In recent years the use of carbon fiber reinforcing polymers (CFRP) to repair damaged structural components has become more accepted and practiced. However, the current reference for designing FRP systems to repair and strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) and prestressed concrete (PSC) girders has limitations. Similarly, very few resources address solutions for the debonding problem associated with CFRP laminates or the use of CFRP laminates to repair structural members with pre-existing damage. The included experimental program consists of testing both RC and PSC girders with simulated lateral damage and CFRP repairs. A total of 34 RC beams were statically tested under a 4-point loading until failure and had cross-section dimensions of 5” x 10” (14cm x 25.4cm), were 8’ long (2.44m), and were reinforced with either #3 or #4 mild steel rebar. 13 PSC girders having cross-section dimensions representing a half-scaled AASHTO type II shape, were 20’ long (6.1m), and were prestressed with five 7/16” (11.1mm) diameter low-lax 7-wire strands. Ten of the PSC girders were statically loaded until failure under a 4-point testing setup, but 3 PSC girders were dynamically tested under fatigue loading using a 3-point arrangement. Different configurations of CFRP laminates, number and spacing of CFRP transverse U-wraps, and amount of longitudinal CFRP layers are studied. The results present the flexural behavior of all specimen including load-deflection characteristics, strain characteristics, and modes of failure. Ultimately, results are used to recommend important considerations, needed criteria, and proper design procedures for a safe and optimized CFRP repair configuration.

The scope of this diploma thesis is design and processing of the project documentation of the guesthouse along with coffee shop. The proposed object of this thesis is located in the village Čeladná next to the golf course Prosper Golf Resort Čeladná, in the location designated for mixed constructions. One of the double-storeyed, non-cellular object with roofed surface and steep roof. The object is based on the base stripes made of plain concrete and on the reinforced concrete flaps. Carrying, perihepral and dividing walls are designed on the Velox systém. The same systém was used to design roof constructions. In the rooms with excessive width are filled with reinforced concrete columns. Part of the guesthouse and second floor of the coffee shop is designed with ventilated facade with wood paneling ThermoWood. The object is divided in two parts with common entrance section. One part of the coffee shop has ability to handle capacity of 70 guests. Part of the double-storeyed coffee shop is hygienic facilities, kitchen, room for employees, warehouse and mechanical ventilation. Second part of the object is the guesthouse with flat of the manager of the guesthouse. The guesthouse consists of room with hygienic facilities for 18 people, including barrier-free room. The rooms are divided in the first floor on separate units, the rooms with hygienic facilities and the apartments in the second floor has two rooms, kitchen and hygienic facilities. For the next parts of the guesthouse is warehouse clean and dirty laundry and shared kitchen. The whole first floor is designed as barrier-free. In front of the object is the parking lot for 21 cars, which 3 of the parking places are for the cars of the disabled.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the time-dependent behavior of a new kind of composite railway bridge deck composed by two precambered and prestressed beams. The method used until now to design these bridge decks is a simple classical computation method with a variable modular ratio. They have been placed only with simply supported spans up to 26 m.<p>It is now considered to apply this construction method for the building of continuous bridges (with larger spans) by connecting simply supported decks on their supports. It is known that this kind of construction will induce an additional and strong time-dependent redistribution of internal forces within the structure. It was felt that an in-depth understanding of the influence of the concrete time-dependent effects in this kind of composite structures is needed before proceeding with the design of statically indeterminate bridges. Two cross-section analysis programs applying the principle of superposition were developed: the first used the age adjusted effective modulus method and the second the step-by-step method. However, it is known that the delayed behavior of concrete does not fully comply with the principle of superposition. It appears that after a period of compression creep, creep recovery is significantly less than predicted by the superposition principle. In the construction phases of this bridge deck, the concrete fibers belonging to the bottom side of prestressed beams undergo a stress/strain history of significant unloading when the permanent loads are applied step-by-step. Moreover, these methods assume that the relative humidity remains constant. Finally, a lot of bridge decks are heated in order to transfer the prestressing as soon as possible. To evaluate more finely the time-dependent effects of concrete in such composite (and rather complex) structures with variable loading history, several steps have been carried out: <p>-Analysis of the influence of the heat treatment applied in the workshop and the level of applied stress on the creep and the shrinkage of the concrete.<p>-Analysis of the recovery phenomenon of the concrete resulting in the selection of the two-function method with the recovery function proposed by Yue and Taerwe.<p>-Development of a cross-section analysis program applying the two-function method to take into account more finely the recovery phenomenon, what resulted in a optimization of the phases of construction of the bridge decks by decreasing the minimum age of concrete before prestressing from 40 hours to 20 hours. <p>-Development of a structural analysis program with beam finite elements and applying the two-function method,what has resulted in an optimization of the phases of construction of continuous bridges composed by the junction of two bridge decks. <p>-Proposition of a modelling based on the understanding of the physico-chemical phenomenona which are at the origin of the delayed effects and coupled to a local analysis of the evolution of the degree of hydration and the internal relative humidity in order to take into account the changes of the boundaries conditions in terms of heat and moisture exchanges occurring along the construction history of the bridge decks in the evaluation of their long-term behavior. For each component of the delayed strains (the thermal strain, the autogenous shrinkage, the desiccation shrinkage, the desiccation creep, the basic creep), a modelling has been proposed.<p>-Development of a cross-section analysis program based on the numerically stable algorithm with increasing time steps for integral-type aging creep proposed by Bažant and including the different components of the delayed effects according to the proposed modelling.<p>The results seem to be very promising since it was possible to reproduce in a more realistic way the evolutions of the measured strains of the composite railway bridge deck instrumented in June 2000 and situated near Brussels South Station. <p><p><p>L’objectif de cette thèse est de prédire le comportement à long terme de structure mixte type pont-bac composée de poutres préfléchies, précontraintes et construites par phases. A l’heure actuelle, ils sont dimensionnés à l’état limite de service par une méthode traditionnelle pseudo-élastique avec un coefficient d’équivalence acier-béton variable. Il est envisagé d’étendre ce type de construction à la réalisation de viaducs hyperstatiques permettant de franchir de plus grandes portées en établissant une continuité entre deux travées au droit de leur support commun. Il est connu que ce type de construction induit une importante redistribution des efforts internes dans la structure. Il est donc indispensable d’évaluer très finement l’influence des effets différés du béton sur ce type de construction. Deux programmes généraux d’analyse de section basés sur la méthode du module effectif ajusté et la méthode pas-à-pas ont tout d’abord été développés. Ces méthodes appliquent le principe de superposition. Des limitations propres à ces méthodes ont été relevées pour des historiques où le béton subit plusieurs déchargements significatifs par rapport à son état de contrainte initial juste après le transfert de la précontrainte. Ces méthodes ont aussi l’inconvénient de supposer une humidité relative constante. Enfin,pour pouvoir être mis en précontrainte le plus tôt possible, les ponts-bacs sont chauffés. Les caractéristiques de retrait et de fluage s’écartent de celles déterminées en laboratoire sur des éprouvettes conservées à 20°C. Pour lever les limitations des méthodes classiques et évaluer plus finement l’état de contrainte et de déformation à long terme dans ce type de structure, plusieurs étapes ont été effectuées :<p>-Analyse de l’influence d’un traitement thermique appliqué dans les mêmes conditions que celles effectuées chez le préfabricant ainsi que du niveau de contrainte appliqué sur les déformations différées du béton. <p>-Analyse de l’influence de l’application de déchargements à des âges divers sur les éprouvettes de béton permettant de mettre en évidence le fait que la méthode dite aux deux fonctions avec la fonction de recouvrance proposée par Yue et Taerwe reproduit la plupart des résultats expérimentaux de manière très satisfaisante.<p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse en section suivant la méthode pas-à-pas étendu à la méthode aux deux fonctions afin de mieux tenir compte de la recouvrance, ce qui a permis d’optimiser les phases de préfabrication des ponts-bacs en changeant l’instant de mise en précontrainte. Les simulations ont montré que si le béton du pont-bac est chauffé, la mise en précontrainte peut s’effectuer à 20 heures d’âge du béton. <p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse de structure au moyen d’éléments finis de type poutre et dont l’algorithme de résolution applique la méthode aux deux fonctions, ce qui a permis d’optimiser les phases de construction de viaducs hyperstatiques constitués par la jonction de deux ponts-bacs. <p>-Proposition d’une modélisation fondée sur la compréhension des phénomènes physico-chimiques à l’origine des effets différés et couplée à une étude locale de l’évolution du degré d’hydratation et de la teneur en eau permettant de tenir compte des changements de conditions aux limites en terme d’échange de chaleur et d’humidité qui ont lieu au cours de l’histoire des ponts-bacs dans l’évaluation de leur comportement à long terme. Pour chaque composante des déformations différées (le retrait thermique, le retrait endogène, le retrait et le fluage de dessiccation, le fluage fondamental), une modélisation a été proposée.<p>-Développement d’un programme d’analyse de section basé sur une approche incrémentale avec l’algorithme récursif et exponentiel proposé par Bažant et dans lequel les composantes des effets différés ont été intégrées suivant la modélisation proposée. <p>Les résultats sont encourageants car ils ont permis de reproduire de manière beaucoup plus réaliste les évolutions des déformations mesurées dans le pont-bac instrumenté à Bruxelles. <p> / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

[ES] El hormigón es el material estructural más empleado en la construcción a nivel mundial debido a su resiliencia, versatilidad y rentabilidad. Sin embargo, su baja resistencia a la tracción provoca frecuentemente fisuras en servicio, que permiten la penetración de sustancias nocivas del entorno. Esto genera pérdida de integridad estructural y una reducción de la vida útil. El deterioro suele originarse por la corrosión de las armaduras embebidas, lo que conlleva una disminución de la sección del refuerzo, pérdida de adherencia y desprendimiento del recubrimiento de hormigón, resultando en deterioro prematuro y fallos estructurales. El autosanado del hormigón ha sido ampliamente investigado en las últimas décadas. Aunque el hormigón tiene una capacidad natural para reparar pequeñas fisuras (autosanado autógeno), esta puede mejorarse añadiendo agentes de autosanado capaces de cerrar fisuras mayores. Entre los agentes más estudiados se incluyen bacterias, aditivos cristalinos, polímeros superabsorbentes y sistemas de encapsulación como microcápsulas, macrocápsulas y redes vasculares. Algunos de estos sistemas están disponibles comercialmente, mientras que otros están en desarrollo. Los mecanismos principales de autosanado se basan en la producción de carbonato de calcio y en el transporte de compuestos reparadores a las fisuras. Aunque numerosos estudios han evaluado estos agentes a escala de laboratorio, su efectividad en elementos estructurales a escala industrial sigue siendo limitada. La transición a estructuras reales es crucial, ya que estas enfrentan condiciones más complejas de carga y exposición ambiental. Este estudio busca cerrar estas brechas abordando los siguientes objetivos: 1. Demostrar la escalabilidad del hormigón autosanado desde muestras de laboratorio hasta vigas a escala industrial. 2. Analizar la fisuración en elementos estructurales con autosanado bajo cargas según normas de diseño. 3. Evaluar la penetración de cloruros y la protección frente a la corrosión en elementos fisurados. 4. Modificar los modelos de vida útil para hormigones fisurados con funcionalidad autosanadora. Se investigaron tres tipos de hormigón: convencional (~50 MPa), de alta resistencia (~70 MPa) y de ultra-alta resistencia reforzado con fibras (~145 MPa). Se añadieron agentes autosanadores (bacterias encapsuladas y aditivos cristalinos) en vigas de 4 metros de longitud, diseñadas con fisuras controladas de 50 µm, 100 µm y 300 µm, refuerzos de 16 mm y recubrimientos de 20 mm y 30 mm. El análisis de fisuración, realizado según códigos como Eurocódigo, ACI y el Modelo 2010, mostró que los agentes de autosanado aumentaron ligeramente la resistencia a compresión y redujeron marginalmente la resistencia a flexión, sin cambios significativos en el tamaño, patrón u orientación de las fisuras. Los modelos teóricos no replicaron de manera precisa los escenarios de fisuración observados experimentalmente, incluso tras ajustar los cálculos para incluir efectos de rigidez por tensión y endurecimiento por fibras. Se evaluó la corrosión de las armaduras mediante potencial de media celda (HCP), mostrando que los niveles de fisuración aumentaron los valores negativos de HCP durante los primeros seis meses, aunque esta influencia disminuyó con el tiempo. En entornos simulados marinos, los agentes autosanadores mejoraron la resistencia del hormigón a la penetración de cloruros. Aunque la fisuración amplificó el ingreso de cloruros, no se encontró una relación clara entre las características de las fisuras y la intensidad de la penetración. Si bien los agentes de autosanado no afectaron significativamente el comportamiento estructural, sí mejoraron notablemente la durabilidad frente a la corrosión, extendiendo la vida útil de las estructuras. / [CA] El formigó és el material estructural més utilitzat a escala mundial gràcies a la seva versatilitat, resistència ambiental i rendiment. Tot i així, la seva baixa resistència a la tracció pot provocar esquerdes en condicions de servei, permetent la penetració de substàncies nocives que causen corrosió a les armadures i redueixen la vida útil de les estructures. La corrosió genera efectes com la disminució de la secció de les barres de reforç, pèrdua d'adherència i deteriorament estructural. Per abordar aquests problemes, s'han investigat les capacitats d'autosanació del formigó, que inclouen l'ús d'agents externs com bacteris, additius cristal·lins, polímers i encapsulaments (microcàpsules, macrocàpsules, xarxes vasculars). Tot i l'avenç en laboratoris, hi ha poca informació sobre l'eficàcia d'aquests agents en elements a escala industrial, especialment en estructures sotmeses a càrregues complexes i entorns agressius. Aquest estudi té com a objectius principals: 1. Validar l'escalabilitat del formigó autosanant des de mostres de laboratori fins a vigues industrials. 2. Analitzar el comportament de les esquerdes sota diverses càrregues. 3. Avaluar la protecció contra la corrosió en vigues amb funcionalitat d'autoreparació. 4. Refinar els models de predicció de vida útil per a elements danyats amb capacitat d'autosanació. S'han provat tres tipus de formigons (convencional, alta resistència i ultra alta resistència amb fibres) incorporant agents autosanadors (bacteris i additiu cristal·lí) en vigues de 4 metres sotmeses a fissures controlades (50 µm, 100 µm i 300 µm). Les proves inclouen l'avaluació de fisures mitjançant codis de disseny com l'Eurocodi i el Model Code 2010, proves de durabilitat com la penetració de clorurs, i l'anàlisi de la corrosió de les armadures. Els resultats mostren que els agents autosanadors milloren la resistència a la compressió i redueixen lleugerament la resistència a la flexió, però tenen un impacte mínim en la resistència estructural general. Els codis de disseny actuals no prediuen adequadament el comportament de les esquerdes, especialment en formigons d'ultra alta resistència amb fibres, on es recomana considerar la rigidesa a tracció i l'efecte de les fibres per millorar les prediccions teòriques. L'anàlisi no destructiva de la corrosió revela que el tipus de formigó i agent autosanador influeixen en la progressió de la corrosió. Els valors de potencial més negatius es correlacionen amb un major risc de corrosió inicialment, especialment en formigons d'alta resistència, tot i que aquesta tendència disminueix amb el temps. Finalment, els agents autosanadors redueixen significativament la penetració de clorurs en ambients agressius, millorant la durabilitat de les estructures fissurades, però sense alterar de manera significativa l'estructura global del formigó. / [EN] Concrete is the most widely used structural material globally due to its resilience, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. However, its low tensile strength often leads to cracks during service, which allow harmful substances to penetrate, causing structural integrity loss and reduced service life. These issues are primarily due to the corrosion of embedded reinforcement, leading to reduced rebar cross-sections, bonding loss, and spalling of the concrete cover, ultimately resulting in premature deterioration and potential structural failure. To address these issues, self-healing functionalities in concrete have been extensively studied. Concrete naturally exhibits autogenous healing, which can be enhanced by incorporating external self-healing agents to repair larger cracks. Agents such as bacteria, crystalline admixtures, superabsorbent polymers, and encapsulations (e.g., microcapsules, macrocapsules, vascular networks) have been explored. While some are commercially available, others are still under development. These agents primarily work by precipitating calcium carbonate or transporting repair compounds to cracks. Most studies on self-healing concrete have focused on laboratory-scale evaluations, with limited research on full-scale industrial components. Scaling up this technology is critical because real-world structures face complex stresses, loading conditions, and aggressive environments, which laboratory conditions cannot fully replicate. This study addresses knowledge gaps by: 1. Demonstrating scalability from lab-scale specimens to industrial-scale beams. 2. Analyzing cracking in structural elements with self-healing capabilities under different loading conditions. 3. Assessing chloride ingress and rebar corrosion protection in cracked self-healing concrete. 4. Refining service life modeling for cracked concrete with self-healing functionality. Three types of concrete were investigated: Ordinary Concrete (~50 MPa), High Strength Concrete (~70 MPa), and Ultra High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (~145 MPa). Two self-healing agents (encapsulated bacteria and crystalline admixture) were incorporated into the concrete mix. Four-meter-long beams were designed with 16 mm diameter reinforcement bars, 20 mm and 30 mm concrete covers, and cracked at levels of 50 µm, 100 µm, and 300 µm. Cracking behavior was analyzed using design codes such as Eurocode, ACI, and Model Code 2010. Durability was tested through accelerated chloride migration and diffusion tests on cracked and uncracked samples, with results used to evaluate service life in simulated marine environments. Key findings include: - Self-healing agents marginally increased compressive strength and slightly reduced flexural strength but had minimal impact on cracking size, pattern, and orientation. - Design codes, based on simplified models, inadequately predicted complex cracking scenarios. Adjustments accounting for tension stiffening and fiber effects in ultra-high-performance concrete led to significant deviations between theoretical and experimental results. - Non-destructive corrosion analysis revealed that corrosion progression depended on concrete quality and self-healing agent type. Cracks correlated with more negative half-cell potential (HCP) values during initial exposure, although this effect diminished over time. - Self-healing agents significantly improved resistance to chloride ingress, particularly in cracked specimens, without notably affecting structural cracking behavior. Overall, the study highlights the potential of self-healing agents to enhance durability by mitigating chloride ingress and extending service life, while structural response remains largely unchanged. This research provides critical insights into the application of self-healing technologies in industrial-scale concrete structures. / Dabral, K. (2025). Integration of Self-Healing Functionalities in Structural Design for Serviceability of Concrete Structures under Marine Exposure [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/214447

The diploma thesis processes project documentation in the stage of construction for modernization of an apartment house near the center on the street Vlhká 22 in Brno. The building is divided into four residential floors and nonresidential basement and attic. On the first floor there are two residential units and the other four residential units. The foundation structures are made of solid bricks. The vertical load-bearing and non-load-bearing structures are also made of solid bricks. Exceptionally drywall partitions. In the basement, the ceiling structures are made of brick barrel vaults, above the above-ground floors there are wooden beamed ceilings. The roof structure of the building is made of purlin system with standing stool and covering of ceramic roof tiles. Three additional housing units will be built in the attic. In the basement, the masonry will be undercut by a chain saw, partly by pressure grouting and partly by a new layer with a waterproofing layer. All wood-beamed ceilings will be replaced with prefabricated ceiling beams with aerated concrete inserts without overhead slab. The garden part of the building will be insulated with mineral wool. The roof structure will be constructed from the street side as a shed roof and in the garden part a flat roof with a gradient layer of expanded polystyrene thermal insulation and a waterproofing layer of thermoplastic poleolefin.