Cette thèse porte sur la conception et la réalisation du système optique d'une nouvelle source de rayonnement gamma, ELI-NP-GBS (Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics - Gamma Beam Source), qui utilise des développements récents des technologies des lasers, de l'optique et des accélérateurs. Les caractéristiques finales que devra atteindre cette source sont au moins d'un ordre de grandeur, en intensité, supérieur à la meilleure machine Compton actuelle, HIGS. Un nouveau type de système optique a été conçu pour ELI-NP-GBS. Il s'agit d'un système à 32 passages composé de deux miroirs paraboliques confocaux et d'un ensemble de paires de miroirs. Les miroirs paraboliques permettent la focalisation et la collimation successives d'un faisceau laser de haute intensité (400 mJ par impulsion). La géométrie "dragon-shape" garantie que le croisement du faisceau laser avec le faisceau d'électron se produise avec un angle constant en un point unique. De telles performances sont assurées par un alignement des éléments optiques à mieux que quelques micromètres en position et quelques microradians en orientation et une synchronisation de tous les passages avec les paquets d'électrons à mieux que quelques centaines de femtosecondes. Cet alignement et cette synchronisation est obtenue par l'intermédiaire de procédures et d'algorithmes spécialement développés pour ce système. Les algorithmes ont ainsi été développés et testés sur des simulations numériques dédiées prenant en compte les aspects mécaniques et optiques du système tel que les pré-alignements mécaniques, les états de surfaces des miroirs, la polarisation du faisceau laser, etc. Une première preuve de principe de la méthode de synchronisation a été concluante. / This thesis is about the design and the realization of the optical system of a new gamma-ray source, ELI-NP-GBS (Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics - Gamma Beam Source), which benefits from the recent developments in laser technology, optics and accelerators. The final characteristics that this source aims to reach is one order of magnitude higher in intensity than the actual best Compton machine, HIGS. A new type of optical system has been designed for ELI-NP-GBS. It is a 32 passes system made of two confocal parabolic mirrors and a set of Mirror-Pair Systems. The parabolic reflectors focalize and collimate successively a high intensity laser beam (400 mJ per pulse). The ``dragon-shape'' geometry ensures that the laser beam and electron bunches cross at a constant angle in a unique point. These performances are guaranteed by a few micrometers precision in position alignment, a few microradians precision in orientation alignment and by a few hundreds femtoseconds synchronization between electron bunches and laser pulses for each pass. This alignment and this synchronization is performed by used of dedicated procedures and algorithms. These algorithms have been developed and tested with numerical simulations which take into account the mechanical and optical aspects of the system such as the mechanical pre-alignment, the mirrors' surface deformations, the laser beam polarization, etc. A first proof of principle of the synchronization method has been successful.

Uma simulação baseada em métodos Monte Carlo foi criada com o intuito de avaliar a potencialidade da utilização do espalhamento Compton em altas energias para a obtenção de medidas absolutas e de alta precisão da energia de fótons marcados. Esse método se baseia em medidas angulares dos produtos desse espalhamento para reconstruir a energia dos fótons incidentes, utilizando a cinemática do espalhamento Compton em aproximação de impulso. A simulação inclui vários efeitos relevantes à medida, como espalhamento múltiplo de elétrons, momento interno dos elétrons nos átomos do alvo, resolução do detetor e vários parâmetros geométricos do arranjo experimental. Através da simulação de um experimento que utiliza esse método para a calibração em energia de um feixe de fótons marcados, foi possível identificar duas fontes de erros sistemáticos. Métodos de análise que minimiza um desse erros sistemáticos foram desenvolvidos, bem como métodos para a criação de correções para as medidas de energia. Verificou-se que, pelo menos no arranjo experimental estudado, é possível obter medidas da energia dos fótons incidentes com precisão da ordem de 0.07%. / A simulation based on Monte Carlo methods was created in order to evaluate the potentiality of using Compton scattering at high energies to obtain high precision absolute measurements of tagged photon energies. This method is based on angular measurements of the scattering products to reconstruct the incident photon energy using the kinematics of Compton scattering in impulse approximation. The simulation includes several effects that are relevant to the measurement, such as electron multiple scattering, internal momentum of the electrons in the atoms of the target, detector resolution and several geometrical parameters of the experimental setup. Through simulation of an experiment that uses this method for energy calibration of a tagged photon beam, it was possible to identify two sources of systematic errors. Analysis methods that minimize one of these systematic errors were developed, as well as methods for the creation of corrections to the energy measurements. Our results show that, at least in the studied experimental setup, it is possible to obtain energy measurements with a precision in the order of 0.07%.

No último século, houve grande avanço no entendimento das interações das radiações com a matéria. Essa compreensão se faz necessária para diversas aplicações, entre elas o uso de raios X no diagnóstico por imagens. Neste caso, imagens são formadas pelo contraste resultante da diferença na atenuação dos raios X pelos diferentes tecidos do corpo. Entretanto, algumas das interações dos raios X com a matéria podem levar à redução da qualidade destas imagens, como é o caso dos fenômenos de espalhamento. Muitas abordagens foram propostas para estimar a distribuição espectral de fótons espalhados por uma barreira, ou seja, como no caso de um feixe de campo largo, ao atingir um plano detector, tais como modelos que utilizam métodos de Monte Carlo e modelos que utilizam aproximações analíticas. Supondo-se um espectro de um feixe primário que não interage com nenhum objeto após sua emissão pelo tubo de raios X, este espectro é, essencialmente representado pelos modelos propostos anteriormente. Contudo, considerando-se um feixe largo de radiação X, interagindo com um objeto, a radiação a ser detectada por um espectrômetro, passa a ser composta pelo feixe primário, atenuado pelo material adicionado, e uma fração de radiação espalhada. A soma destas duas contribuições passa a compor o feixe resultante. Esta soma do feixe primário atenuado, com o feixe de radiação espalhada, é o que se mede em um detector real na condição de feixe largo. O modelo proposto neste trabalho visa calcular o espectro de um tubo de raios X, em situação de feixe largo, o mais fidedigno possível ao que se medem em condições reais. Neste trabalho se propõe a discretização do volume de interação em pequenos elementos de volume, nos quais se calcula o espalhamento Compton, fazendo uso de um espectro de fótons gerado pelo Modelo de TBC, a equação de Klein-Nishina e considerações geométricas. Por fim, o espectro de fótons espalhados em cada elemento de volume é somado ao espalhamento dos demais elementos de volume, resultando no espectro total espalhado. O modelo proposto foi implementado em ambiente computacional MATLAB® e comparado com medições experimentais para sua validação. O modelo proposto foi capaz de produzir espectros espalhados em diferentes condições, apresentando boa conformidade com os valores medidos, tanto em termos quantitativos, nas quais a diferença entre kerma no ar calculado e kerma no ar medido é menor que 10%, quanto qualitativos, com fatores de mérito superiores a 90%. / The understanding of the interactions between radiation and matter advanced considerably in the last century. This understanding was needed by several applications, such as the use of X-rays in diagnostic imaging. In diagnostic applications, the image is created by the contrast resulting from the X-ray attenuation by the different body tissues. However, some interactions between the X-rays with the matter may reduce the quality of the images obtained in diagnostic imaging, as is the case of the scattering phenomenon. There are several modeling approaches to estimate the spectral distribution of photons scattered through a barrier, as in the case of a broad beam hitting a spectrometer detector. For instance, there are approaches that use Monte Carlo methods and approaches that use analytical approximations. Assuming a primary spectrum that does not interact with any object after its issuance by the X -ray tube, this spectrum is essentially represented by the previously proposed models. However, considering a broad beam of X-rays interacting with an object, the radiation to be detected by a spectrometer is now composed of the primary beam attenuated by the added material, and a scattered radiation fraction. The sum of these two contributions becomes part of the resulting beam. This sum of attenuated primary beam with the scattered radiation beam is what is measured in a real detector in broad beam condition. The model proposed in this work aims to simulate the spectrum of an x-ray tube in wide beam situation, the most reliable possible to what is measured in real conditions. In this work we propose the discretisation of the volume of interaction into small volume elements, which are used to calculate the Compton scattering. The spectrum of the photon spreading in each volume element is added to other volume elements, resulting in the spectrum of the whole barrier. The proposed model was implemented in MATLAB®, a computational environment. We evaluate the model by comparing the computational results with results from physical experiments. The model we propose was capable of creating accurate distribution of the spectrum spreading, under different conditions and in different experiments. The model results were close to the results obtained by experimental evaluation, both quantitatively, such as the difference smaller than 10% between the simulated air kerma and the measured air kerma obtained in the experimental evaluation, and qualitatively.

Uma simulação baseada em métodos Monte Carlo foi criada com o intuito de avaliar a potencialidade da utilização do espalhamento Compton em altas energias para a obtenção de medidas absolutas e de alta precisão da energia de fótons marcados. Esse método se baseia em medidas angulares dos produtos desse espalhamento para reconstruir a energia dos fótons incidentes, utilizando a cinemática do espalhamento Compton em aproximação de impulso. A simulação inclui vários efeitos relevantes à medida, como espalhamento múltiplo de elétrons, momento interno dos elétrons nos átomos do alvo, resolução do detetor e vários parâmetros geométricos do arranjo experimental. Através da simulação de um experimento que utiliza esse método para a calibração em energia de um feixe de fótons marcados, foi possível identificar duas fontes de erros sistemáticos. Métodos de análise que minimiza um desse erros sistemáticos foram desenvolvidos, bem como métodos para a criação de correções para as medidas de energia. Verificou-se que, pelo menos no arranjo experimental estudado, é possível obter medidas da energia dos fótons incidentes com precisão da ordem de 0.07%. / A simulation based on Monte Carlo methods was created in order to evaluate the potentiality of using Compton scattering at high energies to obtain high precision absolute measurements of tagged photon energies. This method is based on angular measurements of the scattering products to reconstruct the incident photon energy using the kinematics of Compton scattering in impulse approximation. The simulation includes several effects that are relevant to the measurement, such as electron multiple scattering, internal momentum of the electrons in the atoms of the target, detector resolution and several geometrical parameters of the experimental setup. Through simulation of an experiment that uses this method for energy calibration of a tagged photon beam, it was possible to identify two sources of systematic errors. Analysis methods that minimize one of these systematic errors were developed, as well as methods for the creation of corrections to the energy measurements. Our results show that, at least in the studied experimental setup, it is possible to obtain energy measurements with a precision in the order of 0.07%.

In this thesis we present new ideas and mathematical insights in the field of Compton Scattering Tomography (CST), an X-ray and gamma ray imaging technique which uses Compton scattered data to reconstruct an electron density of the target. This is an area not considered extensively in the literature, with only two dimensional gamma ray (monochromatic source) CST problems being analysed thus far. The analytic treatment of the polychromatic source case is left untouched and while there are three dimensional acquisition geometries in CST which consider the reconstruction of gamma ray source intensities, an explicit three dimensional electron density reconstruction from Compton scatter data is yet to be obtained. Noting this gap in the literature, we aim to make new and significant advancements in CST, in particular in answering the questions of the three dimensional density reconstruction and polychromatic source problem. Specifically we provide novel and conclusive results on the stability and uniqueness properties of two and three dimensional inverse problems in CST through an analysis of a disc transform and a generalized spindle torus transform. In the final chapter of the thesis we give a novel analysis of the stability of a spindle torus transform from a microlocal perspective. The practical application of our inversion methods to fields in X-ray and gamma ray imaging are also assessed through simulation work.

<p>The High Intensity Gamma-ray Source (HIGS) at Duke University is a world class Compton light source facility. At the HIGS, a Free-Electron Laser (FEL) beam is Compton scattered with an electron beam in the Duke storage ring to produce an intense, highly polarized, and nearly monoenergetic gamma-ray beam with a tunable energy from about 1 MeV to 100 MeV. This unique gamma-ray beam has been used in a wide range of basic and application research fields from nuclear physics to astrophysics, from medical research to homeland security and industrial applications.</p><p>The capability of accurately predicting the spatial, spectral and temporal characteristics of a Compton gamma-ray beam is crucial for the optimization of the operation of a Compton light source as well as for the applications utilizing the Compton beam. In this dissertation, we have successfully developed two approaches, an analytical calculation method and a Monte Carlo simulation technique, to study the Compton scattering process. Using these two approaches, we have characterized the HIGS beams with varying electron beam parameters as well as different collimation conditions. Based upon the Monte Carlo simulation, an end-to-end spectrum reconstruction method has been developed to analyze the measured energy spectrum of a HIGS beam. With this end-to-end method, the underlying energy distribution of the HIGS beam can be uncovered with a high degree of accuracy using its measured spectrum. To measure the transverse profile of the HIGS beam, we have developed a CCD based gamma-ray beam imaging system with a sub-mm spatial resolution and a high contrast sensitivity. This imaging system has been routinely used to align experimental apparatus with the HIGS beam for nuclear physics research. </p><p>To determine the energy distribution of the HIGS beam, it is important to know the energy distribution of the electron beam used in the collision. The electron beam energy and energy spread can be measured using the Compton scattering technique. In order to use this technique, we have developed a new fitting model directly based upon the Compton scattering cross section while taking into account the electron-beam emittance and gamma-beam collimation effects. With this model, we have successfully carried out a precise energy measurement of the electron beam in the Duke storage ring. </p><p>Alternatively, the electron beam energy can be measured using the Resonant Spin Depolarization technique, which requires a polarized electron beam. The radiative polarization of an electron beam in the Duke storage ring has been studied as part of this dissertation program. From electron-beam lifetime measurements, the equilibrium degree of polarization of the electron beam has been successfully determined. With the polarized electron beam, we will be able to apply the Resonant Spin Depolarization technique to accurately determine the electron beam energy. This on-going research is of great importance to our continued development of the HIGS facility.</p> / Dissertation

No último século, houve grande avanço no entendimento das interações das radiações com a matéria. Essa compreensão se faz necessária para diversas aplicações, entre elas o uso de raios X no diagnóstico por imagens. Neste caso, imagens são formadas pelo contraste resultante da diferença na atenuação dos raios X pelos diferentes tecidos do corpo. Entretanto, algumas das interações dos raios X com a matéria podem levar à redução da qualidade destas imagens, como é o caso dos fenômenos de espalhamento. Muitas abordagens foram propostas para estimar a distribuição espectral de fótons espalhados por uma barreira, ou seja, como no caso de um feixe de campo largo, ao atingir um plano detector, tais como modelos que utilizam métodos de Monte Carlo e modelos que utilizam aproximações analíticas. Supondo-se um espectro de um feixe primário que não interage com nenhum objeto após sua emissão pelo tubo de raios X, este espectro é, essencialmente representado pelos modelos propostos anteriormente. Contudo, considerando-se um feixe largo de radiação X, interagindo com um objeto, a radiação a ser detectada por um espectrômetro, passa a ser composta pelo feixe primário, atenuado pelo material adicionado, e uma fração de radiação espalhada. A soma destas duas contribuições passa a compor o feixe resultante. Esta soma do feixe primário atenuado, com o feixe de radiação espalhada, é o que se mede em um detector real na condição de feixe largo. O modelo proposto neste trabalho visa calcular o espectro de um tubo de raios X, em situação de feixe largo, o mais fidedigno possível ao que se medem em condições reais. Neste trabalho se propõe a discretização do volume de interação em pequenos elementos de volume, nos quais se calcula o espalhamento Compton, fazendo uso de um espectro de fótons gerado pelo Modelo de TBC, a equação de Klein-Nishina e considerações geométricas. Por fim, o espectro de fótons espalhados em cada elemento de volume é somado ao espalhamento dos demais elementos de volume, resultando no espectro total espalhado. O modelo proposto foi implementado em ambiente computacional MATLAB® e comparado com medições experimentais para sua validação. O modelo proposto foi capaz de produzir espectros espalhados em diferentes condições, apresentando boa conformidade com os valores medidos, tanto em termos quantitativos, nas quais a diferença entre kerma no ar calculado e kerma no ar medido é menor que 10%, quanto qualitativos, com fatores de mérito superiores a 90%. / The understanding of the interactions between radiation and matter advanced considerably in the last century. This understanding was needed by several applications, such as the use of X-rays in diagnostic imaging. In diagnostic applications, the image is created by the contrast resulting from the X-ray attenuation by the different body tissues. However, some interactions between the X-rays with the matter may reduce the quality of the images obtained in diagnostic imaging, as is the case of the scattering phenomenon. There are several modeling approaches to estimate the spectral distribution of photons scattered through a barrier, as in the case of a broad beam hitting a spectrometer detector. For instance, there are approaches that use Monte Carlo methods and approaches that use analytical approximations. Assuming a primary spectrum that does not interact with any object after its issuance by the X -ray tube, this spectrum is essentially represented by the previously proposed models. However, considering a broad beam of X-rays interacting with an object, the radiation to be detected by a spectrometer is now composed of the primary beam attenuated by the added material, and a scattered radiation fraction. The sum of these two contributions becomes part of the resulting beam. This sum of attenuated primary beam with the scattered radiation beam is what is measured in a real detector in broad beam condition. The model proposed in this work aims to simulate the spectrum of an x-ray tube in wide beam situation, the most reliable possible to what is measured in real conditions. In this work we propose the discretisation of the volume of interaction into small volume elements, which are used to calculate the Compton scattering. The spectrum of the photon spreading in each volume element is added to other volume elements, resulting in the spectrum of the whole barrier. The proposed model was implemented in MATLAB®, a computational environment. We evaluate the model by comparing the computational results with results from physical experiments. The model we propose was capable of creating accurate distribution of the spectrum spreading, under different conditions and in different experiments. The model results were close to the results obtained by experimental evaluation, both quantitatively, such as the difference smaller than 10% between the simulated air kerma and the measured air kerma obtained in the experimental evaluation, and qualitatively.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第24254号 / エネ博第452号 / 新制||エネ||85(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー応用科学専攻 / (主査)教授 大垣 英明, 教授 白井 康之, 教授 宮内 雄平 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

La première partie présente la mesure des polarisabilités généralisées (GPs) électrique αε(Q²) et magnétique βM(Q²) du proton qui sont fonctions du quadri-moment de transfert Q². L'expérience a été réalisée dans le Hall A1 à MAMI (Mayence) avec un faisceau d'énergie de l'ordre de 1 GeV, à Q²=0.45 GeV² (qcm=714 MeV/c et ε=0.63). Le modèle DR (Relations de Dispersion) a été utilisé pour extraire les GPs, αε(Q²) et βM(Q²), ainsi que deux combinaisons linéaires P¿ (Q²) – 1/ε PTT (Q²) et P¿ (Q²). Ces dernières ont été extraites, pour les mêmes données, en utilisant l'approche de basse énergie (LEX) sous le seuil de production du pion. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent un bon accord entre les deux méthodes et offrent une nouvelle contrainte sur la structure du proton à basse énergie. La deuxième partie est dédiée à la mesure de la section efficace totale du processus de diffusion Compton profondément virtuelle (DVCS) sur le neutron à Q²=1.75 GeV² et xB=0.36. Le processus DVCS permet d'extraire des fonctions universelles "distributions généralisées de partons (GPDs)" permettant de comprendre la structure interne du nucléon en terme de partons. Le DVCS sur le neutron est sensible à la GPD E qui est la moins contrainte à ce jour et dont la connaissance est indispensable pour remonter au moment orbital des quarks. Les données analysées proviennent de l'expérience E08-025 effectuée dans le Hall A de JLab (USA) avec un faisceau d'électrons polarisés d'énergie de l'ordre de 6 GeV et deux cibles d'hydrogène et de deutérium. Nos résultats préliminaires montrent, pour la première fois, une contribution (neutron-DVCS + deuton cohérent-DVCS) non nulle et sont très prometteuses en vue d'une extraction de la GPD "E". / The first part presents the measurement of the generalized αε(Q²) electric and magnetic βM(Q²) polarisabilities (GPs) of the proton which depend on the four-momentum transfer  Q². The experiment was performed in Hall A1 at MAMI (Mainz) with a 1 GeV beam energy at Q² =0.45 GeV² (qcm=714 MeV/c and ε=0.63). The dispersion relations model was used to extract the GPs, αε(Q²) and βM(Q²),  and two linear combinations P¿ (Q²) – 1/ε PTT (Q²) and P¿ (Q²). These last ones were extracted, for the same data, using the low-energy approach (LEX) under the pion production threshold. Our preliminary results show a good agreement between both methods and provide a new constraint on the proton structure at low-energy. The second part is dedicated to the measurement of the total cross section of deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) on the neutron at Q²=1.75 GeV² and xB=0.36. The DVCS process allows to extract the universal functions "generalized parton distributions (GPDs)" which provide  a new understanding the nucleon in terms of partons. The DVCS on the neutron is sensitive to E, the less constrained GPD, which allows  to access the orbital momentum of the quarks. The analyzed data were taken in the E08-025 experiment performed in Hall A at JLab (USA) with a polarized electron beam with energy around 6 GeV and two hydrogen and deuterium targets.  Our preliminary results show, for the first time, a  nonzero (neutron-DVCS + coherent-deuteron-DVCS) contribution and are very promising for the extraction of the GPD "E".