Ji and Wang (2010) propose that the dominant source of sound from a forward facing step is the stream wise dipole on the face of the step and that sources acting normal to the flow are negligible. Sound radiation normal to flow of forward facing steps has been measured in wind tunnel experiments previously by Farabee and Casarella (1986, 1991) and Catlett (2010). A method for evaluating sound radiation from surface roughness proposed in Glegg and Devenport (2009) has been adapted and applied to flow over a forward facing step which addresses the sound normal to the flow that was previously unaccounted for. Far-field radiation predictions based on this method have been compared with wind tunnel measurements and show good agreement. A second method which evaluates the forcing from a vortex convected past surface roughness using RANS calculations and potential flow information is also evaluated. / by Benjamin Skyler Bryan. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2012. / Includes bibliography. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / System requirements: Adobe Reader.

This dissertation will consider the sound radiation from forward-facing steps and a three dimensional cylindrical embossment of very low aspect ratio mounted on a plate. Glegg et al (2014) outlined a theory for predicting the sound radiation from separated flows and applied the method to predicting the sound from forward-facing steps. In order to validate this theory it has been applied to the results of Catlett et al (2014) and Ji and Wang (2010). This validation study revealed that the original theory could be adjusted to include a mixed scaling which gives a better prediction. RANS simulations have been performed and used to support the similarities between the forward-facing step and the cylindrical embossment. The simulations revealed that the cylindrical embossment exhibits a separation zone similar to that of the forward-facing step. This separation zone has been shown to be the dominant source of noise on the forward-facing step in previous works and therefore was expected to be the major source of sound from the cylindrical embossment. The sensitivity of this separation zone to the different parameters of the flow has been investigated by performing several simulations with different conditions and geometries. The separation zone was seen to be independent of Reynolds number based on boundary layer thickness but was directly dependent on the height of the cylinder. The theory outlined in Glegg et al (2014) was then reformulated for use with a cylindrical embossment and the predictions have been compared with wind tunnel measurements. The final predictions show good agreement with the wind tunnel measurements and the far-field sound shows a clearly defined directionality that is similar to an axial dipole at low frequencies. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Antonio Andre Chivanga Barros, Henry França Meier / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T18:14:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_Cintia_D.pdf: 3816439 bytes, checksum: e39afd5653e2802b28899a3c09f4753c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Grande parte dos estudos envolvendo colunas de destilação está fundamentada por modelos macroscópicos de conservação de massa e de energia. Exemplo disto são os modelos de estágios de equilíbrio e de não-equilíbrio. Nestes, os aspectos fluidodinâmicos do escoamento são restritos e orientados à medição de parâmetros macroscópicos. Porém, graças aos avanços introduzidos pelo emprego das técnicas da fluidodinâmica computacional (CFD), a análise de processos empregando uma abordagem microscópica tornou-se mais sofisticada e precisa. Além disto, há necessidade de trabalho experimental com o propósito de validar modelos e métodos em CFD e medir outros parâmetros ao longo do equipamento. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de caráter numérico e experimental que possibilite o estudo do escoamento líquido-vapor, em nível microscópico, em um prato perfurado de uma coluna de destilação. Para tanto, objetiva-se a proposição de um modelo microscópico de conservação da quantidade de movimento, em condições de escoamento turbulento, sob a influência da fase vapor, e de uma metodologia para a aquisição de dados experimentais. A metodologia numérica consistiu em iniciar com um estudo aprofundado do escoamento com superfície livre, utilizando um módulo experimental de hidráulica, seguido do estudo do escoamento monofásico na superfície de um prato perfurado. Estudos em uma coluna de bolhas permitiram a obtenção de experiência com modelos e métodos associados ao escoamento multifásico. Finalmente, foram realizados estudos sobre o escoamento líquido-vapor em pratos perfurados com a proposição de um modelo 3-D e homogêneo. Na metodologia de solução, o principal objetivo esteve relacionado às características numéricas, tais como: fatores de relaxação, esquemas de interpolação, integração temporal, acoplamento pressão-velocidade, entre outras. A metodologia experimental consistiu no projeto e construção de uma coluna de destilação para a simulação física do escoamento líquido-vapor em um estágio a frio, sendo as informações microscópicas obtidas por meio do emprego da técnica de anemometria térmica. Técnicas de visualização do escoamento foram empregadas como ferramenta de análise qualitativa na identificação de padrões de escoamento, como mecanismo de apoio à realização de medidas experimentais e, finalmente, como instrumento complementar de análise para facilitar a interpretação dos resultados. A metodologia numérica permitiu a avaliação de estratégias de solução de modelos e métodos em CFD, além do desenvolvimento de um modelo homogêneo capaz de predizer o escoamento líquidovapor, em nível microscópico, em um prato perfurado de uma coluna de destilação. A metodologia experimental permitiu a caracterização do escoamento em um tanque retangular, entretanto, a técnica de anemometria térmica apresentou limitações quando da aplicação no escoamento bifásico. Na análise dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que há a ocorrência de diferentes padrões de escoamento no interior de uma coluna de destilação, de acordo com a vazão da fase gás e da geometria do prato, sendo o escoamento não uniforme. Além disto, há uma tendência do fluxo de líquido próximo à parede retroceder, o que resulta no fenômeno de circulação. Outra observação importante foi que a fase vapor, em contato com o líquido fluindo horizontalmente, obtém uma energia cinética na direção do fluxo de líquido / Abstract: Greater part of researches involving distillation columns is based on macroscopic models of mass and energy conservation. Examples are the equilibrium and non-equilibrium stage models. In these cases, the fluid dynamics characteristics are restricted in measuring macroscopic parameters. However, advances introduced by fluid dynamic techniques made possible a more sophisticated and accurate process analysis using a microscopic approach. Researches in this area are indispensable and more experimental studies is necessary in order to validate models and methods in CFD and measure other parameters along the equipment. Based on these statements, this work takes aim the development of a numerical and experimental methodology that enables the study of liquid-vapour flow, in a microscopic level, on a sieve plate of a distillation column. It is proposed the development, implementation and application of a microscopic model for momentum conservation subjected to turbulent flow of the vapour phase, complemented by the development of an experimental methodology for data acquisition in an apparatus in laboratory scale. The numerical methodology consisted to make a deep study of flow with free surface using a hydraulic modulus and a study of a single-phase flow on a sieve plate. Studies in a bubble column allowed building knowledge for modelling momentum transfer phenomenon in multiphase flow. Finally, studies about the liquid-vapour flow in sieve plates were carried out with development of a 3-D and homogeneous model. The main objective in the solution methodology was related to numerical characteristics, such as: relaxation factors, interpolation schemes, temporal integration and pressure-velocity coupling. The experimental methodology consisted in the design and building of a distillation column that simulates the liquid-vapour in a sieve plate. The information related to velocity profiles were obtained by means of definition and implementation of the thermal anemometry technique. During the numerical and experimental studies, flow visualization techniques have also been employed in different ways as a tool for qualitative analysis of different flow patterns, as an assistance to the experimental measures, and finally, as a complement to the analysis, supporting the interpretation of results. The numerical methodology allowed the evaluation of models and methods strategies in CFD, and the development of a homogeneous model able to predict the liquid-vapour flow in a sieve plate of a distillation column. On the other hand, the experimental methodology allowed the evaluation of flow inside a rectangular reservoir, but the thermal anemometry technique presented limitations in the multiphase flow. It was concluded that there is the occurrence of different flow patterns inside the distillation column, according to the gas flow and plate geometry, and the flow is not uniform in the plate surface. Besides, there is a tendency of the liquid flow to go back near the wall, resulting in a circulating zone. Other observation was that the vapour phase, contacting with the horizontally flowing liquid, gains a kinetic energy in the direction of liquid flow / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Doutor em Engenharia Química