Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work was conducted to evaluate the growth and metabolism of jundiá fed protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe as a substitute source of vegetable protein, 25 and 50% of animal protein. The work was divided into two distinct phases. The first consisted in obtaining and characterization of protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe methodology using concentration by isoelectric pH (Smith et al, 1946), with modifications. We obtained values of 51.42 and 50.37% crude protein and yield of 48.30 and 50.32% respectively. Regarding the profile of amino acids, the protein concentration in crambe meal increased levels of lysine and methionine in 50.29 and 122.00%, respectively. In sunflower protein concentrate increased by 41.5 and 186%. In the second phase the biological assay was conducted for 52 days in water recirculation system. We used 300 jundiás with average initial weight of 14.59 ± 0.18 g, these animals were housed in 15 experimental units of 280L net volume of each. The initial stocking density was 1.04 g fish / L water. We evaluated two levels (25 and 50%) partial replacement of protein coming from the flour meat and swine bone by protein concentrates in question. At the end of the period, there were no statistical differences for weight (W). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was higher in the Control and CPFG-25% diets (P <0.05). There was no significant difference (P> 0.05) for specific growth rate (SGR), relative weight gain (RWG) e average daily gain (ADG). In relation to condition factor (CF), the highest values were found in the diet CPFG-25%. There was no statistical difference (P> 0.05) in dry matter, protein and crude protein deposited (CPD) in carcasses of animals subjected to different diets. We found a higher lipid content and total fat deposited (TFD) in the diet CPFG-50%. For carcass yield (CY) and digestive rates was not significant between the experimental diets. The activities of digestive enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin showed no statistical differences in diets. There was no significant difference for any of the analyzed blood parameters (glucose, total circulating protein, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides). The animals diet CPFG-25% had higher liver glycogen stock (p <0.05). It was found increased activity (p <0.05) of the enzyme glutamic-pyruvic transaminases (GPT) in animals of the control diet. Was observed increase in the concentration of free amino acids in fish fed diet CPFG- 25%. It can be concluded that the use of protein concentrates of sunflower meal and crambe meal did not affect growth and weight gain of fish as well as metabolism. The protein concentrate of sunflower meal was more metabolically efficient than crambe meal. The animals fed diet CPFG-25% had improved metabolic efficiency of use of the ingredients. / Este trabalho foi conduzido a fim de avaliar o crescimento e metabolismo de jundiás alimentados com concentrados proteicos de farelos de girassol e crambe como substitutos de fonte protéica de origem vegetal, em 25 e 50% da proteína. O trabalho foi dividido em duas fases distintas. A primeira consistia na obtenção e caracterização dos concentrados proteicos dos farelos de girassol e crambe utilizando-se metodologia de concentração através do pH isoelétrico (SMITH et al., 1946), com modificações. Obtiveram-se valores de 51,42 e 50,37% de proteína bruta e rendimento de 48,30 e 50,32%, respectivamente. Em relação ao perfil de aminoácidos, a concentração protéica no farelo de crambe elevou os teores de lisina e metionina em 50,29 e 122,00%, respectivamente. No concentrado proteico de girassol houve aumento de 41,5 e 186%. Na segunda fase foi conduzido o ensaio biológico durante 52 dias, em sistema de recirculação de água. Foram utilizados 300 jundiás com peso médio inicial de 14,59±0,18g, esses animais foram alojados em 15 unidades experimentais de 280L de volume útil cada. A densidade de estocagem inicial foi de 1,04g de peixe/L de água. Foram avaliados dois níveis (25 e 50%) de substituição parcial da proteína advinda da farinha de carne e ossos suína pelos concentrados proteicos em questão. Ao final do período experimental não houve diferença estatística para peso (P). A conversão alimentar aparente (CAA) foi maior nas dietas Controle e CPFG-25% (P<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para taxa de crescimento específico (TCE), ganho de peso relativo (GPR), ganho de peso diário (GPD). Em relação ao fator de condição (FC), os maiores valores foram encontrados na dieta CPFG-25%. Não houve diferença estatística (P>0,05) no teor de matéria seca, proteína e proteína bruta total depositada (PBTD) na carcaça dos animais submetidos às distintas dietas. Foi encontrado maior teor de lipídeos e gordura total depositada (GTD) na dieta CPFG-50%. Para rendimento de carcaça (RC) e índices digestivos não houve significativa entre as dietas experimentais. As atividades das enzimas digestivas tripsina e quimotripsina não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas nas dietas testadas. Não houve diferença significativa para nenhum dos parâmetros sanguíneos analisados (glicose, proteínas totais circulantes, albumina, colesterol e triglicerídeos). Os animais da dieta CPFG-25% apresentaram maior estoque de glicogênio hepático (p<0,05). Detectou-se aumento da atividade (p<0,05) da enzima transminase glutamopirúvica (TGP) nos animais da dieta controle. Foi verificado aumento no teor de aminoácidos livres nos peixes que receberam a dieta CPFG-25%. Pode-se concluir que a utilização dos concentrados proteicos de farelos de girassol e crambe, não afeta o crescimento e ganho de peso dos peixes bem como o metabolismo. O concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol mostrou-se mais eficiente metabolicamente do que o farelo de crambe. Os animais que receberam a dieta CPFG-25% apresentaram a melhor eficiência de uso metabólico dos ingredientes.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-05T11:13:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2191418 bytes, checksum: 390f27b802ca1ca1ab160e3f42f0366f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T11:13:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2191418 bytes, checksum: 390f27b802ca1ca1ab160e3f42f0366f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / The utilization of goat viscera to obtain protein hydrolysates presents itself as an option to increase the income of the rural producer, since the viscera exhibit high nutritional value, with protein content similar to that of goat meat. In this context, the aim of this thesis was to obtain, through the enzymatic hydrolysis of goat viscera, a new product, a protein hydrolyzate, with alimentary and / or functional properties to be used directly or indirectly in human and / or animal feed, Goat slaughter by-products. A first chemical composition study was carried out to investigate the potentials of three goat viscera (lung, heart and liver) and their mixture in a ratio of 1: 1: 1 for use as new functional products and / or ingredients. The results showed that individual and mixed goat viscera present a remarkable nutritional quality, with a high protein content (average of 18 g / 100 g), excellent total amino acid profile, all essential amino acids being present. Twenty-two fatty acids were identified, with seven being saturated, fifteen unsaturated, with emphasis on C18: 2n6t. The analytical data of hydrophobicity, electrophoretic profile and total amino acids indicate its potential to obtain protein hydrolyzates with technological applications. Subsequently, considering the results of the potential chemical composition and the lack of studies on the use of goat viscera in functional products, a second study was performed to obtain a protein hydrolyzate of viscera. In this study, the mixture of viscera, Alcalase® 2,4L and Brauzyn® enzymes was used in a DCCR². Therefore, the independent variables were the time and the enzymatic loading in the hydrolysis process and dependent variable the degree of hydrolysis of the proteins. From these studies was registered a patent BR102015023135-0, and carried out the chemical characterization and some functional properties of hydrolysates that presented higher (> GH) and lower degree of hydrolysis (<GH). The protein hydrolysates of goat viscera presented excellent nutritional quality, with high protein content (16.8 to 22.6 g / 100g), balanced amino acid profile in essential amino acids, hydrophilicity profile with hydrophilic characteristic and reduced fat content (2.3 to 6.4 g / 100g). Hydrolyzates also exhibited significant technological functional properties, such as solubility (maximum value of 59% in Alcalase® GH hydrolyzate), oil retention capacity (> 6 ml oil / g proteins in <GH hydrolysates), emulsifying property (63.2 to 64.8 ml oil / g proteins) and emulsion stability (95.3 to 97.2%). In addition, in the studies of antioxidant potential, it was possible to observe higher percentages of reduction of free radical ABTS • + in comparison with the tests than for free radical DPPH •. In view of these results, we can conclude that goat viscera are ingredients that present potential for use in the manufacture and production of new products, such as protein hydrolysates, which have wide technological applicability, as well as add value to the by-products of slaughter. / O aproveitamento de subprodutos do abate de caprinos para obtenção de hidrolisados proteicos apresenta-se como opção para o aumento da renda do produtor rural, uma vez que as vísceras exibem elevado valor nutricional, com teores de proteínas similares ao da carne caprina. Neste contexto, a presente tese objetivou a obtenção, através da hidrólise enzimática a partir dos sub-produtos do abate de caprinos, um hidrolisado proteico, com propriedades alimentícias e/ou funcionais para ser utilizado direta ou indiretamente na alimentação humana e/ou animal, agregando-se valor aos subprodutos do abate caprino. Um primeiro estudo de composição química foi realizado, para pesquisar as potencialidades de três vísceras caprinas (pulmão, coração e fígado) e de sua mistura na proporção de 1:1:1 para aproveitamento como novos produtos e/ou ingredientes funcionais. Os resultados mostraram que as vísceras caprinas, individuais e em sua mistura, apresentam destacável qualidade nutricional, com elevado teor de proteína (com média de 18 g/100g), excelente perfil de aminoácidos totais, estando presentes todos os aminoácidos essenciais. Foram identificados vinte e dois ácidos graxos, sendo sete saturados, quinze insaturados, com destaque para o C18:2n6t. Os dados analíticos de hidrofobicidade, perfil eletroforético e de aminoácidos totais indicam sua potencialidade para obtenção de hidrolizados proteicos com aplicações tecnológicas. Posteriormente, considerando os resultados da potencialidade da composição química e a inexistência de estudos sobre o aproveitamento de vísceras caprinas em produtos funcionais, realizou-se um segundo estudo, para obter um hidrolisado proteico de vísceras. Neste estudo foi utilizada a mistura de vísceras, as enzimas Alcalase® 2,4L e Brauzyn® em um DCCR². Portanto, as variáveis independentes foram o tempo e a carga enzimática no processo de hidrólise e variável dependente o grau de hidrólise das proteínas. A partir destes estudos foi registrada uma patente BR102015023135-0, e realizada a caracterização química e algumas propriedades funcionais dos hidrolisados que apresentaram maior (> GH) e menor grau de hidrólise (< GH). Os hidrolisados proteicos de vísceras caprinas apresentaram excelente qualidade nutricional, com conteúdo elevado de proteína (16,8 a 22,6 g/100g), perfil de aminoácidos balanceado em aminoácidos essenciais, perfil de hidrofobicidade com característica hidrofílica e reduzido teor de gordura (2,3 a 6,4 g/100g). Os hidrolisados exibiram também propriedades funcionais tecnológicas significativas, tais como solubilidade (valor máximo de 59% no hidrolisado de >GH da Alcalase®), capacidade de retenção de óleo (> 6 ml óleo/g proteínas nos hidrolisados de < GH), propriedade emulsificante (63,2 a 64,8 ml óleo/g proteínas) e estabilidade da emulsão (95,3 a 97,2%). Adicionalmente nos estudos de potencialidade antioxidante foi possível observar maiores percentuais de redução do radical livre ABTS•+ em comparação com os testes que para o radical livre DPPH•. Diante destes resultados, podemos concluir que as vísceras caprinas são ingredientes que apresenta potencial de utilização na fabricação e produção de novos produtos, como os hidrolisados proteicos, que possuem larga aplicabilidade tecnológica, além de agregar valor aos subprodutos do abate.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de commodities alimentícias, e hoje o desenvolvimento da indústria de ingredientes para a geração de insumos de maior valor agregado a partir destas matérias-primas é uma área pouco explorada pelas indústrias brasileiras. O arroz se destaca no agronegócio brasileiro, já que o país figura como o nono maior produtor mundial. O arroz quebrado é um coproduto do beneficiamento do arroz branco polido. Este estudo teve como objetivo propor e avaliar um processo de obtenção de concentrados e hidrolisados proteicos de arroz, contribuindo na oferta de estratégias para o desenvolvimento tecnológico do setor no Brasil. Adicionalmente, deseja-se auxiliar na valoração do coproduto arroz quebrado, alimento de baixo valor comercial, base para a geração de matérias-primas já encontradas internacionalmente, e que apresentam grande potencial de desenvolvimento no mercado brasileiro. Dentro deste contexto, buscou-se estudar a aplicação da tecnologia de membranas neste processo, por ser uma tecnologia limpa, de baixo consumo energético, já bem estabelecida e com aplicações crescentes na indústria de alimentos. O estudo iniciou com a avaliação da eficácia de um método rápido de extração alcalina de amido e proteína de arroz, no qual foi utilizada farinha de arroz derivada de arroz quebrado como matéria-prima, ao invés dos grãos quebrados, como no método tradicional. Nesse estudo, a partir do uso de uma razão substrato:solvente de 1:15, a etapa de extração foi realizada em estágio único a 30 oC em apenas 30 minutos – um curto tempo de extração se comparado ao método alcalino tradicional (24-48h). O rendimento da extração proteica com estas condições foi bastante elevado, atingiu 81,4 %. Observou-se ser possível realizar uma extração eficiente, com a minimização das reações indesejadas causadas pelo meio alcalino. Na segunda etapa foram avaliadas as propriedades funcionais do concentrado proteico obtido a partir do método rápido de extração alcalina. Além disso, suas propriedades foram comparadas com as de dois concentrados proteicos comerciais produzidos por extração enzimática. Foi observado que todos os concentrados proteicos avaliados apresentaram pobres propriedades funcionais, devido sobretudo a suas baixas solubilidades em condições de pH próximas à neutralidade e levemente ácidas, concluindo-se ser necessário estudos que visem a melhoria da solubilidade destas proteínas quando se busca uma aplicação mais abrangente das mesmas como ingredientes. Os resultados obtidos na primeira etapa deste estudo motivaram inicialmente o emprego da microfiltração na separação das correntes de amido e proteína do extrato alcalino, analisando a possibilidade de se obter um amido com elevada pureza e uma corrente de permeado contendo a proteína extraída. A análise global dos resultados obtidos nesse trabalho permite que seja destacado que a escolha da microfiltração para o processo de separação do amido e da proteína de arroz deve ser avaliada com cautela. Na quarta etapa deste estudo avaliou-se a aplicação da hidrólise enzimática parcial do concentrado proteico na solubilização da proteína de endosperma de arroz. A hidrólise parcial, realizada com Alcalase®, permitiu a solubilização de 40 % da proteína originalmente presente na suspensão de proteína extraída pelo método alcalino. Os peptídeos solúveis gerados apresentaram massa molar média de 1,18 ± 0,33 kDa, solubilidade proteica superior a 88,5 % na faixa de pH de 3 a 7 e boa capacidade de formação de espuma, apesar de formarem uma espuma de baixa estabilidade. Neste estudo o hidrolisado proteico foi concentrado e purificado por ultrafiltração, o que permitiu a redução de 68 % do conteúdo de sódio do produto. Concluiu-se que neste estudo foi possível propor um processo produtivo que permitiu a obtenção de ingredientes com adequadas propriedades nutricionais e funcionais a partir do coproduto arroz quebrado. / The Brazil is a large producer of food commodities, and today the development of the industry of ingredients to add value to these raw materials is an area little explored by the Brazilian industries. Rice stands out in the Brazilian agribusiness, as the country is the ninth largest producer. The broken rice is a byproduct derived from the processing of polished rice. This study aimed to propose and evaluate a process of obtaining rice protein concentrates and hydrolysates contributing to offer strategies for the technological development of the sector in Brazil. Additionally, it aims to assist in the valuation of the byproduct broken rice, a low commercial value food which is the basis for the generation of raw materials already found internationally, and which have great potential in the Brazilian market. Within this context, it sought to study the application of membrane technology in this process, because it is a clean, low-energy, well-established technology, with growing applications in the food industry. The study began with the evaluation of the effectiveness of a fast alkaline extraction method for obtaining rice starch and protein, using rice flour derived from broken rice as raw material, instead of broken grains, as in the traditional method. In this study, with the use of a substrate:solvent ratio of 1:15, the extraction step was performed in a single stage at 30 °C in 30 minutes - a short extraction time compared to traditional alkaline method (24-48h). The yield of protein extraction with these conditions was very high, reached 81.4%. It was possible to perform an efficient extraction, with the minimization of undesired reactions caused by the alkaline medium. In the second stage of this study were evaluated the functional properties of the protein concentrate obtained by the fast alkaline extraction method. In addition, their properties were compared with two commercial concentrated protein produced by enzymatic extraction. It was observed that all the evaluated protein concentrates showed poor functional properties, mainly due to their low solubility at pH conditions close to neutrality and slightly acidic, concluding that it is necessary studies aimed to improve the solubility of these proteins in order to seek more applications of this ingredient. The results obtained in the first step of this study initially motivated the use of microfiltration to separate the starch and protein chains of the alkali extract, analyzing the possibility of obtaining a starch with high purity and a permeate stream containing the extracted protein. The global analysis of the results obtained in this work allows it to be noted that the choice of microfiltration for the separation process of starch and rice protein should be evaluated with caution. In the fourth stage of this study was evaluated the application of the partial enzymatic hydrolysis in solubilization of rice endosperm protein. The partial hydrolysis performed with Alcalase allowed solubilization of 40% of the protein originally present in the protein suspension extracted by the alkaline method. The generated soluble peptides had molecular weight average of 1.18 ± 0.33 kDa, protein solubility higher than 88.5 % in the pH range 3 to 7, and good foaming ability, while forming a low stable foam. In this study, the protein hydrolyzate was concentrated and purified by ultrafiltration, allowing 68 % reduction in the sodium content of the product. It is concluded that in this study was proposed a production process allowing obtaining ingredients with suitable nutritional and functional properties from the byproduct broken rice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The sequential voltammetric determination of chromium, thallium, cadmium, lead, copper and antimony, present as contaminants in dialysate concentrates (CPHD), is presented herein. These concentrates contain a very high chloride concentration (ca. 3.8 mol L-1), which makes difficult the direct analysis, without pretreatment, by many analytical techniques, like atomic absorption spectrometry and chromatography. The experimental conditions were varied in order to improve the peak resolution, selectively and sensitivity. The method is based on the gradual decrease on the pH of the solution present in the voltammetric cell, so that, the sequential determination of the analytes was possible. At pH 6 6.2, Cr determination was carried out with DTPA by catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetry (CAdSV). Afterwards, the pH was adjusted at 4.8 ± 0.2 to determine thallium by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). At this pH, DTPA is non interfering specie for Tl-determination and, additionally, it masks the main interfering species for thallium (lead and cadmium). Cadmium, lead and copper were assayed by ASV after setting the pH to 1.5 ± 0.5. Under these conditions, DTPA releases these three metallic species from the previously built complexes, so that they behave as free species to react on the HMDE-surface. By setting with HCl the pH to values around zero antimony was assayed by ASV. At this acidity and in presence of high chloride concentrations antimony can be assayed with high sensitivity. The method was used for analysis of commercial samples of CPHDs and the found concentration varied from < LD until 140 Ug L-1. / A Determinação sequencial de cromo, tálio, cádmio, chumbo e cobre e antimônio em concentrado polieletrolítico para hemodiálise (CPHD) é descrita. Estes concentrados contêm uma concentração extremamente alta de íons cloreto (cerca de 3,8 mol L-1), o que torna difícil a análise direta por muitas técnicas analíticas. As condições experimentais foram variadas a fim de aumentar a resolução de pico, seletividade e sensibilidade. O método é baseado no decréscimo gradual do pH da solução presente na célula voltamétrica, o que possibilitou a determinação sequencial dos analitos. Em pH 6 6,2, a determinação de Cr foi realizada com DTPA por voltametria catalítico-adsortiva de redissolução (CAdSV). Em seguida, o pH foi ajustado para 4,8 ± 0,2 para determinar Tl por voltametria de redissolução anódica (ASV). Neste pH, DTPA não é uma espécie interferente na determinação de Tl e, adicionalmente, ele mascara as principais espécies interferentes para tálio (chumbo e cádmio). Cádmio, chumbo e cobre foram determinados por ASV após ajuste do pH a 1,5 ± 0,5. Sob estas condições, estas três espécies são liberadas em solução a partir dos complexos com DTPA previamente formados, de modo que elas se comportam como espécies livres para reagir na superfície do HMDE. Diminuindo-se o pH da solução para < 0 com HCl, foi determinado antimônio por ASV. Nesta acidez e na presença de uma alta concentração de cloretos, Sb pode ser medido com uma alta sensibilidade. O método foi utilizado para a análise de amostras de CPHD comerciais e as concentrações encontradas dos analitos variaram de < LD até 140 Ug L-1.

La empresa en estudio, dedicada a la logística integral de concentrados mineros tiene como uno de sus proceso principales la recepción de camiones con concentrado de Cu, Pb y Zn de las diferentes mineras del Perú cuya demanda diaria es de 170 camiones para lo cual se ha propuesto atenderlo en un periodo de 10 horas cuyo indicador del proceso es de 17 camiones/hora, pero actualmente se viene manejando un indicador en promedio de 15 camiones/hora, esto ocasiona que se incurra en sobrecostos tales como horas extras y utilización de recursos los que equivalen a un sobrecosto anual de S/. 638,655; por este motivo se proponen implementar dos herramientas de la metodología Lean Six Sigma. El diagnostico reveló que el problema del incumplimiento de indicador radica en la ineficiencia y eficacia del proceso de recepción, en el cual el tiempo total de los camiones en todo el circuito del proceso de recepción es alto en promedio 2.4 horas; el análisis causal halló causas raíces como áreas desordenadas, congestión en zona de toma de muestra y zona de descarga, tras lo cual se propone el despliegue de las herramientas propias de la metodología como la implementación de 5S que busca generar cultura de orden y limpieza con y la mejora del flujo de camiones entre etapas con la estandarización de procesos. Al realizar las implementaciones se estima reducir el tiempo promedio de camiones de 2.4 horas a 1.7 horas y optimizar los recursos y reducir los sobre costos. / The company under study, dedicated to the integral logistics of mining concentrates has as one of its main processes the reception of trucks with concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn of the different miners in Peru whose daily demand is 170 trucks for which it has set out to serve it in a period of 10 hours whose indicator of the process is 17 trucks/hour, but currently an indicator of 15 trucks/hour has been handled, this results in overruns such as overtime and resource utilization which amount to an annual cost of S/. 638,655; for this reason, they intend to implement two tools of the Lean Six Sigma methodology. The diagnosis revealed that the problem of non-compliance with indicator lies in the inefficiency and effectiveness of the receiving process, in which the total time of trucks throughout the receiving process circuit is high on average 2.4 hours; the causal analysis found root causes such as disordered areas, congestion in sampling area and discharge zone, after which it is proposed the deployment of the methodology's own tools such as the implementation of 5S that seeks to generate culture of order and cleanliness with and the improvement of the flow of trucks between stages with the standardization of processes. When deploying, it is estimated to reduce average truck time from 2.4 hours to 1.7 hours and optimize resources and reduce over-costs. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

The diploma thesis deals with the development of the market for protein crops. The literature research deals one hand with the distribution and morphology of legumes, and on second hand with the structure and chemical composition of seeds of selected species (pea, soybean and lupine). The literature research also covers the production of protein concentrates and their commercialization. The practical part is mainly engaged in the analysis of market developments of selected species of legumes in the Czech Republic, especially during the years 2000 - 2015, in comparison with the market development of the individual European states (Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia and France). The outcome of this diploma thesis is the ordination of statistical data available in clear graphical and tabular outputs, it does not miss time series evaluation of development of individual crops in both the Czech Republic and other selected countries.

Cette étude a été menée dans le but d’explorer les nouvelles sources de protéines à valeur nutraceutique. Les graines de Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail. Pierre ex Pax) et de Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg) ont d’abord été cuites dans de l’eau bouillante pendant 90 et 30 min qui sont respectivement leurs temps optimums de cuisson. Après délipidation et tamisage des tourteaux, la fraction 400 - 500 µm s’est révélée la plus représentative avec plus de 70 % et riche en azote protéique (6–7% MS). Les concentrats et les isolats protéiques ont été préparés à partir des tourteaux respectivement dans l’eau distillée à pH 4,5 et dans une solution de NaOH à 0,2 % (R. heudelotii), une solution de NaCl 0,6 M (T. conophorum) à pH 11. Ces concentrats (65 – 75 % MS de protéines) et ces isolats protéiques (81 – 92 % MS de protéines) ont une composition physico-chimique différente (P < 0,05) de celle des tourteaux. Pour les deux Euphorbiacées, les capacités de rétention d’eau (367 – 467 g / 100 g d’échantillon), de rétention d’huile (256 – 410 g / 100 g d’échantillon) et moussante (68 – 71 %) sont maximales dans les isolats protéiques tandis que les capacités gélifiante (6 – 14 %) et émulsifiante (63 – 87 %) le sont dans les concentrats protéiques. Les teneurs en acides aminés essentiels des tourteaux de R. heudelotii et de T. conophorum sont comparables à celle de la protéine de référence. L’étude de la digestibilité enzymatique in vitro a montré que l’azote libéré après 6 h est supérieur à 90 % dans les concentrats et les isolats protéiques. La digestibilité protéique in vivo indique que le gain de poids des rats mâles âgés de 21 ± 3 jours durant 15 jours d’expérimentation ainsi que les paramètres de rétention azotée sont plus importants avec les régimes à base de l’aliment de référence (caséine) et du tourteau de T. conophorum. Les valeurs corrigées des paramètres de digestibilité par l’indice chimique des acides aminés laissent apparaître que le tourteau de T. conophorum renferme les protéines de très bonne qualité nutritionnelle, autant que la caséine / This study was conducted in order to look for alternative sources of proteins having nutraceutic value. The grains of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Bail.) and Tetracarpidium conophorum (Müll. Arg) were first cooked in boiled water at their optimal cooking time for 90 and 30 min respectively. After defating, sieving of the defatted cakes showed that samples with a granulometry of 400 - 500 µm were most representative (more than 70%), containing more proteic nitrogen (6–7 %). Protein concentrates and protein isolates were prepared from defatted cakes respectively in distilled water at pH 4.5 and in NaOH 0.2% (R. heudelotii) and NaCl 0.6M (T. conophorum) at pH 11. Physico-chemical properties of protein concentrates (65 – 75 % of proteins) and protein isolates (81–92 % of proteins) were different from those of the defatted cakes. Water holding (367 – 467 g / 100 g of sample), oil holding (256 – 410 g / 100 g of sample) and foaming capacities (68 – 71 %) were highest with protein isolates whereas gelling (6 – 14 %) and emulsion capacities (63 – 87 %) were highest with concentrates. The amounts of essential amino acids in both defatted flours were comparable to the value in FAO / WHO (2007) scoring pattern. Nitrogen liberated after 6 h of enzymatic digestibility was more than 90 % both in the proteins concentrates and isolates. In vivo studies carried out on 21 ± 3 days old Sprague Dawley male rats for 15 days showed that gain of weight and nitrogen retention parameters were higher for rats that consumed casein and T. conophorum defatted cake. Corrected values of nitrogen digestibility of the analysed samples showed that T. conophorum defatted cake contains protein source with good nutritional quality

The diploma thesis deals with micro-fuels in drinking water sources and their subsequent removal. In the thesis mainly pesticides and pharmaceuticals are described. The reader is first introduced to the most common pesticides occurring in water and their consumption. Drugs are described in a similar context. In addition, there are practical studies on the occurrence, degradation and removal of micro-pollutants from water. The final thesis is a laboratory experiment dealing with the removal of salicylic acid from water by filtration through the filtration material Bayoxide E33 and activated carbon. The thesis describes the procedure and results of the experiment.

Résumé 1 Hypotension et réactions hypotensives aigues isolées associées aux transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes Objectifs: Les transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes sont associées à plusieurs types de réactions transfusionnelles impliquant de l’hypotension, notamment des réactions hypotensives aigues isolées médiées par la relâche de bradykinines. L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’incidence d’épisodes d’hypotension et plus particulièrement de réactions hypotensives aigues isolées associées aux transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes. Nous avons aussi tenté de déterminer si ces évènements sont associés à un niveau élevé de bradykinines. Matériels et Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude prospective descriptive portant sur les transfusions de concentrés de plaquettes au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte- Justine. L’étude s’est déroulée sur 28 mois. Durant cette période, tous les rapports d’incidents/accidents associés aux transfusions (RIATs) de concentrés de plaquettes transmis à la banque de sang du CHU Sainte-Justine et impliquant un épisode d’hypotension ont été identifiés. Ces RIATs furent revus par un comité d’adjudicateurs qui ont évalué et déterminé l’imputabilité de chaque réaction à la transfusion de plaquettes. Tous les sacs et tubulures des concentrés de plaquettes transfusés ont été retournés à la banque de sang après chaque transfusion. La concentration de bradykinines fut mesurée dans les 168 premiers sacs de concentrés de plaquettes retournés à la banque de sang. Les niveaux de bradykinines des concentrés de plaquettes associés à un épisode d’hypotension et des concentrés de plaquettes non associés à de l’hypotension ont par la suite été comparés. Résultats: 3672 sacs de concentrés de plaquettes furent retournés à la banque de sang parmi lesquels 25 furent associés avec un épisode d’hypotension. Les adjudicateurs ont identifiés 5 épisodes hypotensifs attribuables aux concentrés de plaquettes dont une réaction hypotensive aigue isolée (incidence par transfusion: 0.03%). Le niveau de bradykinines dans cette dernière réaction était de 10 pg/ml, alors qu’il était de 226.2 ±1252 pg/ml (95%CI : 20.0-432.4 pg/ml) dans les 143 concentrés de plaquettes contrôles. Conclusion: L’incidence d’hypotension suivant l’administration de concentrés de plaquettes est faible. Nous n’avons identifié qu’une seule réaction hypotensive aigue isolée. Nous n’avons pas été en mesure d’identifier de corrélation entre le niveau de bradykinines et l’incidence de ces réactions. Résumé 2 Transfusions de plaquettes aux soins intensifs pédiatriques Objectifs: Caractériser l’épidémiologie et les déterminants des transfusions de plaquettes dans une unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques et vérifier s’il existe une association entre ces transfusions et une augmentation de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Méthode: Étude prospective observationnelle unicentrique, combinée à un questionnaire. Lieu: Unité de soins intensifs pédiatriques du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte- Justine. Patients: Tous les enfants admis à l’unité de soins intensifs d’avril 2009 à avril 2010. Intervention: Aucune. Résultats: Parmi les 842 patients admis consécutivement aux soins intensifs, 60 patients (7.1%) ont reçu au moins une transfusion de plaquettes durant leur séjour. Les déterminants de transfusions de plaquettes identifiés à l’analyse univariée sont un score de PRISM à l’admission >10 (rapport de cotes (RC): 6.80; 95%CI: 2.5-18.3, p <0.01), un score de PELOD >20 (RC: 26.9; 95%CI: 8.88-81.5, p<0.01), un antécédent de néoplasie (RC: 5.08; 95%CI: 2.43-10.68, p <0.01), une thrombocytopénie (compte plaquettaire <50 x 109/L ou< 50,000/mm3) (RC: 141; 95%CI: 50.4-394.5, p <0.01), l’utilisation d’héparine (RC:3.03; 95%CI 1.40-6.37, p <0.01), un état de choc (RC: 5.73; 95%CI: 2.85-11.5, p<0.01) et un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (RC: 10.41; 95%CI: 5.89-10.40, p <0.01). À l’analyse multivariée, seuls le compte de plaquettes de<50 x109/L (RC: 138; 95%CI: 42.6-449, p<0.01) et un âge <12 mois (RC: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.03-9.10, p=0.02) demeurent des déterminants statistiquement significatifs. Les intensivistes ont répondu qu’ils avaient prescrits une transfusion de plaquettes principalement à cause d’une 6 thrombocytopénie (compte moyen de plaquettes pré-transfusion de 32 ±27 x109/L (médiane 21)), ou d’un saignement actif (compte moyen de plaquettes pré-transfusion de 76 ±39 x109/L (médiane 72)). Les transfusions de plaquettes sont associées avec le développement d’un syndrome de défaillance multiviscérale (RC: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.18- 5.43, p=0.03) et la mortalité (RC: 10.1; 95%CI: 4.48-22.7, p<0.01). Conclusions: 7.1% des enfants admis aux soins intensifs reçoivent au moins une transfusion de plaquettes durant leur séjour. La thrombocytopénie et un saignement actif sont des déterminants significatifs de transfusion de plaquettes. Les patients recevant une transfusion de plaquettes ont un risque plus élevé de développer un syndrome de défaillance multi-viscérale et ont un risque plus élevé de mortalité. / Abstract 1 Incidence of hypotension and acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions following platelet concentrate transfusions Background and objectives: Platelet concentrates (PCs) are associated with transfusion reactions involving hypotension, particularly bradykinin-mediated acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions. This study aims to determine the incidence of hypotensive events and more specifically acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reactions associated with PC transfusions. We also sought to ascertain whether these reactions are associated with high bradykinin levels. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective descriptive study of PCs administered at Sainte-Justine Hospital over 28 months. All PCs administered during this period were screened for hypotension through review of all transfusion-associated reaction reports (TARRs) sent to the blood bank. All residual PC bags were returned to the blood bank. TARRs associated with hypotension were reviewed by adjudicators who established the imputability of the PC transfusion to the reaction. Bradykinin levels were measured in the first 168 PC bags returned to the blood bank. Levels were compared between PCs associated with hypotension and control PCs not associated with hypotension. Results: A total of 3672 PC bags were returned to the blood bank; 25 PCs were associated with hypotension. Adjudicators ascertained that five hypotensive events were 8 imputable to PCs of which one was an acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reaction (incidence per transfusion: 0.03%). Bradykinin level in the latter PC was 10 pg/ml, whereas levels were 226.2 pg/ml (95%CI : 20.0-432.4 pg/ml) in the 143 control PCs. Conclusion: Our results show a low incidence of hypotension after PC transfusion. We identified only one acute isolated hypotensive transfusion reaction. No correlation between bradykinin level and the occurrence of acute isolated hypotensive reactions could be observed given that only one event was identified. Abstract 2 Platelet transfusions in pediatric intensive care Objectives: To characterize the epidemiology and the determinants of platelet transfusion (PT) in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and determine whether there exists an association between PT and adverse outcomes. Design: Prospective observational single center study, combined with a self-administered survey. Setting: PICU of Sainte-Justine Hospital, a university-affiliated tertiary care institution. Patients: All children admitted to the PICU from April 2009 to April 2010. Intervention: None. Measurements and Main Results: Among 842 consecutive PICU admissions, 60 patients (7.1%) received at least one PT while in PICU. In the univariate analysis, significant determinants for PT transfusion were admission PRISM >10 (odds ratio (OR): 6.80; 95%CI: 2.5-18.3, p <0.01) and PELOD scores >20 (OR: 26.9; 95%CI: 8.88- 81.5, p<0.01), history of malignancy (OR: 5.08; 95%CI: 2.43-10.68, p <0.01), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50 x 109/L or < 50,000/mm3) (OR: 141; 95%CI: 50.4- 394.5, p <0.01), use of heparin (OR:3.03; 95%CI 1.40-6.37, p <0.01), shock (OR: 5.73; 95%CI: 2.85-11.5, p<0.01) and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (OR: 10.41; 95%CI: 5.89-10.40, p <0.01). In the multivariate analysis, platelet count <50 x109/L (OR: 138; 95%CI: 42.6-449, p<0.01) and age less than 12 months (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.03-9.10, p=0.02) remained statistically significant determinants. The attending physicians were asked why they gave a PT; the most frequent justification was prophylactic platelet transfusion in presence of thrombocytopenia with an average pre10 transfusion platelet count of 32 ±27 x109/L(median 21), followed by active bleeding with an average pre-transfusion platelet count of 76 ±39 x109/L(median 72). PTs were associated with the subsequent development of MODS (OR: 2.53; 95%CI: 1.18-5.43, p=0.03) and mortality (OR: 10.1; 95%CI: 4.48-22.7, p<0.01). Conclusions: 7.1% of children received at least one PT while in PICU. Thrombocytopenia and active bleeding are significant determinants of PT. Patients that received PTs had a higher risk of developing MODS and had a higher risk of mortality.

Au cours de ces dernières décennies, des études ont étés menées pour identifier plusieurs traceurs des matériaux du cycle du combustible nucléaire, dans le cadre de la lutte contre la prolifération nucléaire. Ces matériaux sont généralement collectés lors d’inspections dans des installations nucléaires, ou saisis lors de contrôles de trafics illicites. Les informations fournies par ces traceurs sont parcellaires et ne permettent pas de déterminer avec exactitude la provenance et l’historique industriel de ces matériaux.Le but de ce travail de thèse est de démontrer le potentiel de l’utilisation des isotopes du molybdène pour le traçage des matériaux du cycle du combustible nucléaire. Le choix s’est porté sur le molybdène car en raison de la similarité de leurs propriétés chimiques, le molybdène et l’uranium sont étroitement associés dans les minerais d’uranium et tout au long de la chaîne de purification de l’uranium. L’étude s’est focalisée sur une partie de l’amont du cycle du combustible, depuis l’extraction des minerais d’uranium jusqu’à la production des concentrés miniers d’uranium : divers procédés physiques et chimiques sont appliqués, à la fois pour purifier l’uranium et abaisser la concentration en molybdène.Au cours de cette étude, une nouvelle méthode de séparation du molybdène a été développée pour caractériser sa composition isotopique dans des minerais, minéraux et concentrés miniers d’uranium. La variabilité des compositions isotopiques du molybdène dans un gisement d’uranium est principalement due aux mécanismes d’adsorption et/ou de précipitation du molybdène. Les gisements magmatiques et sédimentaires ont des compositions isotopiques différentes, ce qui permet ainsi leurs distinctions. Les concentrés miniers d’uranium produits à partir de ces deux types de gisements ont des compositions isotopiques similaires aux minerais. Ces résultats soulignent ainsi le potentiel des isotopes du molybdène comme traceur des origines des concentrés miniers d’uranium. Cependant, un fractionnement des isotopes du molybdène a été établi lors de la production des concentrés miniers d’uranium pour deux usines au Niger. Les procédés de purification de l’uranium tels que la lixiviation, l’extraction par solvant et la précipitation ont été reproduits en laboratoire sur des échantillons réels pour expliquer le fractionnement isotopique du molybdène lors de la production des concentrés miniers. Au cours de ces procédés, le fractionnement peut être positif (lixiviation), négatif (extraction par solvant, précipitation à l’eau oxygénée) ou nul (précipitation à l’ammoniaque). Dans le cas des échantillons du Niger, la somme de ces procédés est négative, dans le sens des données expérimentales que nous avons obtenues, démontrant ainsi également le potentiel de l’utilisation des isotopes du molybdène comme traceur des procédés de transformations des matériaux du cycle du combustible nucléaire. / Nuclear forensics aims at determining the age, provenance as well as industrial or storage history of uranium ores and uranium ore concentrates that are part of the nuclear fuel cycle. Several potential tracers have already been identified for this purpose. However, these tracers are not providing always unambiguous information. This study is focused on establishing Mo isotopes as a new tracer of uranium ore provenance and of ore processing for its application in nuclear forensics. Molybdenum and uranium share a number of common geochemical properties. In the nuclear fuel cycle, molybdenum is an impurity that is difficult to separate during uranium extraction and purification processes, while its concentration is required to be lower than some specification limits. We focused this study on the first part of the nuclear fuel cycle, from the uranium ores extraction to the production of uranium ore concentrates.We developed an enhanced separation method for Mo from a uranium-rich matrix (uranium ores, uranium minerals, uranium ore concentrates) in order to analyze the mass fractionation induced by processes typical of the nuclear fuel cycle. Molybdenum isotopic compositions in uranium ores depend of adsorption and precipitation processes. The δ98Mo values of sedimentary uranium ores is shifted to negative values relative to magmatic ores. This provides a means of distinguishing these types of uranium ores. Uranium ores concentrates produced from both uranium ore natures (magmatic and sedimentary) have Mo isotope compositions similar to the uranium ores. These results suggest that molybdenum isotopes have a strong potential of as a tracer for identifying the origin of the uranium ore concentrates. However, Mo isotopes fractionations were established during the production of uranium ore concentrates in the both Niger mills. We reproduced in laboratory the lixiviation, solvent extraction and precipitation processes to explain these observations. The Mo isotopes fractionation is positive for the lixiviation process, negative for the solvent extraction and precipitation with hydrogen peroxide, and null for ammonia precipitation. In the case of the Niger samples, the sum of these processes is negative and agrees with our experimental data. Mo isotopes have a strong potential as a tracer for identifying the origin and transformation of uranium in the nuclear fuel cycle, in the framework of nuclear forensics.