Orientador: Edmundo Roberto Mauro Madeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:38:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Stroeh_Kleber_M.pdf: 2516792 bytes, checksum: c036c25bc2fd2e2815780d3a5fedfde0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Organizações enfrentam o desafio crescente de garantir a segurança da informação junto às suas infraestruturas tecnológicas. Abordagens estáticas à segurança, como a defesa de perímetros, têm se mostrado pouco eficazes num novo cenário marcado pelo aumento da complexidade dos sistemas _ e conseqüentemente de suas vulnerabilidades - e pela evolução e automatização de ataques. Por outro lado, a detecção dinâmica de ataques por meio de IDSs (Intrusion Detection Systems) apresenta um número demasiadamente elevado de falsos positivos. Este trabalho propõe uma abordagem para coleta e normalização, e fusão e classificação de alertas de segurança. Tal abordagem envolve a coleta de alertas de diferentes fontes, e sua normalização segundo modelo de representação padronizado - IDMEF (Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format). Os alertas normalizados são agrupados em meta-alertas (fusão ou agrupamento), os quais são classificados _ através de técnicas de aprendizado de máquina _ entre ataques e alarmes falsos. Uma implementação desta abordagem foi testada junto aos dados do desafio DARPA e Scan of the Month, contando com três implementações distintas de classificadores (SVM - Support Vector Machine -, Rede Bayesiana e Árvore de Decisão), bem como uma coletânea (ensemble) de SVM com Rede Bayesiana, atingindo resultados bastante relevantes. / Abstract: Organizations face the ever growing challenge of providing security within their IT infrastructures. Static approaches to security, such as perimetral defense, have proven less than effective in a new scenario characterized by increasingly complex systems _ and, therefore, more vulnerable - and by the evolution and automation of cyber attacks. Moreover, dynamic detection of attacks through IDSs (Instrusion Detection Systems ) presents too many false positives to be effective. This work presents an approach to collect and normalize, as well as to fuse and classify security alerts. This approach involves collecting alerts from different sources and normalizing them according to standardized structures - IDMEF (Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format ). The normalized alerts are grouped into meta-alerts (fusion or clustering), which are later classified - through machine learning techniques _ into attacks or false alarms. An implementation of this approach is tested against DARPA Challenge and Scan of the Month, using three different classification techniques, as well as an ensemble of SVM and Bayesian Network, having achieved very relevant results. / Mestrado / Redes de Computadores / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Orientadores: Mario Jino, Paulo Licio de Geus / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T16:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gregio_AndreRicardoAbed_D.pdf: 5158672 bytes, checksum: 12a24da95543bac78fd3f047f7415314 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Ataques envolvendo programas maliciosos (malware) s~ao a grande ameaça atual _a segurança de sistemas. Assim, a motivação desta tese _e estudar o comportamento de malware e como este pode ser utilizado para fins de defesa. O principal mecanismo utilizado para defesa contra malware _e o antivírus (AV). Embora seu propósito seja detectar (e remover) programas maliciosos de máquinas infectadas, os resultados desta detecção provêem, para usuários e analistas, informações insuficientes sobre o processo de infecção realizado pelo malware. Além disso, não há um padrão de esquema de nomenclatura para atribuir, de maneira consistente, nomes de identificação para exemplares de malware detectados, tornando difícil a sua classificação. De modo a prover um esquema de nomenclatura para malware e melhorar a qualidade dos resultados produzidos por sistemas de análise dinâmica de malware, propõe-se, nesta tese, uma taxonomia de malware com base nos comportamentos potencialmente perigosos observados durante vários anos de análise de exemplares encontrados em campo. A meta principal desta taxonomia _e ser clara, de simples manutenção e extensão, e englobar tipos gerais de malware (worms, bots, spyware). A taxonomia proposta introduz quatro classes e seus respectivos comportamentos de alto nível, os quais representam atividades potencialmente perigosas. Para avaliá-la, foram utilizados mais de 12 mil exemplares únicos de malware pertencentes a diferentes classes (atribuídas por antivírus). Outras contribuições provenientes desta tese incluem um breve histórico dos programas maliciosos e um levantamento das taxonomias que tratam de tipos específicos de malware; o desenvolvimento de um sistema de análise dinâmica para extrair pefis comportamentais de malware; a especializa- _c~ao da taxonomia para lidar com exemplares de malware que roubam informações (stealers), conhecidos como bankers, a implementação de ferramentas de visualização para interagir com traços de execução de malware e, finalmente, a introdução de uma técnica de agrupamento baseada nos valores escritos por malware na memória e nos registradores / Abstract: Attacks involving malicious software (malware) are the major current threats to systems security. The motivation behind this thesis is to study malware behavior with that purpose. The main mechanism used for defending against malware is the antivirus (AV) tool. Although the purpose of an AV is to detect (and remove) malicious programs from infected machines, this detection usually provides insufficient information for users and analysts regarding the malware infection process. Furthermore, there is no standard naming scheme for consistently labeling detected malware, making the malware classification process harder. To provide a meaningful naming scheme, as well as to improve the quality of results produced by dynamic analysis systems, we propose a malware taxonomy based on potentially dangerous behaviors observed during several years of analysis of malware found in the wild. The main goal of the taxonomy is, in addition to being simple to understand, extend and maintain, to embrace general types of malware (e.g., worms, bots, spyware). Our behavior-centric malware taxonomy introduces four classes and their respective high-level behaviors that represent potentially dangerous activities. We applied our taxonomy to more than 12 thousand unique malware samples from different classes (assigned by AV scanners) to show that it is useful to better understand malware infections and to aid in malware-related incident response procedures. Other contributions of our work are: a brief history of malware and a survey of taxonomies that address specific malware types; a dynamic analysis system to extract behavioral profiles from malware; specialization of our taxonomy to handle information stealers known as bankers; proposal of visualization tools to interact with malware execution traces and, finally, a clustering technique based on values that malware writes into memory or registers / Doutorado / Engenharia de Computação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Le cloud computing, solution souple et peu couteuse, est aujourd'hui largement adopté pour la production à grande échelle de services IT. Toutefois, des utilisateurs malveillants tirent parti de ces caractéristiques pour bénéficier d'une plate-forme d'attaque prête à l'emploi dotée d'une puissance colossale. Parmi les plus grands bénéficiaires de cette conversion en vecteur d’attaque, les botclouds sont utilisés pour perpétrer des attaques de déni de service distribuées (DDoS) envers tout tiers connecté à Internet.Si les attaques de ce type, perpétrées par des botnets ont été largement étudiées par le passé, leur mode opératoire et leur contexte de mise en œuvre sont ici différents et nécessitent de nouvelles solutions. Pour ce faire, nous proposons dans le travail de thèse exposé dans ce manuscrit, une approche distribuée pour la détection à la source d'attaques DDoS perpétrées par des machines virtuelles hébergées dans un cloud public. Nous présentons tout d'abord une étude expérimentale qui a consisté à mettre en œuvre deux botclouds dans un environnement de déploiement quasi-réel hébergeant une charge légitime. L’analyse des données collectées permet de déduire des invariants comportementaux qui forment le socle d'un système de détection à base de signature, fondé sur une analyse en composantes principales. Enfin, pour satisfaire au support du facteur d'échelle, nous proposons une solution de distribution de notre détecteur sur la base d'un réseau de recouvrement pair à pair structuré qui forme une architecture hiérarchique d'agrégation décentralisée / Currently, cloud computing is a flexible and cost-effective solution widely adopted for the large-scale production of IT services. However, beyond a main legitimate usage, malicious users take advantage of these features in order to get a ready-to-use attack platform, offering a massive power. Among the greatest beneficiaries of this cloud conversion into an attack support, botclouds are used to perpetrate Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks toward any third party connected to the Internet.Although such attacks, when perpetrated by botnets, have been extensively studied in the past, their operations and their implementation context are different herein and thus require new solutions. In order to achieve such a goal, we propose in the thesis work presented in this manuscript, a distributed approach for a source-based detection of DDoS attacks perpetrated by virtual machines hosted in a public cloud. Firstly, we present an experimental study that consists in the implementation of two botclouds in a real deployment environment hosting a legitimate workload. The analysis of the collected data allows the deduction of behavioural invariants that form the basis of a signature based detection system. Then, we present in the following a detection system based on the identification of principal components of the deployed botclouds. Finally, in order to deal with the scalability issues, we propose a distributed solution of our detection system, which relies on a mesh peer-to- peer architecture resulting from the overlap of several overlay trees

M.Tech. / Service Oriented Architecture has many advantages. For example, organisations can align business with Information Technology, reuse the developed functionality, reduce development and maintain cost for applications. Organisations adopt Service Oriented Architecture with the aim of automating and integrating business processes. However, it has information security vulnerabilities that should be considered. For example, applications exchange information across the Internet, where it can be tampered with. Information security is therefore one of the crucial qualities that need to be satisfied within information systems. This dissertation addresses the issue of information security within Service Oriented Architecture applications. Some organisations rely on Service Oriented Architecture governance tools when securing information in their Service Oriented Architecture environment. However, they may purchase them without investigating whether they include information security. The aim of this dissertation is to analyse whether these tools include information security. Each tool is benchmarked against the five information security services, defined by the ISO 7498/2 document and including identification and authentication, authorisation, confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. The dissertation concludes with a table summarising the results. This dissertation offers decision-makers information that can assist them in analysing whether Service Oriented Architecture governance tools includes information security. It also assists organisations to be aware of security vulnerabilities within Service Oriented Architecture applications, and the consequences that may arise if information security measures are ignored.

Cybercrime offences know no limits to physical geographic boundaries and have continued to create unprecedented issues regarding to the feasibility and legitimacy of applying traditional legislations based on geographic boundaries. These offences also come with procedural issues of enforcement of the existing legislations and continue to subject nations with problems unprecedented to its sovereignty and jurisdictions. This research is a critical study on the legal aspects of cybercrime in Nigeria, which examines how laws and regulations are made and applied in a well-established system to effectively answer questions raised by shortcomings on the implementation of cybercrime legislations, and critically reviews various laws in Nigeria relating or closely related to cybercrime. This research will provide insight into current global cybercrime legislations and the shortfalls to their procedural enforcement; and further bares the cybercrime issues in Nigeria while analysing and proffering a critique to the provisions as provided in the recently enacted Nigerian Cybercrime (Prohibition and Prevention) Act 2015, in contradistinction to the existing legal framework in the United Kingdom and the other regional enactments like the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, African Union Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection 2014, and the ECOWAS Directive on Cybercrime 2011.

The world has entered the information age. How the information is used within an organization will determine success or failure of the organisation. This study aims to provide a model, that once implemented, will provide the required protection for the information assets. The model is based on ISO 27002, an international security standard. The primary objective is to build a model that will provide a holistic security system specifically for a South African Micro Finance Company (MFC). The secondary objectives focuses on successful implementation of such a model, the uniqueness of the MFC that should be taken into account, and the maintenance of the model once implemented to ensure ongoing relevance. A questionnaire conducted at the MFC provided insight into the perceived understanding of information security. The questionnaire results were used to ensure the model solution addressed current information security shortcomings within the MFC. This study found that the information security controls in ISO 27002 should be applicable to any industry. The uniqueness for the MFC is not in the security controls, but rather in the regulations and laws applicable to it.

In the healthcare environment, various types of patient information are stored in electronic format. This prevents the re-entering of information that was captured previously. In the past this information was stored on paper and kept in large filing cabinets. However, with the technology advancements that have occurred over the years, the idea of storing patient information in electronic systems arose. This led to a number of electronic health information systems being created, which in turn led to an increase in possible security risks. Any organization that stores information of a sensitive nature must apply information security principles in order to ensure that the stored information is kept secure. At a basic level, this entails ensuring the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the information, which is not an easy feat in today’s distributed and networked environments. This paved the way for organized standardization activities in the areas of information security and information security management. Throughout history, there have been practices that were created to help “standardize” industries of all areas, to the extent that there are professional organizations whose main objective it is to create such standards to help connect industries all over the world. This applies equally to the healthcare environment, where standardization took off in the late eighties. Healthcare organizations must follow standardized security measures to ensure that patient information stored in health information systems is kept secure. However, the proliferation in standards makes it difficult to understand, adopt and deploy these standards in a coherent manner. This research, therefore, proposes a standards-based security model for health information systems to ensure that such standards are applied in a manner that contributes to securing the healthcare environment as a whole, rather than in a piecemeal fashion.

Online/offline signature schemes are useful in many situations, and two such scenarios are considered in this dissertation: bursty server authentication and embedded device authentication. In this dissertation, new techniques for online/offline signing are introduced, those are applied in a variety of ways for creating online/offline signature schemes, and five different online/offline signature schemes that are proved secure under a variety of models and assumptions are proposed. Two of the proposed five schemes have the best offline or best online performance of any currently known technique, and are particularly well-suited for the scenarios that are considered in this dissertation. To determine if the proposed schemes provide the expected practical improvements, a series of experiments were conducted comparing the proposed schemes with each other and with other state-of-the-art schemes in this area, both on a desktop class computer, and under AVR Studio, a simulation platform for an 8-bit processor that is popular for embedded systems. Under AVR Studio, the proposed SGE scheme using a typical key size for the embedded device authentication scenario, can complete the offline phase in about 24 seconds and then produce a signature (the online phase) in 15 milliseconds, which is the best offline performance of any known signature scheme that has been proven secure in the standard model. In the tests on a desktop class computer, the proposed SGS scheme, which has the best online performance and is designed for the bursty server authentication scenario, generated 469,109 signatures per second, and the Schnorr scheme (the next best scheme in terms of online performance) generated only 223,548 signatures. The experimental results demonstrate that the SGE and SGS schemes are the most efficient techniques for embedded device authentication and bursty server authentication, respectively.

Orientador: Yuzo Iano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Boava_Adao_D.pdf: 10725757 bytes, checksum: b362a8b8e87465a0da12692a4fe7633f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Os próximos anos prometem ser os das tecnologias das redes de nova geração para as operadoras de telecomunicações, fornecedores de equipamentos e usuários, com ênfase na integração das redes móveis sem fio, como 3G e 4G, com as redes fixas tradicionais, integração essa chamada às vezes de convergência das redes. Como consequência da convergência, vive-se um momento em que várias operadoras de telecomunicações fixas e móveis começaram a oferecer alguns serviços básicos de banda larga e os fornecedores de equipamentos iniciaram o processo de homologação de tais serviços, sendo que basicamente o único serviço disponível pelas operadoras que utilizam as redes de banda larga móveis e fixa é o acesso à internet. Esta tese apresenta alternativas para integrar as redes fixas com as redes móveis das operadoras a fim de oferecer serviços de VPNs (Virtual Private Network) fixo - móveis para aplicações que exijam mobilidade, baixo custo, qualidade de serviço, conectividade e segurança com alta escalabilidade. Para oferecer a mobilidade, são apresentadas as principais soluções de acesso banda larga para a formação de MVPN (Mobile Virtual Private Network). Essas são analisadas e avaliadas a fim de mostrar suas deficiências para utilização em acessos das VPNs. A qualidade de serviço, conectividade, segurança e escalabilidade serão alcançadas com a implementação do protocolo MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) no núcleo da rede. A implementação do MPLS no núcleo da rede consolida o transporte para as diversas tecnologias de acesso sem fio e com fio, reduzindo os custos operacionais das operadoras e tornando a redes mais escaláveis e confiáveis, preparando, assim, a operadora para as redes de acesso de quarta geração (4G). A partir dos requisitos das aplicações que irão trafegar na VPN, são propostas novas contribuições para as VPNs fixo - móveis para que estas atendam a esses requisitos com alta escalabilidade, mobilidade, segurança, conectividade e qualidade de serviço para o usuário e a operadora. Para validar as novas contribuições propostas, foi implementado um ambiente de teste para avaliar a conectividade e isolamento das VPNs e a qualidade de serviço. Duas propostas para resolver o problema de escalabilidade das VPNs são apresentadas, uma baseada em lista de controle de acesso ACL (Access Control List) e outra baseada em firewall. Também é apresentada uma proposta de IPSec (IP Security Protocol) sobre MPLS para resolver o problema de erros de configuração quando cometidos pelas operadoras de telecom / Abstract: The following years will be dominated by next generation network technology for telecommunication providers, equipment suppliers and users who emphasize the integration of mobile wireless networks such as 3G and 4G with traditional fixed networks - an integration often dubbed as network convergence. As a consequence of convergence, it is possible to observe that various fixed and mobile telecommunication providers are beginning to offer basic broadband services and equipment suppliers have initiated corresponding homologation processes, in which the only service made available by providers that utilize mobile and fixed broadband networks is internet access. This thesis presents alternatives to integrate the fixed and mobile network of providers so as to offer MVPN (Mobile Virtual Private Network) and fixed services for application that require mobility, low cost, quality of service, connectivity and security with high scalability. The main solutions for broadband access for MVPN formation are presented to offer mobility. These solutions are analyzed and assessed in order to show their deficiencies for the utilization in VPN accessing. Quality of service, connectivity, security and scalability will be reached with the implementation of MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) in the core network. The implementation of MPLS in the core network consolidates transportation for several wireless and fixed access technologies, reducing the operational costs of providers, making networks more scalable and trustworthy, thereby preparing the provider for fourth generation (4G) access networks. Based on the requirements of the applications that will travel in the VPN, new contributions are proposed for fixed-mobile VPNs so that it meets these requirements with high scalability, mobility, security, connectivity and quality of service, both for the user and the provider. To validate the proposed contributions a test environment was implemented to evaluate the connectivity and isolation of the VPNs and the quality of service. Two proposals to solve the VPN scalability problems are presented, one based on ACL (Access Control List) and the other based on firewall. An IPSec (IP Security Protocol) on MPLS proposal is also presented in order to solve configuration errors made by telecommunication providers / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

This thesis presents the developed taxonomy of the security threats in agent-based distributed systems. Based on this taxonomy, a set of theories is developed to facilitate analyzng the security threats of the mobile-agent systems. We propose the idea of using the developed security risk graph to model the system's vulnerabilties.