This diploma work was assessed effects of different seed treatment (untreated flour from whole seed, flour from the uterus after soaking seeds, flour from the seeds sprouted cotyledon) by three species of legumes (Pisum sativum conv. Sativum L., Vicia faba L., Lupinus angustifolius L.) yield and composition of protein isolate obtained by isoelectric precipitation. It was found that the seeds of change most affects yield precipitated N (mg) and 45%. When determining the value of the yield of protein was affected by significant interactions (treatment and the type of legume seeds). The largest share was, however, precipitate in untreated and germinated lupine seeds, in which values are around 57%. Furthermore, the thesis was to reverse the precipitation of proteins, using which we obtained protein concentrates from different species of legumes. The yields of protein concentrates reach values in the range of 60-80%. Spectra of soluble proteins is clearly visible high concentration of isolated proteins. Variation of sprouted seeds and soaked that occurred during treatment of seeds for the collapse of proteins with higher molecular weight. Furthermore, these grafts are transferred protein extraction at pH 9.0 in the later produced protein isolates. After acid precipitation is observed on a spectrum that is re-soluble protein isolates.

A doença de von Willebrand (DvW) é uma coagulopatia hereditária, causada por defeitos qualitativos ou quantitativos do fator de von Willebrand. O tratamento e a prevenção das intercorrências da DvW são bastante dispendiosos e, em geral, se baseiam na administração de concentrado de Fator VIII/FvW (CFVIII/FvW) e/ou da Desmopressina (DDAVP). Em muitas situações, o DDAVP é um tratamento eficaz que não expõe os pacientes aos riscos de contaminação viral e apresenta custo inferior quando comparado ao CFVIII/FvW. No entanto, a dificuldade de diagnóstico e classificação da DvW, bem como o baixo número de pacientes que se submetem ao teste para avaliação da resposta ao DDAVP, restringem a indicação do DDAVP como alternativa terapêutica para esses pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar retrospectivamente a indicação, o uso e o custo dos medicamentos no tratamento de pacientes com DvW com DDAVP e CFVIII/FvW no Hemocentro de Belo Horizonte no período entre 2011 a 2013. Este estudo incluiu 124 (24,22%) pacientes com DvW atendidos no hemocentro. Em 18 pacientes (14,52%) o diagnóstico de DvW não pode ser confirmado. Doze pacientes (9,68%) não puderam ser classificados e 73 foram classificados como tipo 1, 19 como tipo 2 e 2 pacientes como tipo 3. Oitenta e um pacientes fizeram o teste de DDAVP, sendo que 87,65% foram considerados responsivos. Nos pacientes tipo 1, a taxa de resposta ao DDAVP foi de 92%. Quase 32% dos pacientes tipo 1 não realizaram o teste. No período avaliado, foram utilizadas 3.794mcg de DDAVP (R$13.165,18) e 1.582.250 UI de CFVIII/FvW (R$1.075.930,00). Vinte por cento dos pacientes responsivos ao DDAVP utilizaram CFVIII/FvW em indicações onde o DDAVP poderia ter sido considerado (69.200UI de CFVIII/FvW versus 131 ampolas de DDAVP). Nos pacientes potencialmente responsivos ao DDAVP 108.700UI de CFVIII/FvW (R$73.916,00) poderiam ter sido substituídas por 247 ampolas de DDAVP (R$3.428,36). A escolha do DDAVP nessas situações poderia representar uma economia de 95,7% do valor gasto no tratamento do grupo de 27 pacientes responsivos e potencialmente responsivos ao DDAVP e 10,6% do valor total gasto para todo o tratamento dos pacientes no período do estudo. Estudos mais complexos de farmacoeconomia serão necessários para avaliar a magnitude da economia gerada com esse uso. O presente estudo mostrou que o DDAVP é uma alternativa terapêutica de menor custo, cuja indicação e utilização podem ser ampliadas no tratamento dos pacientes com DvW. Dessa maneira, a implementação de estratégias visando melhorar o diagnóstico, a classificação da doença, o acesso à testagem quanto à resposta ao DDAVP, bem como a conscientização dos profissionais de saúde e pacientes, quanto ao custo e segurança do DDAVP podem contribuir para o uso racional dos recursos destinados a essa parcela da população. / Von Willebrand disease (VWD) is a hereditary coagulopathy caused by qualitative or quantitative defects on von Willebrand factor. The treatment and the prevention of VWD complications is quite expensive and is generally based on the administration of vWF:FVIII Concentrates and/or Desmopressin (DDAVP). In many situations, DDAVP is an effective treatment that does not expose patients to viral contamination risks and presents a lower cost when compared to vWF:FVIII concentrates. However, the difficulty of diagnosis and classification of VWD, as well as the low number of patients tested to their responsiveness to DDAVP, restrict the use of DDAVP as an alternative treatment for these patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively the clinical indications, the use and the cost of treatment of VWD patients with DDAVP and vWF:FVIII concentrates in the Blood Center of Belo Horizonte between 2011 and 2013. This study enrolled 124 (24.22%) VWD patients attended at the Blood Center.For18 (14.52%) patients, the diagnosis of VWD could not be confirmed. Twelve patients (9.68%) could not be classified and 73patients were classified as type 1, 19 as type 2 and 2 as type 3. Eighty-one patients were tested for DDAVP response and 87.65% (n=71) were considered responsive for the treatment. For type 1 VWD patients, the response rate to DDAVP was 92%. Almost 32% of type 1 VWD patients were not tested. In the period evaluated, 3,794mcg of DDAVP (R$ 13,165.18) and 1,582,250 IU of vWF:FVIII concentrates (R$ 1,075,930.00) were used. Between the cases with clinical indication of DDAVP use, 20% patients used vWF:FVIII concentrates (69.200UI of vWF:FVIII versus 131ampoules of DDAVP). In patients with good responsive to DDAVP, 108,700 IU of vWF:FVIII concentrates used (R$ 73,916.00) could be replaced by 247 ampoules of DDAVP (R$ 3,428.36). The choice of DDAVP in these situations could represent an economy of 95.7% of the value spent on the treatment of the 27 responsive and potentially responsive patients to DDAVP and 10.6% of the total value spent for the entire treatment of patients in the study period. More detailed studies of pharmacoeconomics are necessary to assess the magnitude of the economy generated by the use of DDAVP. This study demonstrated that DDAVP is a lower cost therapeutic alternative whose indication and use can be enhanced in the treatment of VWD patients. In this context, adoption of strategies to improve the differential diagnosis, expand the DDAVP responsiveness test, and aware health professionals and patients about the costs and safety use of DDAVP, could contribute to the rational use of resources designated to treatment of VWD.

Coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most prevalent bacterial contaminants of platelet concentrates (PCs), and have been implicated in severe and fatal transfusion reactions. Of this group, Staphylococcus epidermidis is most frequently identified. The preliminary objective of this thesis was to confirm that S. epidermidis could form biofilms under platelet storage conditions. This was achieved using a modified crystal violet staining assay to detect plastic-adherent bacterial cells and examination of attachment processes by scanning electron microscopy. A collection of CoNS isolated from PCs obtained from reportedly healthy donors was then assessed for biofilm-forming potential at the genetic and phenotypic level. Despite the presumable commensal origin of these isolates, a high proportion of S. epidermidis strains displayed a biofilm positive phenotype. The threat of S. epidermidis biofilm formation during platelet storage identified herein signifies that any alterations made to platelet storage protocols should be evaluated with consideration of this risk. The advent of platelet additive solutions (PASs) as an alternative to plasma for PC storage provides a relevant example, since little is known about the effect of PAS on contaminant bacteria, and vice versa. Growth and biofilm formation by S. epidermidis and the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia liquefaciens were measured in PAS- or plasma-PCs over 5 days, simulating standard platelet storage conditions, after initial inoculation with low, clinically relevant bacterial concentrations. Assays for platelet quality were performed simultaneously. Only S. liquefaciens exhibited a slower doubling time in plasma-PCs than in PAS-PCs. Biofilm formation by both species was reduced during storage in PAS-PCs, increasing bacteria availability for detection. Although S. liquefaciens adversely affected platelet quality in both media, S. epidermidis contamination did not. Ultimately, culture-based detection remains the earliest indicator of bacterial presence in PAS-PCs. Lastly, since formation of platelet-bacteria aggregates is largely based on receptor-ligand interactions, it was postulated that biofilm formation by contaminant bacteria could be abrogated by receptor shielding. Methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) was applied to covalently modify the platelet surface using a process termed ‘PEGylation’. It is herein demonstrated that PEGylation of PCs inoculated with S. epidermidis results in significantly reduced bacterial binding and biofilm formation during platelet storage.

Nowadays are foam concentrates used as the primary extinguishing agent for flammable liquid fires (especially hydrocarbons), means of transports fires, the release of chemical substances in environmental accidents, and their importance is still growing with the industrial development. All units of fire protection have foam concentrates in their equipment, so it is important that firefighters to have some necessary knowledge about their characteristics and to be able to use them effectively and safely for the environment. The basic component of foaming concentrates are surfactants. This diploma thesis analyzes foam samples which are commonly used, by methods for analysis of drinking, surface and wastewater and determines cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants.

Untersucht wurden an 901 Mutterkühen der Einfluss der Länge des Zeitintervalls zwischen der Kalbung und der Zustellung des Zuchtbullen auf die Fruchtbarkeitsleistungen der Mutterkühe sowie die Fruchtbarkeit von Mutterkühen mit im Jahresverlauf unterschiedlichen Kalbe- und Belegungszeiträumen. Mit dem Einschränken des Intervalls zwischen der Kalbung und der Zustellung des Zuchtbullen unter 22 Tage wird die maximale Zahl Kalbungen pro Kuh und Jahr ermöglicht. Gleichzeitig verschiebt sich die Kalbeperiode im Jahresverlauf und die Kalbezeit wird verlängert. Die Verlängerung dieses Zeitintervalls bewirkt eine konzentriertere Kalbeperiode, aber auch weniger Kalbungen pro Kuh und Jahr. Für durchschnittlich eine Kalbung pro Kuh und Jahr und gleichzeitig eine gedrängte und im Jahresverlauf konstante Kalbeperiode ist die Zustellung des Deckbullen 40 bis 50 Tage nach der Kalbung zu empfehlen. In der Zeit unmittelbar vor Ende des Winters sowie während und kurz nach dem Weideaustrieb konzipieren durch die schlechte Körperkondition der Kühe nur wenige Tiere. Deshalb sollten, um eine Verlängerung der Kalbeperiode zu vermeiden, in diesem Zeitabschnitt Mutterkühe nicht belegt werden. Defizite der Trächtigkeitsrate können in kurzer Zeit kompensiert werden und sind deshalb für die Wahl der geeigneten Kalbeperiode von geringer Bedeutung. Die Daten von je 30 Kälbern mit und ohne Konzentratzufütterung erbrachten Erkenntnisse zur Kraftfutteraufnahme von Mutterkuhkälbern aus der Winterkalbung während der Stallhaltungsperiode und dessen Einfluss auf die Körpermasseentwicklung der Kälber. Vor dem 40. Lebenstag nehmen nur sehr wenige Mutterkuhkälber aus der Winterkalbung Kraftfutter auf. Ab 70 Tagen Lebensalter bringt die Zufütterung von Konzentraten bis zum Weideaustrieb Vorteile bei der Körpermasseentwicklung gegenüber Kälbern ohne Konzentratzufütterung. Nach der Einstellung der Konzentratfütterung mit Weideaustrieb haben zugefütterte Kälber erhebliche Umstellungsprobleme. Die Kälber ohne Konzentrataufnahme gleichen während der Weideperiode die Körpermassedefizite aus der Stallhaltung durch kompensatorisches Wachstum annähernd aus. Die Konzentratfütterung an Kälber aus der Winterkalbung während der Stallhaltungsperiode beeinflusst, wenn sie während der nachfolgenden Weidehaltung nicht fortgesetzt werden soll, das wirtschaftliche Ergebnis der Mutterkuhhaltung negativ. 40 Mutterkuhkälber aus der Sommerkalbung wurden nach Weideabtrieb im Stall mit Kraftfutter zugefüttert und tierindividuell der Einfluss der aufgenommenen Kraftfuttermenge auf die Körpermasseentwicklung der Kälber ermittelt. Der Beginn der Kraftfutteraufnahme, die täglichen Verzehrsmengen und die gesamt aufgenommene Menge sind zwischen älteren Mutterkuhkälbern auf Grund unterschiedlicher Milchmengen der Mutterkühe sowie individueller Vorlieben der Tiere stark differenziert. Da Kälber mit hoher Konzentrataufnahme weniger Grundfutter aufnehmen und Luxuskonsum betreiben, ist die Limitierung der Verzehrsmengen zu empfehlen. Mittels Konzentratzufütterung an ältere Mutterkuhkälber können Defizite der Lebendmasseentwicklung durch kompensatorisches Wachstum ausgeglichen und damit bei den über die Mütter schlechter versorgten Kälbern Qualitätsverbesserungen erreicht werden. Entscheidend für die Effektivität der Konzentratzufütterung ist die Höhe der Kraftfutteraufnahme, da einerseits die Kosten der Futterbereitstellung mit steigendem Verbrauch sinken und andererseits mit erhöhter Verzehrsmenge der Kraftfutteraufwand je kg Körpermassezuwachs zunimmt. / The objective of this study is to show the influence of the length of the timeinterval between the calving and the taking an A.I.bull and its impact on the fertility of suckler cows as well as the fertility of suckler cows with different period of mating within a year. This study includes 901 suckler cows. With reducing the interval between calving and take an A.I.bull below 22 days the maximun number of calvings pro cow is reached. In parallel the period of calving will be delayed and the period of calving will increase. The increase of this timeinterval will lead into a more concentrated period of calving, but less calvings per cow and year. To get an average of one calving per year and cow and at the same time get a reduced and constant period of calving it is advisable to taking an A.I.bull 40 to 50 days after the calving. Within the time right before the end of the winter and right after the put out to pasture not to many cows conceive due to their bad physical conditions. Therefore, to prevent an increase of the period of calving it is advisable not to insemination of suckler cows in these timeperiods. Deficits within the rate of pregnant can be compensated in a short period of time and are therefore of less importens when choosing the suitable period of calving. Data of each 30 calfes with and without feed concentrates showed the impact the feeding concentrates of calfs of suckler cows from the calving in the wintertime during the Stallhaltungsperiode has and its influence on the development of body mass of calfes. Before the 40 day only a few calfs of suckler cows feeding concentrates. From the 70 day on the feeding of concentrates untill the put out to pasture will bring advanatges in the development of body mass. After the cessation of feeding concentrates during ranching calfes have considerable adaption problems. The calfes without feeding concentrates are capable of compensating the body mass deficiency during the period of ranching gained during the housing. The feed concentrates while the housing to calfes from the calving in the wintertime will influence the economic result of the single suckling negative if the feeding is not continuite during the ranching. 40 calfs of suckler cows originated from the calving in the sommertime have been feed with concentrates after the take back from pasture and the influence of the quantity of concentrates on the development of body mass has been gathered for each individual. The start of the feeding concentrates, the daily quantity of feed and the amount of milk differ a lot between the calfs of suckler cows because different amounts of milk provided by the suckler cows as well as the individual preference of the animals. It is advisable to limit the amount of quantity of feed because calfes with feed concentrates "eat" less basic feed and therefore luxury feeding. By concentrate feeding it is possible to compensate defizite within the development of body mass and with that have a quality improvement atwith. The most important point to have a effectiv feed concentrates is the amount of the feeding concentrates, because the costs of the delivery of feed decrease with increasing consumption and on the other hand the costs of concentrates per kg increases with increased feed.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de commodities alimentícias, e hoje o desenvolvimento da indústria de ingredientes para a geração de insumos de maior valor agregado a partir destas matérias-primas é uma área pouco explorada pelas indústrias brasileiras. O arroz se destaca no agronegócio brasileiro, já que o país figura como o nono maior produtor mundial. O arroz quebrado é um coproduto do beneficiamento do arroz branco polido. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor e avaliar um processo de obtenção de concentrados e hidrolisados proteicos de arroz, contribuindo na oferta de estratégias para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor no Brasil. Adicionalmente, deseja-se auxiliar na valoração do coproduto arroz quebrado, alimento de baixo valor comercial, base para a geração de matérias-primas já encontradas internacionalmente, e que apresentam grande potencial de desenvolvimento no mercado brasileiro. Dentro deste contexto, buscou-se estudar a aplicação da tecnologia de membranas neste processo, por ser uma tecnologia limpa, de baixo consumo energético, já bem estabelecida e com aplicações crescentes na indústria de alimentos. O estudo iniciou com a avaliação da eficácia de um método rápido de extração alcalina de amido e proteína de arroz, no qual foi utilizada farinha de arroz derivada de arroz quebrado como matéria-prima, ao invés dos grãos quebrados, como no método tradicional. Nesse estudo, a partir do uso de uma razão substrato:solvente de 1:15, a etapa de extração foi realizada em estágio único a 30 oC em apenas 30 minutos – um curto tempo de extração se comparado ao método alcalino tradicional (24-48h). O rendimento da extração proteica com estas condições foi bastante elevado, atingiu 81,4 %. Observou-se ser possível realizar uma extração eficiente, com a minimização das reações indesejadas causadas pelo meio alcalino. Na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as propriedades funcionais do concentrado proteico obtido a partir do método rápido de extração alcalina. Além disso, suas propriedades foram comparadas com as de dois concentrados proteicos comerciais produzidos por extração enzimática. Foi observado que todos os concentrados proteicos avaliados apresentaram pobres propriedades funcionais, devido sobretudo a suas baixas solubilidades em condições de pH próximas à neutralidade e levemente ácidas, concluindo-se ser necessário estudos que visem a melhoria da solubilidade destas proteínas quando se busca uma aplicação mais abrangente das mesmas como ingredientes. Os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa deste estudo motivaram inicialmente o emprego da microfiltração na separação das correntes de amido e proteína do extrato alcalino, analisando a possibilidade de se obter um amido com elevada pureza e uma corrente de permeado contendo a proteína extraída. A análise global dos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho permite que seja destacado que a escolha da microfiltração para o processo de separação do amido e da proteína de arroz deve ser avaliada com cautela. Na quarta etapa deste estudo avaliou-se a aplicação da hidrólise enzimática parcial do concentrado proteico na solubilização da proteína de endosperma de arroz. A hidrólise parcial, realizada com Alcalase®, permitiu a solubilização de 40 % da proteína originalmente presente na suspensão de proteína extraída pelo método alcalino. Os peptídeos solúveis gerados apresentaram massa molar média de 1,18 ± 0,33 kDa, solubilidade proteica superior a 88,5 % na faixa de pH de 3 a 7 e boa capacidade de formação de espuma, apesar de formarem uma espuma de baixa estabilidade. Neste estudo o hidrolisado proteico foi concentrado e purificado por ultrafiltração, o que permitiu a redução de 68 % do conteúdo de sódio do produto. Concluiu-se que neste estudo foi possível propor um processo produtivo que permitiu a obtenção de ingredientes com adequadas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais a partir do coproduto arroz quebrado. / The Brazil is a large producer of food commodities, and today the development of the industry of ingredients to add value to these raw materials is an area little explored by the Brazilian industries. Rice stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness, as the country is the ninth largest producer. The broken rice is a byproduct derived from the processing of polished rice. This study aimed to propose and evaluate a process of obtaining rice protein concentrates and hydrolysates contributing to offer strategies for the technological development of the sector in Brazil. Additionally, it aims to assist in the valuation of the byproduct broken rice, a low commercial value food which is the basis for the generation of raw materials already found internationally, and which have great potential in the Brazilian market. Within this context, it sought to study the application of membrane technology in this process, because it is a clean, low-energy, well-established technology, with growing applications in the food industry. The study began with the evaluation of the effectiveness of a fast alkaline extraction method for obtaining rice starch and protein, using rice flour derived from broken rice as raw material, instead of broken grains, as in the traditional method. In this study, with the use of a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:15, the extraction step was performed in a single stage at 30 °C in 30 minutes - a short extraction time compared to traditional alkaline method (24-48h). The yield of protein extraction with these conditions was very high, reached 81.4%. It was possible to perform an efficient extraction, with the minimization of undesired reactions caused by the alkaline medium. In the second stage of this study were evaluated the functional properties of the protein concentrate obtained by the fast alkaline extraction method. In addition, their properties were compared with two commercial concentrated protein produced by enzymatic extraction. It was observed that all the evaluated protein concentrates showed poor functional properties, mainly due to their low solubility at pH conditions close to neutrality and slightly acidic, concluding that it is necessary studies aimed to improve the solubility of these proteins in order to seek more applications of this ingredient. The results obtained in the first step of this study initially motivated the use of microfiltration to separate the starch and protein chains of the alkali extract, analyzing the possibility of obtaining a starch with high purity and a permeate stream containing the extracted protein. The global analysis of the results obtained in this work allows it to be noted that the choice of microfiltration for the separation process of starch and rice protein should be evaluated with caution. In the fourth stage of this study was evaluated the application of the partial enzymatic hydrolysis in solubilization of rice endosperm protein. The partial hydrolysis performed with Alcalase allowed solubilization of 40% of the protein originally present in the protein suspension extracted by the alkaline method. The generated soluble peptides had molecular weight average of 1.18 ± 0.33 kDa, protein solubility higher than 88.5 % in the pH range 3 to 7, and good foaming ability, while forming a low stable foam. In this study, the protein hydrolyzate was concentrated and purified by ultrafiltration, allowing 68 % reduction in the sodium content of the product. It is concluded that in this study was proposed a production process allowing obtaining ingredients with suitable nutritional and functional properties from the byproduct broken rice.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

[pt] Concentrado minerais sulfetados são uma importante fonte de matérias-primas nos processos de extração de metais não-ferrosos. No que diz respeito ao cobre, estes são usualmente processados segundo um fluxograma contemplando as etapas de ustulação, fusão mática, conversão e refino. Todavia, algumas características dos concentrados podem limitar a sua aceitação nas plantas de processamento tais como: baixo teor de cobre assim como a presença de elementos ditos deletérios, como, por exemplo, o flúor e seus efeitos corrosivos sobre materiais refratários após a transformação e ácido fluorídrico; ainda que o material possua um teor do metal de interesse elevado. Dentro desse contexto, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o processamento químico de concentrados sulfetados de cobre com essas características a fim de entender o seu comportamento nos processos de ustulação, visando à identificação de condições que minimizem os efeitos danosos do flúor, no caso de concentrados de alto, assim como determinar uma janela operacional que possibilite a obtenção seletiva de CuSO4, no caso de concentrados de baixo teor. Para atender a esses objetivos, foi levado a efeito um estudo teórico incluindo uma breve revisão da literatura e uma apreciação termodinâmica das reações químicas mais relevantes em cada sistema reacional. O estudo experimental foi conduzido através da avaliação do efeito de variáveis específicas para cada sistema reacional. No caso particular de concentrados de alto teor contendo flúor, os experimentos contemplaram a presença, ou não, de água na atmosfera reacional ao passo que nos ensaios envolvendo concentrados de baixo teor de cobre foram levados a efeito variando a temperatura e a composição química da atmosfera reacional a partir da recirculação de parte dos produtos gasosos, como, por exemplo, o SO2. Os materiais envolvidos foram caracterizados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-x. As previsões teóricas de ambos os sistemas reacionais puderam ser confirmadas na caracterização dos produtos reacionais obtidos após o processamento químico dos concentrados sulfetados de alto e baixo teor de cobre. No que tange o primeiro destes, observou-se que o flúor tende a permanecer estável na forma de fluorita quando na ausência de umidade no sistema reacional. Por outro lado, no que diz respeito ao último destes materiais, verificou-se que o reciclo de parte dos produtos gasosos do processo é responsável por uma melhora de desempenho da reação química de ustulação visando à formação seletiva de sulfato de cobre e óxido de ferro. / [en] Sulfide minerals concentrates are an important source of raw materials for non-ferrous metals extraction processes. For copper, these are usually processed through a flowchart containing the operations of roasting, matte smelting, conversion and refining. However, some concentrates characteristics may limit its acceptance in processing plants such as low copper content and the presence of deleterious elements, such as fluorine and its corrosive effects as result of its transformation into hydrofluoric acid; even if the metal content is this material is high. Within this context, this study aims to evaluate the chemical processing of sulfide concentrates with these characteristics in order to understand their roasting behavior, in order to identify conditions that minimize the fluorine harmful effects for concentrate with high copper content, and determine an operating window that allows the selective obtainment of CuSO4, for low grade concentrates. To meet these objectives, it was carried out a theoretical study including a brief review of the literature and a thermodynamics assessment of the most important chemical reactions in each reaction system. The experimental study was conducted evaluating the effect of specific variables for each reaction system. In the case of concentrates of high grade containing fluorine, the experiments contemplate the presence or absence of water in the reaction atmosphere while the tests involving the concentrate with low copper content were carried out by varying the temperature and the chemical composition of the atmosphere, recirculating part of the gaseous products, like SO2. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The theoretical predictions of both reaction systems could be confirmed in the characterization of the reaction products obtained after the chemical processing of sulfide concentrates of high and low copper content. In what touches the former, it was observed that fluorine tends to remain stable as fluorite in the absence of moisture within the reaction system. On the other hand, regarding the latter material, it was found that the part of recycled gaseous products of the process are responsible for a performance improvement of the roasting reaction focused on the selective formation of copper sulfate and iron oxide.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de commodities alimentícias, e hoje o desenvolvimento da indústria de ingredientes para a geração de insumos de maior valor agregado a partir destas matérias-primas é uma área pouco explorada pelas indústrias brasileiras. O arroz se destaca no agronegócio brasileiro, já que o país figura como o nono maior produtor mundial. O arroz quebrado é um coproduto do beneficiamento do arroz branco polido. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor e avaliar um processo de obtenção de concentrados e hidrolisados proteicos de arroz, contribuindo na oferta de estratégias para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor no Brasil. Adicionalmente, deseja-se auxiliar na valoração do coproduto arroz quebrado, alimento de baixo valor comercial, base para a geração de matérias-primas já encontradas internacionalmente, e que apresentam grande potencial de desenvolvimento no mercado brasileiro. Dentro deste contexto, buscou-se estudar a aplicação da tecnologia de membranas neste processo, por ser uma tecnologia limpa, de baixo consumo energético, já bem estabelecida e com aplicações crescentes na indústria de alimentos. O estudo iniciou com a avaliação da eficácia de um método rápido de extração alcalina de amido e proteína de arroz, no qual foi utilizada farinha de arroz derivada de arroz quebrado como matéria-prima, ao invés dos grãos quebrados, como no método tradicional. Nesse estudo, a partir do uso de uma razão substrato:solvente de 1:15, a etapa de extração foi realizada em estágio único a 30 oC em apenas 30 minutos – um curto tempo de extração se comparado ao método alcalino tradicional (24-48h). O rendimento da extração proteica com estas condições foi bastante elevado, atingiu 81,4 %. Observou-se ser possível realizar uma extração eficiente, com a minimização das reações indesejadas causadas pelo meio alcalino. Na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as propriedades funcionais do concentrado proteico obtido a partir do método rápido de extração alcalina. Além disso, suas propriedades foram comparadas com as de dois concentrados proteicos comerciais produzidos por extração enzimática. Foi observado que todos os concentrados proteicos avaliados apresentaram pobres propriedades funcionais, devido sobretudo a suas baixas solubilidades em condições de pH próximas à neutralidade e levemente ácidas, concluindo-se ser necessário estudos que visem a melhoria da solubilidade destas proteínas quando se busca uma aplicação mais abrangente das mesmas como ingredientes. Os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa deste estudo motivaram inicialmente o emprego da microfiltração na separação das correntes de amido e proteína do extrato alcalino, analisando a possibilidade de se obter um amido com elevada pureza e uma corrente de permeado contendo a proteína extraída. A análise global dos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho permite que seja destacado que a escolha da microfiltração para o processo de separação do amido e da proteína de arroz deve ser avaliada com cautela. Na quarta etapa deste estudo avaliou-se a aplicação da hidrólise enzimática parcial do concentrado proteico na solubilização da proteína de endosperma de arroz. A hidrólise parcial, realizada com Alcalase®, permitiu a solubilização de 40 % da proteína originalmente presente na suspensão de proteína extraída pelo método alcalino. Os peptídeos solúveis gerados apresentaram massa molar média de 1,18 ± 0,33 kDa, solubilidade proteica superior a 88,5 % na faixa de pH de 3 a 7 e boa capacidade de formação de espuma, apesar de formarem uma espuma de baixa estabilidade. Neste estudo o hidrolisado proteico foi concentrado e purificado por ultrafiltração, o que permitiu a redução de 68 % do conteúdo de sódio do produto. Concluiu-se que neste estudo foi possível propor um processo produtivo que permitiu a obtenção de ingredientes com adequadas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais a partir do coproduto arroz quebrado. / The Brazil is a large producer of food commodities, and today the development of the industry of ingredients to add value to these raw materials is an area little explored by the Brazilian industries. Rice stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness, as the country is the ninth largest producer. The broken rice is a byproduct derived from the processing of polished rice. This study aimed to propose and evaluate a process of obtaining rice protein concentrates and hydrolysates contributing to offer strategies for the technological development of the sector in Brazil. Additionally, it aims to assist in the valuation of the byproduct broken rice, a low commercial value food which is the basis for the generation of raw materials already found internationally, and which have great potential in the Brazilian market. Within this context, it sought to study the application of membrane technology in this process, because it is a clean, low-energy, well-established technology, with growing applications in the food industry. The study began with the evaluation of the effectiveness of a fast alkaline extraction method for obtaining rice starch and protein, using rice flour derived from broken rice as raw material, instead of broken grains, as in the traditional method. In this study, with the use of a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:15, the extraction step was performed in a single stage at 30 °C in 30 minutes - a short extraction time compared to traditional alkaline method (24-48h). The yield of protein extraction with these conditions was very high, reached 81.4%. It was possible to perform an efficient extraction, with the minimization of undesired reactions caused by the alkaline medium. In the second stage of this study were evaluated the functional properties of the protein concentrate obtained by the fast alkaline extraction method. In addition, their properties were compared with two commercial concentrated protein produced by enzymatic extraction. It was observed that all the evaluated protein concentrates showed poor functional properties, mainly due to their low solubility at pH conditions close to neutrality and slightly acidic, concluding that it is necessary studies aimed to improve the solubility of these proteins in order to seek more applications of this ingredient. The results obtained in the first step of this study initially motivated the use of microfiltration to separate the starch and protein chains of the alkali extract, analyzing the possibility of obtaining a starch with high purity and a permeate stream containing the extracted protein. The global analysis of the results obtained in this work allows it to be noted that the choice of microfiltration for the separation process of starch and rice protein should be evaluated with caution. In the fourth stage of this study was evaluated the application of the partial enzymatic hydrolysis in solubilization of rice endosperm protein. The partial hydrolysis performed with Alcalase allowed solubilization of 40% of the protein originally present in the protein suspension extracted by the alkaline method. The generated soluble peptides had molecular weight average of 1.18 ± 0.33 kDa, protein solubility higher than 88.5 % in the pH range 3 to 7, and good foaming ability, while forming a low stable foam. In this study, the protein hydrolyzate was concentrated and purified by ultrafiltration, allowing 68 % reduction in the sodium content of the product. It is concluded that in this study was proposed a production process allowing obtaining ingredients with suitable nutritional and functional properties from the byproduct broken rice.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work describes the voltammetric determination of Hg, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb and Tl using solid electrodes as working electrodes in samples of dialysate concentrates (DCs). These contain a very high ionic strengt (~ 4.1 mol L-1), which makes the direct analysis of other analytical techniques such as ETAAS. Voltammetric methods were suitable for the determination of analytes in samples of DCs without the need for dilution, masking agents or pre-concentration steps. The experimental conditions were optimized in order to increase the selectivity and sensitivity of the current signals of each analyte. Were developed two individual methods, which enable the analysis of metals in a study with adequate sensitivity required by law. Were used a glassy carbon electrode as working electrode and as electrode support for the changes. In this electrode and Ag was determined sequentially with the film formation of bismuth, Zn, Cd, Pb. With the addition of DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) was analyzed Tl. Searching a second modification, the second method has the application of cysteine on the film of bismuth, showed that with adequate sensitivity for the determination of mercury. The methods were used for the analysis of commercial samples of CPHD, comparing the voltammograms of each analyte with a non-saline medium. The limit of quantification values ranging from 0.23 to 5.32 μg L-1, and the values obtained from tests for recoveries ranging from 93.6 to 106.3%. / Neste trabalho é descrita a determinação voltamétrica de Hg, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb e Tl utilizando eletrodos sólidos como eletrodos de trabalho em amostras de concentrado polieletrolítico de hemodiálise (CPHD). Estas possuem uma elevada força iônica (~ 4,1 mol L-1), o que impossibilita a análise direta em outras técnicas analíticas, como ETAAS. Métodos voltamétricos mostraram-se adequados para a determinação dos analitos em amostras de CPHD, sem ser necessário diluição, agentes mascarantes ou etapas de pré-concentração. As condições experimentais foram otimizadas com o objetivo de aumentar a seletividade e sensibilidade dos sinais de corrente de cada analito. Foram desenvolvidos dois métodos independentes, que permitem a análise dos metais em estudo com adequada sensibilidade, conforme é exigido pela legislação. Foi utilizado o eletrodo de carbono vítreo como eletrodo de trabalho e também como suporte para as modificações. Nesse eletrodo foi possível determinar Ag e, sequencialmente, com a formação do filme de bismuto, Zn, Cd, Pb. Com a adição de DTPA (Ácido Dietilenotriaminopentacético), determinou-se Tl. Buscando a determinação de mercúrio com adequada sensibilidade, uma segunda modificação foi realizada, e o segundo método apresenta a aplicação de cisteína sobre o filme de bismuto. Os métodos foram utilizados nas amostras de CPHD comerciais, comparando o comportamento individual dos analitos, com um meio não-salino. Os valores de limite de quantificação variam de 0,23 a 5,32 μg L-1, e os valores obtidos nos ensaios de recuperações variam entre 93,6 a 106,3%.