Potential new ore deposits containing significant levels of enargite, a copper arsenic sulphide mineral, are being considered for development. The processing of high arsenic copper concentrates directly in copper smelters is difficult due to environmental concerns. This thesis investigates a process using sulphation roasting as an alternative method for processing enargite concentrates; copper is recovered from the calcine by acid leaching, gold is extracted from the leach residue by conventional cyanidation and arsenic is either fixed in the calcine or precipitated from process emissions. In this research, sulphation roasting between the temperatures of 300-800oC, with varying oxygen and sulphur dioxide partial pressures, was investigated. Experiments indicated that high levels of copper extraction, as well as arsenic fixation, could be achieved from the produced calcines through hydrometallurgical processes. At operating temperatures between 400-550oC copper sulphate, copper arsenate, iron sulphate, hematite and iron arsenate form in the calcine, as well as some arsenic being volatilized as arsenic trioxide. At processing temperatures between 475-575oC, greater than 80% of the arsenic was retained in the calcine as copper and iron arsenates. Copper arsenate would be weak-acid soluble and fixed in an effluent treatment plant along with arsenic captured in the wet-gas scrubber bleed solution. As operating temperatures increase above 650oC copper sulphates were converted into oxysulphates, oxides and ferrites, hematite production was favoured, and arsenic was primarily volatilized. Increasing the sulphur dioxide addition in the reaction atmosphere resulted in additional sulphate formation and increased sulphate stability at higher temperatures. Sulphation roaster heat balances were developed for calcines produced at two temperatures, 500 and 750oC. They indicated that while high copper extraction and arsenic fixation rates could be achieved, the sulphation roasting reactions are highly exothermic and significant cooling water would need to be added. Due to these issues, it is likely that partial roasting operations would be economically favourable in greenfield operations. However, niche applications of this process in operations with existing copper SX/EW facilities in good acid markets, have the potential to be economically favourable. / Thesis (Master, Mining Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-17 20:14:36.292

Water recycling by membrane treatment is widely accepted as a leading alternative water source. This separation process creates a concentrated stream (called concentrates), containing most of the pollutants in 10%-20% of the flow; and a treated water stream. As nitrogen is a major concern, environmental regulations have become more stringent, requiring additional treatment to meet effluent standards. Other concerns include organic contaminants and potential production of halogenated organics if disinfection of the reject was applied. One option to address the problem of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon is advanced oxidation. This oxidation could lead to degradation of refractory organic materials, which are poorly removed in conventional treatment. This project aims to evaluate treatment extent and cost of alternatives for organic (particularly nitrogen) removal in reject water addressing the following research gaps: (i) identifying the key organic pollutants present in the concentrated stream, (ii) the effectiveness and optimisation of coagulation, ion exchange and advanced oxidation; (iii) apparent cost of the different treatment methods. The untreated reverse osmosis concentrates were collected from two treatment plants:- Luggage Point, and Bundamba, both near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The first contains more colourful of organics than the second plant. Stirred cell fractionation with ultrafiltration membranes was used to characterise the removed key pollutants, as it offers better accuracy and reproducibility compared to centrifugation fractionation. Fluorescence spectral was used to monitor and identify specific organic compounds. The largest fraction was smaller sized <1kDa. This is probably small humic substances and fulvic acids, as indicated by Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) analysis. A smaller portion of soluble microbial products (SMPs) also contributes to the concentrates. Bundamba contains large non coloured organics including organic nitrogen with elevated ammonia-N. In contrast, Luggage Point has higher colour, inorganic carbon and conductivity with less ammonia-N. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) was the most effective treatment method (high removal of organics, e.g. 55% COD of initial), followed by magnetised ion exchange (MIEX) and coagulations. For UV/H2O2 AOP, the optimal operating condition 400mg.L-1 H2O2 and 3.1kWh.m-3 energy input resulted in organics removals up to 55% with complete decolourisation. The effective reduction was found in all size ranges, preferably in >1kDa. Low inorganic carbon and salinity in Bundamba may allow better overall oxidation rates. MIEX also performed better in Bundamba with organic removals up to 43% and 80% decolourisation at the optimum resin dose of 15mL.L-1. Removal was preferential in size range of >3kDa, with more proportional percentage for decolourisation. Similarly, ferric coagulation removed a wider size range of organics. Further, ferric achieved better organic removal in Luggage Point with up to 49%. At the same molar dose (1.5mM), ferric is superior to alum, especially in Bundamba where there were less hydrophobic compounds according to EEM. Alum is poor for treatment of high organics with less coloured water. MIEX with an operational cost (chemicals and power only) of $0.14-$0.20.m-3 treated water seemed to be the most effective treatment overall. The resin achieved better results with a slightly higher cost than coagulation, and had a lower environmental impact due to reduced sludge production. AOP offers better treatment, but at a higher cost ($0.47.m-3 treated). Combined alternatives may benefit the removal effectiveness. Furthermore, more specific identification of contaminants should be investigated separately to choose appropriate treatment for priority chemicals. Another issue is further investigation of costing, including capital, and full environmental impact of treatment.

Water recycling by membrane treatment is widely accepted as a leading alternative water source. This separation process creates a concentrated stream (called concentrates), containing most of the pollutants in 10%-20% of the flow; and a treated water stream. As nitrogen is a major concern, environmental regulations have become more stringent, requiring additional treatment to meet effluent standards. Other concerns include organic contaminants and potential production of halogenated organics if disinfection of the reject was applied. One option to address the problem of dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon is advanced oxidation. This oxidation could lead to degradation of refractory organic materials, which are poorly removed in conventional treatment. This project aims to evaluate treatment extent and cost of alternatives for organic (particularly nitrogen) removal in reject water addressing the following research gaps: (i) identifying the key organic pollutants present in the concentrated stream, (ii) the effectiveness and optimisation of coagulation, ion exchange and advanced oxidation; (iii) apparent cost of the different treatment methods. The untreated reverse osmosis concentrates were collected from two treatment plants:- Luggage Point, and Bundamba, both near Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The first contains more colourful of organics than the second plant. Stirred cell fractionation with ultrafiltration membranes was used to characterise the removed key pollutants, as it offers better accuracy and reproducibility compared to centrifugation fractionation. Fluorescence spectral was used to monitor and identify specific organic compounds. The largest fraction was smaller sized <1kDa. This is probably small humic substances and fulvic acids, as indicated by Excitation Emission Matrix (EEM) analysis. A smaller portion of soluble microbial products (SMPs) also contributes to the concentrates. Bundamba contains large non coloured organics including organic nitrogen with elevated ammonia-N. In contrast, Luggage Point has higher colour, inorganic carbon and conductivity with less ammonia-N. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) was the most effective treatment method (high removal of organics, e.g. 55% COD of initial), followed by magnetised ion exchange (MIEX) and coagulations. For UV/H2O2 AOP, the optimal operating condition 400mg.L-1 H2O2 and 3.1kWh.m-3 energy input resulted in organics removals up to 55% with complete decolourisation. The effective reduction was found in all size ranges, preferably in >1kDa. Low inorganic carbon and salinity in Bundamba may allow better overall oxidation rates. MIEX also performed better in Bundamba with organic removals up to 43% and 80% decolourisation at the optimum resin dose of 15mL.L-1. Removal was preferential in size range of >3kDa, with more proportional percentage for decolourisation. Similarly, ferric coagulation removed a wider size range of organics. Further, ferric achieved better organic removal in Luggage Point with up to 49%. At the same molar dose (1.5mM), ferric is superior to alum, especially in Bundamba where there were less hydrophobic compounds according to EEM. Alum is poor for treatment of high organics with less coloured water. MIEX with an operational cost (chemicals and power only) of $0.14-$0.20.m-3 treated water seemed to be the most effective treatment overall. The resin achieved better results with a slightly higher cost than coagulation, and had a lower environmental impact due to reduced sludge production. AOP offers better treatment, but at a higher cost ($0.47.m-3 treated). Combined alternatives may benefit the removal effectiveness. Furthermore, more specific identification of contaminants should be investigated separately to choose appropriate treatment for priority chemicals. Another issue is further investigation of costing, including capital, and full environmental impact of treatment.

Bacterial contamination of platelet concentrates (PCs) represents the highest post-transfusion infectious risk. The skin flora bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis has been reported to be the predominant aerobic contaminant of PCs. The Ramirez' group has shown that S. epidermidis can form surface-attached bacterial aggregates known as biofilms, and can outcompete other coagulase-negative staphylococci, such as Staphylococcus capitis, in PCs. The ability of S. epidermidis to form biofilms has been linked to increased pathogenicity and missed detection during PC screening with an automated culture system (BacT/ALERT). This thesis aimed at investigating the proliferative advantage and resistance mechanisms displayed by S. epidermidis in the PC milieu. Furthermore, in an effort to enhance PC safety for transfusion patients, I studied the anti-biofilm properties of essential oils and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). My studies aimed at improving PC safety by focussing on both the point of introduction of bacterial contaminants (blood collection), and the stage at which bacterial contaminants can form biofilms and proliferate (PC storage). S. epidermidis can be found in the skin of blood donors as biofilms, which are resistant to the blood donor skin disinfectant currently used by Canadian Blood Services, chlorhexidine-gluconate and isopropyl alcohol (CHG-IPA). Here, several plant-extracted essential oils were evaluated for their ability to enhance the anti-biofilm activity of CHG-IPA. Data revealed that the Lavandula multifida oil and its main component (linalool) greatly enhanced the activity of CHG-IPA against S. epidermidis biofilms. Furthermore, the ability of a combination of three synthetic AMPs to inhibit S. epidermidis biofilm formation during PC storage was assessed These results showed that the combination of AMPs could inhibit biofilm formation but was ineffective against pre-formed S. epidermidis biofilms. The accumulation associated protein (Aap) encoded by the aap gene, found in most S. epidermidis strains and absent in S. capitis, plays a role in biofilm formation. When S. epidermidis aap is transformed into S. capitis, this bacterium displayed increased biofilm formation and proliferated to higher concentrations compared to untransformed S. capitis and to a S. epidermidis aap deletion mutant. Based on these results, aap appears to play a role in providing S. epidermidis a proliferative advantage in PCs by enhancing biofilm formation. Lastly, the GraRS system and SepA were studied for their role in S. epidermidis resistance to platelet-derived AMPs using the synthetic AMP PD4 as a model molecule. Results indicate that the GraS mechanism is involved in resistance towards PD4. The work presented in my thesis provides further insights into why S. epidermidis has a proliferative advantage in the PC storage environment and allows for the proposal of alternative methods to enhance PC safety for transfusion patients.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium - MChD (Oral Medicine and Periodontics) / In recent years, the development and use of autologous platelet rich concentrates (PC's) has gained traction within the rapidly progressive, multidisciplinary field of regenerative medicine. A PC subtype, marketed as advanced platelet rich fibrin (A- PRF), is a recent advancement of the original PRF protocol and promoted as a "blood concentrate" containing platelets, leukocytes, circulating stem cells and endothelial cells. A-PRF in the form of membranes, plugs, or even shredded particulates are increasingly being used as surgical adjuncts in areas of previous infection or left exposed within the microbial rich oral environment. Although recent literature has noted the biologic benefits of this material within the context of wound healing and regeneration, the antimicrobial potential of APRF has remained unexplored. The aim of this investigation is to determine if A-PRF displays antimicrobial activity against microbes of the oral cavity with a null hypothesis that its activity is no different to a clot of unprocessed venous blood. Methodology: A-PRF and whole blood samples were obtained from consenting individuals and utilised to conduct an in-vitro agar disk diffusion investigation to determine their antimicrobial activity. Standardised samples of A-PRF, unprocessed clotted blood and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) were tested against organisms cultured from fresh oral rinse samples and pure cultures of candida albicans, streptococcus mutans, staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus faecalis. The antimicrobial activity was assessed in accordance to the established principles of the agar disk diffusion method and measurement of inhibition zones. Results: A-PRF displayed antimicrobial activity against all of the individual organisms tested within this study following a 24 hour incubation period. However, no significant differences were noted between A-PRF and a natural clot of blood when tested against cultures of the oral rinse sample. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of A-PRF is significantly inferior to an equal volume of the CHX preparation. Conclusion: Although A-PRF displays antimicrobial activity; its strength, spectrum and biologic activity within a polymicrobial environment requires further investigation.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de quatro sistemas de alimentação sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça na terminação de cordeiros Corriedale. Foram utilizados 120 cordeiros com dez meses de idade, castrados, com peso inicial médio de 28,2±0,800 kg e escore de condição corporal de 2,65±0,2. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: PAS: pastagem; PAS0,6: pastagem + 0,6% do peso vivo (PV) de suplemento; PAS1,2: pastagem + 1,2% PV de suplemento e confinamento (CONF): confinamento. Foi utilizado um delineamento completamente cazualizado, onde o animal foi a unidade experimental. Os cordeiros terminados em CONF apresentaram ganhos médios diários de 105, 73 e 31 gramas superiores aos cordeiros terminados em PAS, PAS0,6 e PAS1,2, respectivamente (P<0,05). Não houve diferença no rendimento de carcaça dos animais dos tratamentos CONF (47,78%) e PAS 0,6 (46,20%), os quais foram superiores aos apresentados pelos animais dos tratamentos PAS (44,36%) e PAS 1,2 (45,59%). Os teores de gordura subcutânea dos animais PAS0,6 (4,39%) e dos animais em CONF (4,01) foram superiores aos apresentados pelos animais com PAS1,2 (2,75%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de músculo nas carcaças dos animais suplementados (55,96%) foram superiores aos valores apresentados pelos animais em pastejo (54,95%) e em confinamento (53,65%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de músculo nas carcaças dos animais suplementados (55,96%) foram superiores aos valores apresentados pelos animais em pastejo (54,95%) e em confinamento (53,65%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de osso nas carcaças diminuiu com o aumento no nível de suplementação (P<0,05). O sistema de alimentação afetou a tipificação de carcaças, sendo que os animais terminados em PAS0,6 e PAS1,2 apresentaram níveis moderados na gordura de cobertura enquanto as carcaças dos animais terminados em CONF apresentaram excessiva cobertura de gordura (P<0,05). A terminação de cordeiros pesados em sistemas de alimentação em pastagem com níveis moderados de suplementação permitem obter pesos e qualidades de carcaça de acordo com as exigências do Mercado Europeu. / The trial was lead in order to evaluate the effect of four feeding systems on the performance and characteristics of the carcass of finishing Corriedale lambs. One hundred and twenty ten-month-old castrated lambs, 28,2 ± 0,800 kg of average initial live weight and body condition score 2,65±0.2 were used. Animals grassed an improved native pasture with legume specie (Lótus corniculatus cv INIA Draco) and they were assigned to four treatments: PAS: pasture; PAS0,6: pasture + 0,6%BW of supplement; PAS1,2: pasture + 1,2% BW of supplement and CONF: drylot. Completely random designs were used, and an animal was an experimental united. Average daily gains on CONF were 105, 73 and 31 grams higher than those finished in PAS, PAS0,6 and PAS1,2, respectively. There were differences of carcass yield for CONF treatments (47,78 %) and PAS 0,6 (46,20%), which were higher than PAS (44,36%) and PAS1,2 (45,59%) treatments. Subcutaneous fat tissue of animals fed treatments PAS0,6 (4,39%) and CONF (4,01) were larger than those fed treatments PAS1,2 (2,75%) (P<0,05). The e percentage of muscle in the carcasses of supplemented animals (55,96%) was larger than those raised without supplementation (P<0,05). The feeding system affected the conformation and termination. Animals finished in PAS0,6 and PAS1,2, had moderated levels of subcutaneous fat tissue, while carcasses of animals finished on drylot had deeper fat covering (P<0,05). Lambs finishing, on pasture with moderate supplementations levels, fitted live weights and carcass characteristics demanded for the European market.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Blood transfusions have always been great support for monitoring the treatment of cancer, especially patients in the sectors of hematology-oncology, but still stand out as a major source of transmission of infectious diseases, today the bacteria. Platelet concentrates (PCs) are the blood components with higher frequency of bacterial contamination and are responsible for the vast majority of septic transfusion reactions. Bacterial infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality due to platelet transfusions. Gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis, are mainly responsible for the contamination of PCs. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial contamination in PCs, the isolation and identification of microorganisms found. In addition, we sought to identify septic transfusion reactions and to evaluate conventional techniques for bacterial detection. A total of 691 samples of PCs (665 whole blood-derivaded platelets and 26 apheresis platelets) was analyzed. These samples were from the Blood Center of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS), located in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Were employed culture techniques qualitative, quantitative, daily growth and also metabolic markers for the detection of bacteria. Tests for identification of microorganisms were made by conventional techniques and the phenotypic and genotypic screening of septic reactions was performed by passive haemovigilance. The prevalence of bacterial contamination found in this study was 1.47% and S. epidermidis bacteria was responsible for all contamination. This prevalence is considered high when compared to recent studies conducted in other countries, in Brazil we have very few studies in this area. All samples were contaminated platelet random. The test metabolic markers were nonspecific for the detection of bacteria. There was a great difficulty in performing the daily growth of the technical methodology make it impossible to be proposed to HEMORGS. Through haemovigilance passive transfusion reactions were characterized and it was possible to confirm the occurrence of a septic transfusion reaction. Therefore, we suggest the combination of methodologies for the detection of bacterial contamination screening of PCs, since it is a health problem. The combination of culture systems can reduce the risks of transfusions contaminated CPs. We believe that the septic transfusion reactions can be minimized with early recognition by the clinical team. / As transfusões sanguíneas sempre foram o grande suporte para o seguimento do tratamento de câncer, principalmente em pacientes dos setores de hematologia-oncologia, mas ainda destacam-se como uma das principais fontes de transmissão de doenças infecciosas, atualmente as bacterianas. Os concentrados plaquetários (CPs) são os hemocomponentes com maior frequência de contaminação bacteriana e são os responsáveis pela grande maioria das reações sépticas transfusionais. A infecção bacteriana é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade decorrentes de transfusões plaquetárias. Bactérias gram-positivas, em especial Staphylococcus epidermidis, são majoritariamente os responsáveis pela contaminação de CPs. Sendo assim, este estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência da contaminação bacteriana em CPs, o isolamento e a identificação dos microrganismos encontrados. Além disso, buscou identificar reações sépticas transfusionais bem como avaliar técnicas convencionais de detecção bacteriana. Um total de 691 amostras de CPs (665 plaquetas randômicas e 26 plaquetaféreses) foi analisado. Estas amostras foram provenientes do Hemocentro do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (HEMORGS), localizado na cidade de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul. Empregaram-se técnicas de cultura qualitativa, quantitativa, de crescimento diário e também marcadores metabólicos para a detecção das bactérias. Os testes de identificação dos microrganismos isolados foram feitos por técnicas convencionais fenotípicas e genotípicas e o rastreio das reações sépticas foi realizado por hemovigilância passiva. A prevalência da contaminação bacteriana encontrada neste estudo foi de 1,47% e S. epidermidis foi a bactéria responsável por todas as contaminações. Esta prevalência é considerada alta quando comparada a estudos recentes realizados em outros países. No Brasil contamos com pouquíssimos estudos nesta área. Todas as amostras contaminadas foram de plaquetas randômicas. O ensaio de marcadores metabólicos foi inespecífico para a pesquisa de bactérias. Ocorreu uma grande dificuldade na execução da técnica do crescimento diário inviabilizando essa metodologia para ser proposta ao HEMORGS. Através da hemovigilância passiva as reações transfusionais foram caracterizadas e foi possível confirmar a ocorrência de uma reação séptica transfusional. Sendo assim, sugerimos a associação de metodologias para a detecção da contaminação bacteriana na triagem dos CPs, uma vez que, se trata de um problema de saúde. A associação de sistemas de cultura pode reduzir os riscos de transfusões de CPs contaminados. Acreditamos que as reações sépticas transfusionais podem ser minimizadas com o seu reconhecimento precoce pela equipe clínica. Palavras-chaves: Concentrados plaquetários; reação transfusional; sepse; bactérias

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de quatro sistemas de alimentação sobre o desempenho e características da carcaça na terminação de cordeiros Corriedale. Foram utilizados 120 cordeiros com dez meses de idade, castrados, com peso inicial médio de 28,2±0,800 kg e escore de condição corporal de 2,65±0,2. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: PAS: pastagem; PAS0,6: pastagem + 0,6% do peso vivo (PV) de suplemento; PAS1,2: pastagem + 1,2% PV de suplemento e confinamento (CONF): confinamento. Foi utilizado um delineamento completamente cazualizado, onde o animal foi a unidade experimental. Os cordeiros terminados em CONF apresentaram ganhos médios diários de 105, 73 e 31 gramas superiores aos cordeiros terminados em PAS, PAS0,6 e PAS1,2, respectivamente (P<0,05). Não houve diferença no rendimento de carcaça dos animais dos tratamentos CONF (47,78%) e PAS 0,6 (46,20%), os quais foram superiores aos apresentados pelos animais dos tratamentos PAS (44,36%) e PAS 1,2 (45,59%). Os teores de gordura subcutânea dos animais PAS0,6 (4,39%) e dos animais em CONF (4,01) foram superiores aos apresentados pelos animais com PAS1,2 (2,75%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de músculo nas carcaças dos animais suplementados (55,96%) foram superiores aos valores apresentados pelos animais em pastejo (54,95%) e em confinamento (53,65%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de músculo nas carcaças dos animais suplementados (55,96%) foram superiores aos valores apresentados pelos animais em pastejo (54,95%) e em confinamento (53,65%) (P<0,05). A percentagem de osso nas carcaças diminuiu com o aumento no nível de suplementação (P<0,05). O sistema de alimentação afetou a tipificação de carcaças, sendo que os animais terminados em PAS0,6 e PAS1,2 apresentaram níveis moderados na gordura de cobertura enquanto as carcaças dos animais terminados em CONF apresentaram excessiva cobertura de gordura (P<0,05). A terminação de cordeiros pesados em sistemas de alimentação em pastagem com níveis moderados de suplementação permitem obter pesos e qualidades de carcaça de acordo com as exigências do Mercado Europeu. / The trial was lead in order to evaluate the effect of four feeding systems on the performance and characteristics of the carcass of finishing Corriedale lambs. One hundred and twenty ten-month-old castrated lambs, 28,2 ± 0,800 kg of average initial live weight and body condition score 2,65±0.2 were used. Animals grassed an improved native pasture with legume specie (Lótus corniculatus cv INIA Draco) and they were assigned to four treatments: PAS: pasture; PAS0,6: pasture + 0,6%BW of supplement; PAS1,2: pasture + 1,2% BW of supplement and CONF: drylot. Completely random designs were used, and an animal was an experimental united. Average daily gains on CONF were 105, 73 and 31 grams higher than those finished in PAS, PAS0,6 and PAS1,2, respectively. There were differences of carcass yield for CONF treatments (47,78 %) and PAS 0,6 (46,20%), which were higher than PAS (44,36%) and PAS1,2 (45,59%) treatments. Subcutaneous fat tissue of animals fed treatments PAS0,6 (4,39%) and CONF (4,01) were larger than those fed treatments PAS1,2 (2,75%) (P<0,05). The e percentage of muscle in the carcasses of supplemented animals (55,96%) was larger than those raised without supplementation (P<0,05). The feeding system affected the conformation and termination. Animals finished in PAS0,6 and PAS1,2, had moderated levels of subcutaneous fat tissue, while carcasses of animals finished on drylot had deeper fat covering (P<0,05). Lambs finishing, on pasture with moderate supplementations levels, fitted live weights and carcass characteristics demanded for the European market.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 03371.pdf: 3959885 bytes, checksum: 92c5eafe280381862d70e980bb9322c9 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 211270 bytes, checksum: 1d453950af1b6efd3aa6a33b18fb16a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-05-09 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work was carried out at the dairy cows Teaching, Research and extension unit at the Department of Animal Science of the Federal University of Viçosa with the objective of evaluating: the intake and apparent digestibility of nutrients, milk production and composition, ruminal pH and ammonia, ruminal degradability of dry matter and crude protein, urea concentration in the plasma in cows fed ration processed by different methods. Sixteen dairy holstein cows, purebreds and crossbred, in two milk production levels: 30.0 kg/day and 20.0 kg/day, were distributed equitatively in two latin squares balanced for each production level. The experiment was constituted of four periods with duration of 15 days each. The experimental diets were isoproteic, based on corn silage with forage: concentrate ratio of 50:50 to the level of 30.0 kg/day and 60:40 to the level of 20.0 Kg/day, in dry matter basis. The treatments were constituted of four concentrate rations: meal form (MR), pelleted (PR) and extruded (ER), with 27% and 84% of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients(TDN), respectively and high energy ration with part of extruded elements (HER), with 27% and 86% of crude protein and TDN, respectively. The animals were housed in individual stalls like Tie Stall and fed ad libitum. The excretion of fecal dry matter was estimated by indigestible acid detergent fiber (ADFi). Rumen fluid was collected by esophagian tube. The urine collection was made by spot test . Blood was collected four hours after the morning feeding, being used heparin as anticoagulant. The in situ degradability was estimated with nylon pockets inside the animal rumen. The dry matter (DM) intake was not different among the experimental diets. Digestibility of the DM there was no difference, but the digestibility of the neutral detergent fiber (44,35%) was lower (P<0,05) to ER (extruded) and digestibility of the crude protein was lower (P<0,05) to ER (72,36%), compare to the MR meal). The milk production was larger (P<0,05) for the extruded diet (ER) (29.0 kg/day), in higher level production, however, in lower level there was no difference. The milk composition was not different among the diet to higher level production. Inside each time (before and three hours after the morning feeding) there was no difference in the pH values and amoniacal nitrogen compounds (N-NH3) among the experimental diets. There was no difference in ruminal N-NH3 concentration on time 0, however, at three hours after feeding, ER presented lower (P<0,05) ruminal N-NH3 concentration. The ruminal degradability of crude protein and DM were higher to PR and especiallly in ER. There was no difference in the concentration of plasmatic urea and fractional urine excretions. / O presente trabalho foi realizado na Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão em Gado de Leite do Departamento de Zootecnia, na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, objetivando avaliar: o consumo e a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, a produção e composição do leite, o pH e a amônia ruminal, a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca e proteína bruta, e concentração de uréia no plasma e excreções urinárias de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com diferentes formas de processamento da ração concentrada. Foram utilizadas 16 vacas da raça holandesa, puras e mestiças, em dois níveis de produção de leite: 30,0 kg/dia e 20,0 kg/dia, que foram distribuídas equitativamente em dois quadrados latinos balanceados para cada nível de produção. O Experimento foi constituído por quatro períodos, com duração de 15 dias cada. As dietas experimentais foram isoprotéicas, constituídas à base de silagem de milho (Zea mays) com relação volumoso: concentrado de 50:50 para o nível de 30,0 kg/dia e 60:40 para o nível de 20,0 kg/dia, com base na matéria seca. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de quatro rações concentradas sendo: ração farelada (RF); ração peletizada (RP) e ração extrusada (RE), com 27% com de proteína bruta (PB) e 84% de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e ração de alta energia parcialmente processada (RAE), com 27% de PB e 86% de NDT. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais do tipo Tie Stall , onde receberam alimentação ad libitun. A excreção de matéria seca fecal foi estimada através da fibra em detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi). O líquido ruminal foi coletado, utilizando-se sonda esofágica. A coleta de urina foi feita através do 4 h após a alimentação. Foi coletado sangue quatro horas após a alimentação matinal, utilizando-se heparina como anticoagulante. A degradabilidade foi estimada através da técnica in situ utilizando-se sacos de náilon incubados no rúmen animal. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) não diferiu entre os tratamentos RF, RP e RE. A digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS) não foi afetada pelo processamento, enquanto a digestibilidade da proteína bruta para vacas alimentadas com ração extrusada (RE) (72,36%), foi menor (P<0,05), comparada a ração farelada (RF), no nível de 50 % de concentrado. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro para vacas alimentadas com RE (44,35%) foi menor (P<0,05) no nível de 50 % de concentrado. A produção de leite foi maior (P<0,05) para os animais consumindo ração extrusada (29,9 kg/dia), no nível de 50 % de concentrado, contudo, o menor nível não apresentou diferença significativa. A composição do leite não diferiu entre os tratamentos, para ambos os níveis de produção. Dentro de cada tempo (antes e três horas após a alimentação matinal), não houve diferenças nos valores de pH. Para as concentrações de N - NH3 ruminal, imediatamente antes da alimentação, as concentrações não diferiram entre si. Contudo, a ração extrusada apresentou menor (P<0,05) concentração de N - NH3 ruminal três horas após a alimentação. A degradabilidade ruminal da proteína bruta e da matéria seca foi numericamente maior para o tratamento peletizado e, principalmente, para o tratamento extrusado. As concentrações de uréia plasmática as excreções urinárias não diferiram entre os tratamentos.