvulas. Esta tarefa pode ser realizada eficientemente com o uso de ferramentas numéricas. Devido à complexidade da geometria real das válvulas, encontram-se na literatura diversos trabalhos que utilizam modelos simplificados na representação das válvulas. Em particular, a geometria do difusor radial se destaca como o modelo simplificado mais utilizado nesse tipo de escoamento, e importantes conclusões foram obtidas devido ao uso adequado do modelo. O Método da Fronteira Imersa é um método promissor no estudo de problemas de geometria complexa e envolvendo interações de fluido-estrutura. Com esse método, é possível investigar o escoamento em modelos mais complexos, sem grandes complicações no processo de geração de malha. No presente trabalho, utiliza-se o método de Multi-Forçagem Direta proposto por Wang (2007) para os cálculos de forças na representação do corpo rígido. A solução do escoamento incompressível e viscoso é feita através do código AMR3D (Adaptive Mesh Refinement 3D), composto por um esquema de avanço temporal semi-implícito de segunda ordem e um método de projeção no acoplamento pressão-velocidade. A malha gerada pelo código consiste em blocos de refinamento localizado alocados de acordo com uma sequência de níveis de refinamento, que se adapta ao campo de vorticidade e a presença de uma fronteira imersa. O método numérico é... / Abstract: In refrigeration compressors, the suction and discharge valves are responsible for the retention and passage of the refrigerant fluid from the suction chamber to the cylinder, and from the cylinder to the discharge chamber. Valve system designers seek for valves with small overall flow pressure drop in order to increase the compressor efficiency. As the opening and closing of the valves are caused by the forces produced by the refrigerant flow, the understanding of the flow through the valve is of fundamental importance in order to enhance the efficiency of the valve system. The numerical simulation of the flow is an efficient method to perform this task. Due to the complex geometry usually found in this type of valve, simplified geometries have been used to represent the valve, particularly the radial diffuser geometry. The Immersed Boundary method is very attractive when it comes to complex geometries and fluid-structure interaction, for it allows the simulation of fluid flow past complex geometries, with boundary movement, without complicating the mesh generation process. In the present work, the Multi-Direct Forcing introduced by Wang (2007) is used for the rigid body force calculations. The incompressible, viscous flow is solved by the AMR3D (Adaptive Mesh Refinement 3D) which contains a semi-implicit time discretization scheme of second order and a projection method for the pressure-velocity coupling. The mesh generated by the code consists in sequences of nested, progressive finer rectangular grid patches, which dynamically adapts to the flows vorticity field and the presence of an immersed boundary. The numerical method is validated with experimental data obtained for the flow through the radial diffuser's geometry. A model that represents well the real geometry of the real valve is proposed, with angular movement imposed for valve opening and closing simulation. Results show that the ... / Mestre

Sistemas de refrigeração são sistemas reparáveis. Isto significa que os componentes destes sistemas podem sofrer manutenção várias vezes durante a vida útil do sistema como um todo. Em sistemas de refrigeração o mais conhecido é o que opera com ciclo por compressão de vapor. Neste ciclo, o compressor é o equipamento mais complexo e de maior custo. Dessa forma, deve-se tomar especial cuidado, pois além de problemas como desgaste e falta de lubrificantes, ele está sujeito a sofrer danos decorrentes do funcionamento incorreto ou falho de todos os outros componentes. Dentro dos compressores existentes, o compressor alternativo pode ser comercialmente considerado o cavalo de batalha da refrigeração industrial, dominando a faixa de capacidades inferiores a 300 kW (85 TRs). O compressor alternativo também pode ser utilizado, com vantagens, quando o controle de capacidade se faz necessário, através do procedimento de desativação dos cilindros. Este compressor possui a possibilidade de manutenção no campo de, praticamente, qualquer item construtivo. O termo confiabilidade vem do inglês \"reliability\" que é a probabilidade de um item poder desempenhar sua função requerida, por um intervalo de tempo estabelecido, sob condições definidas de uso. Testes de confiabilidade possibilitam, através de estimativa, com base em estudos de confiabilidade, caracterizar os comportamentos de confiabilidade, da probabilidade de falha e da taxa de falha em relação ao tempo de um componente ou sistema. Uma das ferramentas para permitir avaliar ações que aumentem a confiabilidade é a Análise de Modos e Efeitos de Falha ou FMEA (\"Failure Mode and Effect Analysis\"). Basicamente, esta ferramenta parte da definição das funções dos sistemas e subsistemas analisados, verificando em seguida as falhas que afetam cada função e todos os modos de falha que levam a cada falha. Para cada modo de falha, analisam-se os efeitos e define-se a necessidade de ações para reduzir a possibilidade de ocorrência deste evento, eliminá-lo ou, simplesmente controlar os efeitos indesejáveis. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo das principais falhas, modos de falha de compressores semi-herméticos alternativos de sistemas de refrigeração, suas ocorrências e o comportamento destes equipamentos no seu período de garantia, sob a ótica da confiabilidade. / Refrigeration systems are reparable systems. This means that one can perform maintenance actions on them several times during the system life cycle. The most common refrigeration system is the vapor compression cycle. In this cycle, the compressor is the most complex and expensive component. So, the user should take special care because , beside problems like wear and lubricant lack, the compressor can also suffer damages caused by the incorrect work or fault from the others system components. Among the compressor types, the reciprocating compressor can be considered as the most used in the industrial refrigeration, from lowers capacities to up to 300 kW. Also the reciprocating compressor has some advantages, where its cylinders can be disabled for capacity control purposes. One can perform field maintenance of almost every part for this compressor. The word reliability means the probability of some equipment can not perform its requested function for an established time period, under defined operation conditions.. One of the tools to allow actions to improve the reliability is the failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA). This tool is based on the analyzed function and sub function systems definitions seeking faults that affect each function and all fault modes that lead to every fault. For each fault mode, the effects are analyzed and the need of actions to decrease the occurrence of this event is defined, excluding or control this undesirable events. This work objective is to study the most important faults, fault modes of reciprocating semi-hermetic compressors, its occurrences and its behavior during the guarantee period under reliability point of view.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain the most economically feasible method for high volume machining of a discharge hole in a power metal compressor cylinder.

During a ten-stage compressor rig test conducted at Wright-Patterson AFB, several instances of compressor surge were observed. While surge is known to occur in high-speed multi-stage compressors, very little transient data pertaining to such events exists in the open literature, exclusive of engine data. In an attempt to make more data of this type available to researchers, surge data from the ten-stage compressor test is presented and analyzed in this thesis. Graphical presentation and data analysis techniques are employed in an effort to characterize the surge behavior of this compressor. Furthermore, the predictions of a computer-based transient compressor model are compared to the data for study. In the course of reviewing the data included in this thesis, certain abnormalities were noted in the overall behavior of this compressor. During testing, several researchers found that the speed boundary between surge and rotating stall occurred between 80% and 81 % corrected design rotor speeds. 1hls boundary did not change when the compressor discharge volume was increased or decreased. This seemed to contradict accepted theory, which predicts a shift in the surge/rotating stall boundary with discharge volume changes. An investigation into the possible causes of this phenomenon was conducted as part of this thesis. Several theories were explored, including the possibility of excess volume communicating with the compressor during instability. Although the excess volume theory could not be proven, it remains the most likely cause of the usual surge/rotating stall boundary behavior. / Master of Science

An experimental investigation on an uncooled choked plasma torch using hydrogen/argon mixtures as a propellant was conducted. This low-power plasma torch was designed to be used as an ignitor and flameholder in supersonic combustion. The anode and cathode were made of two-percent thoriated tungsten, and no cooling system was required. Sonic flow through the nozzle was obtained by using a small throat diameter (0.813 mm). The plasma torch can operate stably over a wide range hydrogen/argon mixtures at power levels of 500 to 2000 W. Voltage-current characteristics of the arc are presented for discharge currents ranging from 5 to 40 A and for various flow rates and mixture fractions. The electrical input power is found to be a linear function of the hydrogen flow for a constant argon flow and for a current of 20 A. Measurements with a calorimeter reveal that the thermal efficiency, defined as the rate of increase of total enthalpy of the gas flowing through the torch divided by the electrical input power, is about 88 percent. / Master of Science

High-response pressure measurements of a high-speed, 10- stage, axial-flow compressor operating in rotating stall are analyzed. Procedures used to digitize analog voltages and calibrate pressure transducers are presented. From total and static pressures measured at the exit of the test compressor, stall cell Mach number distributions are calculated and used to study the effects of discharge throttle levels and variable vane changes on the 10th-stage rotating stall cells. Results indicate that significant transition zones exist between the reverse flow and peak Mach number of the stall cell cycle. Since the axial Mach numbers of the stall cell cycle are constantly changing, the amount of leading and trailing edge transition zones and fully unstalled flow zones are not easily defined. A method is devised to approximate the different flow zone ranges and correlate them to in-stall pressure characteristic behavior of the 10th stage of the test compressor. Changes in the time-averaged pressure characteristics are found to correlate with changes in the rotating stall flow zones. A lower pressure coefficient appears to correspond to an increase in the ratio of trailing to leading edge transition zone size and the average transition zone size. Results also suggest that recovery hysteresis in the test compressor is characterized by reverse flow in the rotating stall cell. / Master of Science

Dynamic compression system response is a major concern in the operability of aircraft gas turbine engines. Computer models have been developed to predict compressor response to changing operating conditions. These models require a knowledge of the steady state operating characteristics as inputs, which limits the ability to use them as predicting tools. The full range of dynamic axial flow compressor operation spans forward and reversed flow conditions. A model for predicting the wide flow range characteristics of axial flow compressor stages has been developed and a parametric study of the effect of changing design variables on steady state performance has been conducted. This model was applied to a 3-stage, low speed compressor with very favorable results and to a 10-stage, high speed compressor with mixed results. Conclusions were made regarding the inception of stalling and the effects associated with operating a stage in a multistage environment. It was also concluded that there are operating points of an isolated compressor stage that are not attainable when that stage is operated in a multi-stage environment. A stage located in a multi-stage environment can also operate at points which cannot be reached when the stage is operated in isolation. / Master of Science

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