Com o escopo de fornecer subsídios para compreender como o processo de colaboração científica ocorre e se desenvolve em uma instituição de pesquisas, particularmente o IPEN, o trabalho utilizou duas abordagens metodológicas. A primeira utilizou a técnica de análise de redes sociais (ARS) para mapear as redes de colaboração científica em P&D do IPEN. Os dados utilizados na ARS foram extraídos da base de dados digitais de publicações técnico-científicas do IPEN, com o auxílio de um programa computacional, e basearam-se em coautoria compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2010. Esses dados foram agrupados em intervalos consecutivos de dois anos gerando cinco redes bienais. Essa primeira abordagem revelou várias características estruturais relacionadas às redes de colaboração, destacando-se os autores mais proeminentes, distribuição dos componentes, densidade, boundary spanners e aspectos relacionados à distância e agrupamento para definir um estado de redes mundo pequeno (small world). A segunda utilizou o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais, uma variante da técnica de modelagem por equações estruturais, para avaliar e testar um modelo conceitual, apoiado em fatores pessoais, sociais, culturais e circunstanciais, para identificar aqueles que melhor explicam a propensão de um autor do IPEN em estabelecer vínculos de colaboração em ambientes de P&D. A partir do modelo consolidado, avaliou-se o quanto ele explica a posição estrutural que um autor ocupa na rede com base em indicadores de ARS. Nesta segunda parte, os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa de levantamento com a utilização de um questionário. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo explica aproximadamente 41% da propensão de um autor do IPEN em colaborar com outros autores e em relação à posição estrutural de um autor na rede o poder de explicação variou entre 3% e 3,6%. Outros resultados mostraram que a colaboração entre autores do IPEN tem uma correlação positiva com intensidade moderada com a produtividade, da mesma forma que, os autores mais centrais na rede tendem a ampliar a sua visibilidade. Por fim, vários outros indicadores estatísticos bibliométricos referentes à rede de colaboração em P&D do IPEN foram determinados e revelados, como, a média de autores por publicação, média de publicações por autores do IPEN, total de publicações, total de autores e não autores do IPEN, entre outros. Com isso, esse trabalho fornece uma contribuição teórica e empírica aos estudos relacionados à colaboração científica e ao processo de transferência e preservação de conhecimento, assim como, vários subsídios que contribuem para o contexto de tomada de decisão em ambientes de P&D. / With the aim of providing subsidies to understand how scientific collaboration process occurs and develops into a research institution, particularly IPEN, this study used two methodological approaches. The first used the social networking analysis (SNA) technique to map the scientific collaboration networks in R&D of IPEN. The data used for the SNA technique were extracted from the technical and scientific publications database of IPEN, using a computer program, and were based on co-authorship from 2001 to 2010 period. These data were grouped into consecutive intervals of two years generating five biennial networks. This first approach showed several structural features related to collaborative networks, especially the most prominent authors, distribution of components, density, boundary spanners and aspects related to distance and clustering to define small world networks. In the second approach, partial least squares, a method to structure equation modeling, was used to evaluate and test a conceptual model based on personal, social, cultural and circumstantial factors to identify those that best explain the propensity of an IPENs author in establishing links of collaboration in R&D environments. From the consolidated model, we evaluated how much it explains the structural position of an author on the network based on SNA indicators. In this second part, the data were collected through a survey research using a questionnaire. The results showed that the model explains about 41% of the propensity of an IPEN author in collaborating with others authors, and in relation to the structural position of an author on the network, the explanation power of model ranged between 3% and 3.6%. Other results have shown that collaboration between IPEN authors have a positive correlation with moderate intensity to productivity, in the same way, the most central authors in the network tend to increase its visibility. Finally, several other bibliometric statistical indicators related to R&D collaboration network of IPEN were determined and unveiled, such as the average number of authors per publication, the average of publications by IPEN authors, the total number of publications, the total number of authors, among others. Thus, this work provides a theoretical and empirical contribution to the studies related to scientific collaboration and to the transfer and preservation process of knowledge, as well as various subsidies that contribute to the decision making context in R&D environments.

Com o escopo de fornecer subsídios para compreender como o processo de colaboração científica ocorre e se desenvolve em uma instituição de pesquisas, particularmente o IPEN, o trabalho utilizou duas abordagens metodológicas. A primeira utilizou a técnica de análise de redes sociais (ARS) para mapear as redes de colaboração científica em P&D do IPEN. Os dados utilizados na ARS foram extraídos da base de dados digitais de publicações técnico-científicas do IPEN, com o auxílio de um programa computacional, e basearam-se em coautoria compreendendo o período de 2001 a 2010. Esses dados foram agrupados em intervalos consecutivos de dois anos gerando cinco redes bienais. Essa primeira abordagem revelou várias características estruturais relacionadas às redes de colaboração, destacando-se os autores mais proeminentes, distribuição dos componentes, densidade, boundary spanners e aspectos relacionados à distância e agrupamento para definir um estado de redes mundo pequeno (small world). A segunda utilizou o método dos mínimos quadrados parciais, uma variante da técnica de modelagem por equações estruturais, para avaliar e testar um modelo conceitual, apoiado em fatores pessoais, sociais, culturais e circunstanciais, para identificar aqueles que melhor explicam a propensão de um autor do IPEN em estabelecer vínculos de colaboração em ambientes de P&D. A partir do modelo consolidado, avaliou-se o quanto ele explica a posição estrutural que um autor ocupa na rede com base em indicadores de ARS. Nesta segunda parte, os dados foram coletados por meio de uma pesquisa de levantamento com a utilização de um questionário. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo explica aproximadamente 41% da propensão de um autor do IPEN em colaborar com outros autores e em relação à posição estrutural de um autor na rede o poder de explicação variou entre 3% e 3,6%. Outros resultados mostraram que a colaboração entre autores do IPEN tem uma correlação positiva com intensidade moderada com a produtividade, da mesma forma que, os autores mais centrais na rede tendem a ampliar a sua visibilidade. Por fim, vários outros indicadores estatísticos bibliométricos referentes à rede de colaboração em P&D do IPEN foram determinados e revelados, como, a média de autores por publicação, média de publicações por autores do IPEN, total de publicações, total de autores e não autores do IPEN, entre outros. Com isso, esse trabalho fornece uma contribuição teórica e empírica aos estudos relacionados à colaboração científica e ao processo de transferência e preservação de conhecimento, assim como, vários subsídios que contribuem para o contexto de tomada de decisão em ambientes de P&D. / With the aim of providing subsidies to understand how scientific collaboration process occurs and develops into a research institution, particularly IPEN, this study used two methodological approaches. The first used the social networking analysis (SNA) technique to map the scientific collaboration networks in R&D of IPEN. The data used for the SNA technique were extracted from the technical and scientific publications database of IPEN, using a computer program, and were based on co-authorship from 2001 to 2010 period. These data were grouped into consecutive intervals of two years generating five biennial networks. This first approach showed several structural features related to collaborative networks, especially the most prominent authors, distribution of components, density, boundary spanners and aspects related to distance and clustering to define small world networks. In the second approach, partial least squares, a method to structure equation modeling, was used to evaluate and test a conceptual model based on personal, social, cultural and circumstantial factors to identify those that best explain the propensity of an IPENs author in establishing links of collaboration in R&D environments. From the consolidated model, we evaluated how much it explains the structural position of an author on the network based on SNA indicators. In this second part, the data were collected through a survey research using a questionnaire. The results showed that the model explains about 41% of the propensity of an IPEN author in collaborating with others authors, and in relation to the structural position of an author on the network, the explanation power of model ranged between 3% and 3.6%. Other results have shown that collaboration between IPEN authors have a positive correlation with moderate intensity to productivity, in the same way, the most central authors in the network tend to increase its visibility. Finally, several other bibliometric statistical indicators related to R&D collaboration network of IPEN were determined and unveiled, such as the average number of authors per publication, the average of publications by IPEN authors, the total number of publications, the total number of authors, among others. Thus, this work provides a theoretical and empirical contribution to the studies related to scientific collaboration and to the transfer and preservation process of knowledge, as well as various subsidies that contribute to the decision making context in R&D environments.

O plano regional de colonização e os planos estaduais de desenvolvimento que incidiram no norte do estado do Paraná entre o período de 1930 e 1970 são tomados, nesta tese, como objeto de reflexão e como expressão de referências teóricas e discursivas. Ao percorrer as propostas de cunho físico-territorial, esta pesquisa mostra a articulação entre os componentes \"cidade\" e \"região\" derivada da sequência de alterações dos modelos conceituais adotados nos planos. As referências teóricas e conceituais que dão suporte à constituição dos modelos, e que foram identificadas nestes planos, são a cidade-social de Ebenezer Howard e sua versão cidades-satélites; e a concepção de polo de desenvolvimento, baseada nos escritos de François Perroux, e sua variante metrópole de equilíbrio. Do modelo de descentralização da rede de cidades para o modelo de polarização do território, o que se mostrou foi o aumento de importância que a \"cidade\" foi adquirindo como objeto do plano em oposição ao que ocorria com a \"região\" desde o plano inglês de colonização do norte do estado, atingindo o auge com a proposta de construção de uma metrópole linear. O que fica evidente nesta tese é a relatividade dos componentes do plano em relação ao conceito adotado. / The regional colonization plan as well as the State development plans applied to the north of Paraná State (Brazil) between 1930 and 1970 are taken, in this thesis, as objects of reflection and the expression of theoretical and discursive references. By wandering along the territorial proposals, this study shows the articulation between the components \"city\" and \"region\" derived from a sequence of alterations in the conceptual models adopted in the plans. The theoretical and conceptual background that provided support to the constitution of the models, identified in these plans, were Ebenezer Howard\'s social-city and its version satellite towns; and the concept of development pole, based on the writings of François Perroux, and its variant metropolis of equilibrium. From the city network decentralization model to the territorial polarization model, it was possible to observe that the \"city\" became increasingly more important as the object of the plan, in opposition to what happened to the \"region\", since the English plan for the colonization of the north of the State, reaching the height with the proposal to construction of a linear metropolis. What becomes evident from this thesis is the relativity of the components of the plan in relation to the adopted concept.

Le brouillard cause des dangers pour le trafic par la réduction de visibilité. L’amélioration des prévisions du brouillard est donc un objectif scientifique. Cette thèse analyse le cycle de vie des brouillards continentaux autour de Paris, observés par télédétection au sol à l’observatoire atmosphérique SIRTA. La thèse se focalise sur la compréhension des processus en jeu dans la dissipation après le lever du soleil, sous l’hypothèse d’une couche de brouillard adiabatique. Pendant 4 ans, plus de 100 événement de brouillard sont documentés par l’observation de la base du nuage (par télémètre), son sommet et la présence de nuages au-dessus (radar nuage), et le contenu intégré d’eau liquide (LWP) (radiomètre micro-onde (MWR)). La plupart des brouillards se dissipe suite à un soulèvement de la base, sans que tout le nuage s’évapore, et souvent sans une réduction du LWP. Donc, non seulement est la réduction du LWP importante pour la dissipation du brouillard, mais aussi l’évolution de son sommet, qui avec le LWP détermine l’altitude de la base. Des simulations par le modèle LES DALES montrent une sensibilité importante à la stratification au-dessus : en augmentant l’entrainement, une stratification faible au sommet peut accélérer la dissipation par (1) plus de perte d’eau liquide par l’entrainement de l’air non-saturé, et (2) par un développement vertical menant au lever de la base. La variabilité de cette stratification peut être raisonnablement bien observée par le profil de température du MWR. Avant la dissipation du brouillard par lever de la base, le radar observe souvent un max de réflectivité près du sommet, ce qui peut être lié à l’absence de grandes gouttelettes dans les basses couches. Donc, par leur observation du développement du sommet, le LWP, la stratification, et le profil de réflectivité, le radar et le MWR donnent des informations qui peuvent potentiellement anticiper la dissipation du brouillard.Les processus radiatifs sont étudiés avec le code de transfert radiatif ARTDECO. Le refroidissement radiatif au sommet du brouillard peut produire 40–70 g m-2 h-1 d’LWP quand le brouillard est opaque (LWP >= 30 g m-2) (c’est moins pour les brouillards minces) et il n’y a pas de nuage au-dessus. C’est la source principale d’LWP et il peut renouveler le LWP du brouillard en 0.5–2 h. Sa variabilité s’explique principalement par la température du brouillard et le profil d’humidité au-dessus. Les nuages au-dessus du brouillard réduisent fortement la production, en particulier les nuages bas. La perte d’LWP par absorption de rayonnement solaire par le brouillard est 5–15 g m-2 h-1 autour de midi en hiver, dépendant de l’épaisseur du brouillard, mais ça peut augmenter par 100 % quand une quantité importante d’aérosols absorbants est présente (AOD=0.15, SSA=0.82).Nos résultats par simulation LES indiquent que le réchauffement par absorption de rayonnement solaire à la surface est le premier processus de perte d’LWP après le lever du soleil, mais sa magnitude est sensible au rapport de Bowen. Vu son importance, une amélioration de l’observation du rapport de Bowen dans le brouillard devrait être une priorité, car les observations actuelles des flux turbulents ne sont pas suffisamment précises pour quantifier le rapport de Bowen.Un modèle conceptuel pour calculer le bilan du LWP directement à partir des observations est développé. En utilisant 12 paramètres observés et 2 qui viennent d’une réanalyse, il calcule les impacts au LWP par rayonnement, flux de chaleur à la surface, entrainement, subsidence et dépôt. Ce modèle est appliqué à 45 brouillards observés qui se dissipent après le lever du soleil. Une variabilité importante dans le rayonnement, l’entrainement et la subsidence entre les cas est trouvée, qui peut en partie expliquer les différences en heure de dissipation. Tandis que les termes de rayonnement sont plutôt précis, des autres ont des incertitudes importantes et pourront être améliorés dans le futur. / Fog causes hazards to human activity due to the reduction of visibility, especially through the risk of traffic accidents. Improving the forecasts of fog formation and dissipation is therefore an objective for research. This thesis analyses the life cycle of continental fog events occurring in the Paris area, using several ground-based remote sensing instruments deployed at the SIRTA atmospheric observatory. We focus on understanding the dissipation after sunrise and the local processes involved, assuming the fog layer is adiabatic (well-mixed). Over a 4-year period, more than 100 fog events are documented by observing cloud base (ceilometer), cloud top and clouds appearing above the fog (cloud radar), and the liquid water path (LWP) (microwave radiometer (MWR)). Most fog events dissipate by lifting of the base without a complete evaporation of the cloud, and often even without a reduction in LWP. This indicates that not only a reduction in LWP is important for fog dissipation, but also the evolution of the fog top, which together with the LWP determines whether the cloud extends down to the ground. Using the LES model DALES, we find a strong sensitivity of the vertical development of the fog top to the stratification above. By enhancing entrainment, a weak stratification at fog top can lead to earlier fog dissipation by (1) more depletion of LWP by entraining unsaturated air, especially if the air is dry, and (2) vertical development of the fog top leading to lifting of the fog base. The variability of this stratification can be observed reasonably well with the MWR temperature profile. In several cases of dissipation by lifting, the vertical profile of radar reflectivity in the fog has a max value near fog top prior to dissipation, which suggests a lack of bigger droplets in the lower levels of the fog. By observing the cloud top development, the stratification, the LWP and the profile of reflectivity, the radar and MWR provide information that has potential for anticipating fog dissipation by lifting.Radiative processes are studied using the comprehensive radiative transfer code ARTDECO. The radiative cooling at fog top can produce 40–70 g m-2 h-1 of LWP when the fog is opaque (LWP >= 30 g m-2) (production is lower for thin fog) and there are no clouds above. This cooling thus is the main process of LWP production and can renew the fog LWP in 0.5–2 h. Its variability is mainly explained by the fog temperature and the humidity profile above. Clouds above the fog will strongly reduce this production, especially low clouds: a cloud with optical depth 4 can reduce it by 30 (100) % at 10 (2) km. Loss of LWP by absorption of solar radiation by the fog is 5–15 g m-2 h-1 around midday in winter, depending on cloud thickness, but it can be enhanced by 100 % in case of important amounts of absorbing aerosols (dry AOD=0.15, SSA=0.82).Heating due to solar radiation absorbed at the surface is found to be the dominating process of LWP loss after sunrise (according to LES model simulations), but its magnitude is sensitive to the Bowen ratio. However, observations of the turbulent heat fluxes during fog are not precise enough to quantify the Bowen ratio. The importance of the Bowen ratio means that improvements of its measurement during fog should be a priority.A conceptual model which calculates the LWP budget of fog directly from observations is developed. Using 12 observed parameters and 2 from reanalysis data, it calculates the impact on LWP of terrestrial and solar radiation, surface heat fluxes, entrainment, subsidence and deposition. It is applied to 45 observed fog events dissipating after sunrise. An important variability in radiation, entrainment and subsidence between the cases is found, which can partly explain the different dissipation times. While the terms of radiation are rather robust, several other terms suffer from significant uncertainties, leaving room for improvements in the future.

A globalização da economia, com a queda das barreiras comerciais e a abertura dos mercados nacionais, tem produzido forte impacto nas estruturas de produção locais gerando ameaças e oportunidades para as pequenas e médias empresas, exigindo destas uma estratégia para inserção na nova economia. O fenômeno da localização, com o surgimento de aglomerações de empresas de um mesmo setor de especialização, os chamados arranjos produtivos locais, tem propiciado às pequenas e médias empresas uma importante estratégia de sobrevivência e de inserção no mercado globalizado. Existem na literatura diversos estudos sobre arranjos produtivos locais. Parte significativa dos estudos empíricos sobre o tema focam, com base em análise quantitativa (grau de especialização regional, índice de concentração em setores industriais, numero de empregados no setor etc.), no potencial de uma aglomeração empresarial de um setor, em uma região específica, de se tornar um arranjo produtivo. Em contraste, existem poucos estudos que busquem compreender a natureza do fenômeno, identificando seus principais fatores direcionadores, as inter-relações entre eles, seus padrões e sua dinâmica de desenvolvimento e de como os agentes locais podem planejar e realizar sua gestão. Existe, portanto, a necessidade de se aprofundar estudos que eliminem essas deficiências e que permitam a construção de um modelo conceitual que contribua para o desenvolvimento e a consolidação dos arranjos produtivos locais. Este é o objetivo do presente trabalho, realizar uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa que com base em revisão teórica e entrevistas com gestores de arranjos produtivos, aprofunde os conhecimentos do fenômeno dos arranjos produtivos buscando identificar os fatores determinantes para o seu surgimento e para sua dinâmica de desenvolvimento. A partir desses conhecimentos construir um modelo conceitual que permita sistematizar os processos de planejamento, aprendizado, implementação e de gestão, enfim, contribua para o desenvolvimento e a consolidação de arranjos produtivos locais emergentes. / The globalization of the economy, the progressive elimination of barriers to trade and the opening of national markets, have produced a strong impact on the local production structures, carrying out threats and opportunities to small and medium companies demanding of them an strategy that insert them in the new economy. The emerge of conglomeration of companies of the same sector of specialization, so called local productive arrangements, has propitiate to the small and medium companies an important insertion strategy in the global market. Indeed, this kind of industrial/regional organization has become an important piece in the implementation of industrial, regional and technological policies to respond to increasingly open markets. There are in the literature many studies on local productive arrangements. Accordingly, a significant part of empirical studies on this subject has been focused on the potential of a sector, in a specific region, to become a local productive arrangement based on quantitative analysis (regional specialization, index of concentration in industrial sectors, number of employees in sector etc.). In contrast, there are few studies that try to understand the nature of the phenomena, its startup?s main drivers factors, the pattern of development of these arrangements and how the local stakeholders could plan and manager them. Taking this into account, it is necessary to develop conceptual models that are able to overcome this deficiency. A combination of quantitative and qualitative analysis is therefore appropriate to identify the most competitive industries and their internal interrelationships. Qualitative analysis such as interviews with local leaders for instance are required to understand interactions and relationships identified through quantitative tools. Beyond the actual findings obtained, analysis can also help identify the most suitable policy targets as well as benchmarks for the evaluation of subsequent arrangement?s plan and management of its performance. This is the aim of this paper, an exploratory research based on theory review, case studies and interviews with local stakeholders propose a conceptual model to plan and to manager the phenomena of local productive arrangements. The greatest benefit of the conceptual model is thus its capacity to give regional economic development policy and sometimes fragmented organizations and plan areas a unifying focus.

Entidades humanitárias, organizações privadas e governos atuam constantemente no atendimento a vítimas de desastres que aumentam continuamente e atingem milhares de pessoas todos os anos. O objetivo da presente pesquisa é analisar os mecanismos de coordenação e as formas de colaboração na cadeia de suprimentos humanitária. Para tanto, foi realizado o levantamento e análise do referencial teórico para se permitir a caracterização dos cenários de desastres; a identificação e compreensão dos desafios de gerenciamento da cadeia de suprimentos humanitária; a identificação dos indicadores de desempenho inerentes à gestão desta cadeia específica; os mecanismos de colaboração existentes e utilizados; e a importância de simuladores organizacionais para análise da tomada de decisão e dos jogos de empresa para vivências. A partir da análise do referencial teórico, foi desenvolvido um esquema conceitual simplificado dos mecanismos de coordenação descentralizado e centralizado, incluindo a análise dos stakeholders envolvidos (agentes humanitários locais, agentes humanitários coordenadores, beneficiários e prestadores de serviço de armazenagem, transporte e aquisição), das decisões tomadas por cada um, das etapas logísticas e dos indicadores importantes para garantir o atendimento dos beneficiários. A partir do desenvolvimento do esquema conceitual simplificado dos mecanismos de coordenação, foi desenvolvido um modelo conceitual de simulador logístico humanitário, tendo como objetivo permitir a análise das operações logísticas em cenários de desastres e para servir como base para desenvolvimento futuro de um simulador matemático para análise da tomada de decisão. Por fim, foi desenvolvida uma proposta de jogo logístico humanitário para permitir a vivência da tomada de decisão em cenários de desastres. Para validação do esquema conceitual simplificado, do modelo conceitual de simulador e da proposta de jogo humanitário, estes foram aplicados a dois estudos de caso relacionados ao combate à fome na África (UNICEF Plumpy\'Nuts) e no Brasil (Bancos de Alimentos). / Humanitarian entities, private organizations and governments operate constantly to attempt victims of disasters, that increases continuously and affect thousands of people every year. The objective of this research is to analyze the coordination mechanisms and modes of cooperation in the humanitarian supply chain. For this purpose, a survey and an analysis of the theoretical framework were performed to characterize scenarios of disasters, an identification and understanding of the management challenges on a humanitarian supply chain, an identification of performance indicators related to the management of this particular chain, mechanisms available and organizational collaboration used, besides the importance of simulators and business games to analyze decision making and to experiences. With this analysis, a simplified conceptual draft of decentralized and centralized coordination mechanisms was developed, including an analyses of the stakeholders involved (local humanitarian agents, coordination of humanitarian agents, beneficiaries, along with providers of warehousing, transport and acquisition), the decisions for which each one, logistics steps and main performance indicators to guarantee the aid to beneficiaries. As from a simplified conceptual scheme of coordination mechanisms, a conceptual model of humanitarian logistics simulator was developed to analyze logistic operations in disaster scenarios and to use as a base to the future development of a mathematic simulator to decision-making analysis. Lastly, a proposal of a humanitarian logistics game was developed to allow experiences in disaster scenarios. For validating the simplified conceptual scheme, the conceptual model of a simulator and the proposal of a humanitarian logistic game, it was applied to two case studies regarding fighting hunger in Africa (UNICEF Plumpy\'Nuts) and in Brazil (Bancos de Alimentos).

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2017-11-23T13:50:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 HedvanPinto.pdf: 2328772 bytes, checksum: d8b425eaee2ff4849509ead942f907ee (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T13:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HedvanPinto.pdf: 2328772 bytes, checksum: d8b425eaee2ff4849509ead942f907ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / Nowadays, tablet and smartphones are commonly used by children for both entertainment and education. Interactive e-book for mobile devices offer a enhanced experience when compared to traditional books, being potentially more engaging and fun for readers. However, to explore the most interesting features in these environments, authors have scarce support. In the sense that there are not many high level support tools and that these features are usually only accessible programmatically. In this work, we intend to extract as main characteristics of interactive e-books and propose a model called Fábulas that allow authors to create declarative interactive e-books. The model was designed based on a systematic analysis of interactive e-books, authoring tools and authoring languages for multimedia applications. In addition, this dissertation presents a case study for an implementation of Fábulas for web browsers with Javascript and HTML and for a SceneSync language. / Hoje em dia, os tablets e smartphones são comumente usados por crianças tanto para entretenimento quanto para educação. E-books interativos em dispositivos móveis permitem uma experiência mais rica quando comparada com livros tradicionais, sendo potencialmente mais envolvente e divertido para os leitores. Contudo, para explorar os recursos mais interessantes nesses ambientes, os autores têm pouco suporte. No sentido de que não existem muitas ferramentas de apoio de nível elevado e que estas funcionalidades são normalmente acessíveis apenas através de programação. Neste trabalho, retendemos extrair as principais características de e-books interativos e propor um modelo chamadoFábulas que permite aos autores criarem e-books interativos declarativamente. O modelo foi concebido tomando como ponto de partida uma análise sistemática de e-books interativos, ferramentas de autoria e linguagens de autoria para aplicações multimídia. Além disso, esta dissertação apresenta um estudo de caso para a implementação de Fábulas para navegadores web com Javascript e HTML e para a linguagem SceneSync.

O plano regional de colonização e os planos estaduais de desenvolvimento que incidiram no norte do estado do Paraná entre o período de 1930 e 1970 são tomados, nesta tese, como objeto de reflexão e como expressão de referências teóricas e discursivas. Ao percorrer as propostas de cunho físico-territorial, esta pesquisa mostra a articulação entre os componentes \"cidade\" e \"região\" derivada da sequência de alterações dos modelos conceituais adotados nos planos. As referências teóricas e conceituais que dão suporte à constituição dos modelos, e que foram identificadas nestes planos, são a cidade-social de Ebenezer Howard e sua versão cidades-satélites; e a concepção de polo de desenvolvimento, baseada nos escritos de François Perroux, e sua variante metrópole de equilíbrio. Do modelo de descentralização da rede de cidades para o modelo de polarização do território, o que se mostrou foi o aumento de importância que a \"cidade\" foi adquirindo como objeto do plano em oposição ao que ocorria com a \"região\" desde o plano inglês de colonização do norte do estado, atingindo o auge com a proposta de construção de uma metrópole linear. O que fica evidente nesta tese é a relatividade dos componentes do plano em relação ao conceito adotado. / The regional colonization plan as well as the State development plans applied to the north of Paraná State (Brazil) between 1930 and 1970 are taken, in this thesis, as objects of reflection and the expression of theoretical and discursive references. By wandering along the territorial proposals, this study shows the articulation between the components \"city\" and \"region\" derived from a sequence of alterations in the conceptual models adopted in the plans. The theoretical and conceptual background that provided support to the constitution of the models, identified in these plans, were Ebenezer Howard\'s social-city and its version satellite towns; and the concept of development pole, based on the writings of François Perroux, and its variant metropolis of equilibrium. From the city network decentralization model to the territorial polarization model, it was possible to observe that the \"city\" became increasingly more important as the object of the plan, in opposition to what happened to the \"region\", since the English plan for the colonization of the north of the State, reaching the height with the proposal to construction of a linear metropolis. What becomes evident from this thesis is the relativity of the components of the plan in relation to the adopted concept.

A corpus of terms for human beings collected from 18th century novels is studied from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. A summary of recent linguistic theories and a survey of 18th century culture and society are provided as background. The basic assumption is that the meaning of words is dependent on human beings and their society and that shifts in meaning are linked to changes in attitudes, culture and social structure. Terms used for men and women therefore mirror the concepts of 'male' and 'female' in a society. Gender differences found in various semantic fields are presented and discussed. Prototypes for certain terms are suggested by means of frame analysis. Sense developments are traced and related to societal changes. Differences in male and female usage are discussed. The findings are analyzed in terms of the following contrasts within the concepts of 'male' and 'female': spirit/matter; power/dependency; active/passive; varied/limited. / digitalisering@umu

Chromium is used in many processing applications, which has led to the formation of chromium(VI) waste. Cr(VI) is an unstable, mobile carcinogen, which is interchangeable with Cr(III) under certain environmental conditions. Management of this waste, however, is often not considered. Mine under investigation is an example of such historic mismanagement. During the second World War, Cr(VI) waste was transferred to the study site from areas where leather products were made for the war effort. This waste was not managed appropriately in the past and with time Cr(VI) leached into the groundwater and possibly surface water resources. As these water resources are used for domestic and agricultural water supply, this may have serious effects on the human and environmental health in the area. Some of the major Cr(VI) effects on human and animal health include malignant tumours, skin irritation, respiratory and reproductive system damage. Lung cancer is of concern when Cr(VI) is inhaled and stomach tumours occur when this chemical pollutant is ingested. The effects of Cr(VI) on plants include the disruption of shoot and root elongation, and if it accumulates enough within the plant can cause ingested health problems for humans and animals. Water quality guidelines state that the Target Water Quality Range for Cr(VI) in drinking water should not exceed 0.05 mg/L. Prolonged exposure of values higher than this target value has adverse health effects and may result in cancer. The study site has a scarcity in water sources and therefore requires good quality water resources. This study aims to identify and use biomarkers to assist in the hydrological characterization of the mine. Available mitigation options can be implemented once it is known how the water in the area moves and distributes Cr(VI) pollution. A biomarker is an indicator of a biological state, which in turn can be used to assist in characterizing the chemical conditions of the sub-surface. Bacteria can aid as environmental biomarkers as they are sensitive and specific to the environmental conditions in which they flourish. In this way they give a good indication of the environmental condition and any possible pollution. Due to the fact that ground- and surface water are integrated resources, it is likely that if one is impacted by pollution, it will indirectly impact the other one. Therefore, the biomarkers identified can be used to characterize water pollutants that are present in ground- and some surface water resources. A description of the study site is provided, wherein the climate, elevation, geology, land use, geohydrology, hydrochemistry and surface water are documented. These factors help to identify and clarify the sources and pathways that water and the pollution would follow. Ten water samples, from surface and groundwater, were obtained in two separate sampling opportunities. The first analysis of the water samples included the determination of the chemical constituents. Two of these constituents analyzed were the total Cr and individual Cr(VI) levels. Six water samples had excessively high Cr values (exceeding the Water Quality Target Range of drinking water and water agricultural use). These values ranged from 0.1 – 3.9 mg/L. The 6 samples with excessive Cr(VI) values were used for the microbial analyses. The microbial analyses consisted of DAPI (4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole ) staining, for cell enumeration, and molecular analyses. The molecular analyses included polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing applications concluded in the laboratory. Fifteen bands, representing different organisms, were removed from the DGGE polyacrylamide gel and processed for sequencing. The organisms that were present in the sample were uncultured Cyanobacterium, Sediminibacterium salmoneum, uncultured Bacteroidetes bacterium, uncultured betaproteobacterium, uncultured actinobacterium, uncultured Rhodocyclaceae, uncultured Chloroflexi bacterium and uncultured delta-proteobacterium. According to literature most of these organisms may adapt the ability to either reduce Cr(VI) or resist any effect of Cr(VI) in the environment. Two of the bands were highly unidentified organisms, which means that these organisms have not yet been cultured or identified in any sense. The reason for this is that most microorganisms have not yet been documented. This also makes it difficult to identify the exact bacterial strain present within the samples. The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences of the different organisms were very different from each other, when compared by a dendrogram. This means that there was a diverse community present within the samples. Electrical conductivity profiles were conducted in the monitoring boreholes to identify possible fracture positions. The total chromium and chromium(VI) levels were documented and compared. Other chemical factors were analysed and those of high value, such as chloride, nitrate and chromium measurements, were used for statistical analyses and comparison with the biomarkers present in the sample. A positive correlation was found between the sample sites and the organisms present within each. It was noted that different communities have different metabolic activities related to susceptibility and will therefore differ under specific environmental conditions. The microorganisms that were present in the 6 water samples all have the ability to either resist or reduce Cr(VI). This means that in Cr(VI) polluted areas they are more likely to flourish than organisms that do not possess this ability. Such susceptible, non-resistant organisms would otherwise occur naturally in a non-polluted environment. From the obtained results it was noted that microorganisms could aid as biomarkers when determining the environmental condition (with respect to Cr(VI) pollution). The bacteria analysed in the samples all indicate a level of chromium pollution, and aided in the determination of pollution sources. These biomarkers can therefore be used to determine the location of other chromium deposits not yet located. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013