Dois tipos diferentes de hologramas (Fresnel e Fourier) foram gerados por computador. O holograma de Fresnel foi escolhido para fazer parte de um arranjo experimental que teve como objetivo estimar a rugosidade de amostras metálicas. Para isso, um novo método de aplicação de um correlator óptico foi desenvolvido. Hologramas de Fourier geralmente fazem parte do correlator óptico de VanderLugt, o qual é muito utilizado no reconhecimento de padrões. A reconstrução numérica de hologramas de Fresnel gerados por computador, "distorcidos" por superfícies metálicas (também simuladas), serviram de base para que a reconstrução óptica de um holograma de Fresnel fosse utilizada, de forma inédita, no reconhecimento de padrões para estimar a rugosidade de amostras metálicas. / Two different types of holograms (Fresnel and Fourier) have been computer-generated. The Fresnel hologram has been chosen as part of an experimental set, which meant to estimate the roughness of the metalic samples. A new method for the aplication of an optical correlator has been developed. Fourier holograms are, generally, part of the VanderLugt optical correlator, that is very used for pattern recognition. The numerical reconstruction of the computer-generated Fresnel holograms, "distorted" by metalic surfaces (simulated as well), worked as the base for the utilization, in an original way, of the optical reconstruction of a Fresnel hologram, at the pattern recognition to estimate the roughness of the metalic samples.

La trame générale de ces travaux de recherche concerne la modélisation et l'implantation de systèmes d'interconnexions optiques à forte bande-passante spatiale et temporelle. Nous présenterons une suite de résultats au niveau des modèles, des applications et des réalisations prototypales. L'origine de ces travaux est une étude sur les connexions optiques en espace libre permettant de modéliser des opérations de calcul optique parallèle (telles que la multiplication matricielle), débouchant sur une classe d'opérations plus générale mettant en jeu un réseau d'interconnexions non-invariantes spatialement entre plans de données. Cette étape a permis d'évaluer, tant qualitativement que quantitativement, l'apport de la synergie entre la synthèse numérique d'éléments optiques diffractants (HSO) et les modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (MSL) à cristal liquide, dans le but de réaliser des dispositifs de traitement optique spatial dynamique de l'information. L'étape suivante traite des interconnexions dynamiques entre fibres optiques monomodes, débouchant naturellement sur la conception de dispositifs d'aiguillage et de commutation pour les réseaux de transmission optiques dorsaux multiplexés en longueur d'onde (WDM). A ce niveau, les contraintes principales portent sur les temps de commutation requis −inférieurs à la milliseconde− et les capacités de plusieurs dizaines de voies spatiales indépendantes. Au niveau de l'implantation prototypale, nous avons poussé le plus loin possible le concept d'holographie digitale dynamique sur MSL à cristal liquide, aboutissant à la conception et l'intégration de plusieurs générations d'aiguilleurs de bandes optiques performants (jusqu'à 64 voies spatiales). Par la suite, devant la nécessité de développer des règles d'ingénierie sur les anneaux et les réseaux maillés WDM, je me suis impliqué dans l'évaluation et le développement d'outils de simulation photonique concernant les dispositifs de commutation et de brassage transparent de canaux optiques. Je présente enfin les axes de recherche ayant émergé plus récemment, centrés sur le dimensionnement et l'intégration de réseaux locaux utilisant l'optique comme canal de propagation sans fil à très haut débit et à impact sanitaire et environnemental réduit.

Dois tipos diferentes de hologramas (Fresnel e Fourier) foram gerados por computador. O holograma de Fresnel foi escolhido para fazer parte de um arranjo experimental que teve como objetivo estimar a rugosidade de amostras metálicas. Para isso, um novo método de aplicação de um correlator óptico foi desenvolvido. Hologramas de Fourier geralmente fazem parte do correlator óptico de VanderLugt, o qual é muito utilizado no reconhecimento de padrões. A reconstrução numérica de hologramas de Fresnel gerados por computador, "distorcidos" por superfícies metálicas (também simuladas), serviram de base para que a reconstrução óptica de um holograma de Fresnel fosse utilizada, de forma inédita, no reconhecimento de padrões para estimar a rugosidade de amostras metálicas. / Two different types of holograms (Fresnel and Fourier) have been computer-generated. The Fresnel hologram has been chosen as part of an experimental set, which meant to estimate the roughness of the metalic samples. A new method for the aplication of an optical correlator has been developed. Fourier holograms are, generally, part of the VanderLugt optical correlator, that is very used for pattern recognition. The numerical reconstruction of the computer-generated Fresnel holograms, "distorted" by metalic surfaces (simulated as well), worked as the base for the utilization, in an original way, of the optical reconstruction of a Fresnel hologram, at the pattern recognition to estimate the roughness of the metalic samples.

The generation and application of human stem-cell-derived functional neural circuits promises novel insights into neurodegenerative diseases. These networks are often studied using stem-cell derived random neural networks in vitro, with electrical stimulation and recording using multielectrode arrays. However, the impulse response function of networks is best obtained with spatiotemporally well-defined stimuli, which electrical stimulation does not provide. Optogenetics allows for the functional control of genetically altered cells with light stimuli at high spatiotemporal resolution. Current optogenetic investigations of neural networks are often conducted using full field illumination, potentially masking important functional information. This can be avoided using holographically shaped illumination. In this article, we present a digital holographic illumination setup with a spatial resolution of about 8 µm, which suffices for the stimulation of single neurons, and offers a temporal resolution of less than 0.6 ms. With this setup, we present preliminary single-cell stimulation recording of stem-cell derived induced human neurons in a random neural network. This will offer the opportunity for further studies on connectivity in such networks.

The presented Diploma thesis deals with the computer-generated diffractive structures or rather called computer generated holograms (CGH). We follow basic principles of classical holography and in the context of which we define a synthetic holography. We then show various types of digital holograms and methods of measurement of their quality. We deal with several iterative algorithms useful for computation of the Fourier transform as well as with methods of phase quantization. In the second part of the work, we describe briefly our computer code for iterative Fourier transform computation. With respect to the mentioned techniques, we further present the usability of the method for design of computer generated holograms in reflection regime. After a short introduction to the electron beam lithography and its exploitation for the origination of computer generated diffractive optical elements. We analyze reconstructions of produced holograms and evaluate its quality.