Den svenska befolkningen har pratat om att äga sin lägenhet i över 150 år, något som kom att bli verkliget i Sverige den 1 maj 2009 då ägarlägenheter inrättades som boendeform. Boendeformen finns redan i andra Europeiska länder så som Belgien, Norge och Holland och har etablerats i Sverige. På tre år har media övervakat upprättad byggnation av ägarlägenheter där skilda åsikter framkommit av intressenter, byggherrar och banker. Det är dessa åsikter som undersökts och ligger till grund för antalet ägarlägenheter som byggts i landet. Det är viktigt att titta på vilka boendeformer som finns i landet idag och hur dessa förhåller sig till varandra. Då bostadsrätter är den boendeform som mest liknar garlägenheter har juridiska skillnader presenterats mellan dessa. Den största skillnaden utgör nyttjanderätt till en lägenhet som ägas utav en bostadsrättsförening och äganderätt i ägarlägenheter. Det finns således inte en förening i ägarlägenheter som bestämmer, utan det gör ägaren fritt. En ägarlägenhet är en fastighet som kan lagfaras, pantsättas och överlåtas fritt utan inskränkningsanspråk. Studien visar att det som påverkar etableringen av ägarlägenheter i Sverige är befolkningens samt bankernas intresse. Eftersom boendeformen inte funnits länge i landet finns oro bland intressenter och banker om finansieringen av en sådan lägenhet. En ägarlägenhet är svår att värdera då det inte finns någon marknad att jämföra med. Lånelöften är svåra för köpare och byggherrar att få beviljade, något som bromsar utvecklingen av att ägarlägenheter byggs och säljs. Byggföretag ser potential i att bygga nya ägarlägenheter, även om det är tufft att övertala banker och försäkringsbolag med finansieringen. Vid nyproduktion kommer den färdiga lägenheterna att kosta mer än en bostadsrätt, både att bygga och att köpa. För att byggföretaget skall gå med vinst blir ägarlägenheten dyrare att köpa än en bostadsrätt

Th.--Droit--Paris, 1970. / Bibliogr. p. 215-220.

This research examines representations of condominiums in the real estate section of the Toronto Star from 1967 through 1997, and in the Star’s Condo Living section between 1997 and 2007. I depart from conventional approaches by evaluating the articles as well as the advertisements that comprise the real estate section, based on the assumption that the context in which these texts appear is significant: a major newspaper is not a neutral vehicle, and ads and articles—consumed together, as they are in a print newspaper—will interact in creating representations of condominiums. The Condo Living section in particular is seen to perform a number of brand-like activities, most obviously in positioning the Toronto high-rise condominium as a dwelling that is particularly well-suited to young, middle-class women. This occurs partly as a function of the frequency with which women are portrayed as condominium owners. Beyond this, however, I show how the advertisements and articles in Condo Living help remake the public image of the condominium by countering existing stigmas attached to high-rise living. The section also helps to differentiate the condominium from other dwelling types by emphasizing elaborate amenities and making claims to urbanity through high-profile cultural and entertainment events. Perhaps most importantly, I demonstrate how the leading present-day design aesthetic—a reworking of midcentury modernisms—came to thoroughly dominate the image and the built form of the recent-era condominium. Positioning the condominium as a design-led dwelling type had profound implications: due to the links between design and high-end fashion, health and beauty items, the condominium immediately became a member of an aspirational product category associated with women, wealth, style and glamour. In addition to positioning the condominium as ‘naturally’ suited to young single, women, it removed the condo from direct competition with the single-family house, allowing it to be perceived as a desirable and distinct—rather than denigrated—dwelling type.

This research examines representations of condominiums in the real estate section of the Toronto Star from 1967 through 1997, and in the Star’s Condo Living section between 1997 and 2007. I depart from conventional approaches by evaluating the articles as well as the advertisements that comprise the real estate section, based on the assumption that the context in which these texts appear is significant: a major newspaper is not a neutral vehicle, and ads and articles—consumed together, as they are in a print newspaper—will interact in creating representations of condominiums. The Condo Living section in particular is seen to perform a number of brand-like activities, most obviously in positioning the Toronto high-rise condominium as a dwelling that is particularly well-suited to young, middle-class women. This occurs partly as a function of the frequency with which women are portrayed as condominium owners. Beyond this, however, I show how the advertisements and articles in Condo Living help remake the public image of the condominium by countering existing stigmas attached to high-rise living. The section also helps to differentiate the condominium from other dwelling types by emphasizing elaborate amenities and making claims to urbanity through high-profile cultural and entertainment events. Perhaps most importantly, I demonstrate how the leading present-day design aesthetic—a reworking of midcentury modernisms—came to thoroughly dominate the image and the built form of the recent-era condominium. Positioning the condominium as a design-led dwelling type had profound implications: due to the links between design and high-end fashion, health and beauty items, the condominium immediately became a member of an aspirational product category associated with women, wealth, style and glamour. In addition to positioning the condominium as ‘naturally’ suited to young single, women, it removed the condo from direct competition with the single-family house, allowing it to be perceived as a desirable and distinct—rather than denigrated—dwelling type.

In this thesis, I undertake a study of rapid condominium growth occurring in the City of Toronto, Canada, and the emergence of an ultra-luxury condominium market during a time of global financial instability. This thesis examines the influence of rapid growth on Toronto as a world city during this time by asking the following research questions: 1. Why has Toronto become a place of safe investment for condominium buyers during a time of global economic uncertainty? 2. Why has the ultra-luxury market emerged in Toronto? What are the driving forces behind it, how does it contribute to Toronto’s standing as a world city, and what does the future hold for this niche market? 3. What is the current state of the condominium market in Toronto and what can we expect to see happen in the near future? To answer these questions, this thesis draws insights from urban, political, economic and social geographic literature, statistical and policy data, as well as twenty-five (25) semi- structured interviews with a variety of key industry stakeholders in the City of Toronto. The results of this study point to a changing demographic landscape in a city where fundamental elements have not only secured Toronto’s reputation as a place of safe investment, but also created an environment of pent up demand leading to the emergence of the ultra-luxury condominium market. The City of Toronto has garnered international attention for its rapid rate of high-rise growth, and continues to craft its reputation as a world city through the addition of four, 5-star hotel condominiums. Additionally, this thesis recognizes the pressing social, environmental and political issues that accompany this recent, rapid growth, and provides general recommendations for addressing these complex topics through the suggestion of future research on the topic. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-29 12:28:08.426

Construction managers confront many problems. Still, this industry plays a vital role in the healthy growth of the economy of many countries throughout the developed and developing world. Effective management of construction projects has been a major research subject in the last century due to the importance of this industry and the amount of money it attracts. One critical problem facing construction managers is inefficient cost control procedures, particularly in developing regions of the world. Since the end of the Second World War, the use of sophisticated cost control procedures in managing and controlling project costs have been accepted and applied widely in many parts of the world such as the United States and the United Kingdom. These procedures are important in a growing economy to ensure delivery of projects on time and within budget, but they are equally important during an economic recession when project viability becomes marginal. In the early 1990s, the construction industry in Thailand played a critical role during a period of strong economic growth. Construction cost control was not a major concern as developers rushed to capitalize on the booming market. In the late 1990s, the economy of Southeast Asia sank into recession. Project cost control became a critical issue for the developers as well as the construction companies in managing construction projects. A significant number of projects in Thailand in the late 1990s had significant cost overruns. Cost overruns had been a problem during the high growth period in the early 1990s, but demand overcame the problems created by poor cost control. The use of good project cost control procedures has become a concern of project investors and construction companies in Thailand since the recession of the late 1990s. Project managers and developers are now aware that the failure of a cost control system or use of a poor system can lead to project failure. Project cost control methods need to be improved in Thailand to ensure that owners and contractors manage construction costs and meet project goals on time and within budget. In this study, project cost controls in the United States and Thailand will be examined. These procedures will be analyzed to identify their similarities and differences. The causes and solutions for cost overruns in the two countries will also be examined. The results from the study will illustrate how the project cost control procedures used in the United States can be applied to the construction industry in Thailand to improve the procedures used by Thai contractors.

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

A presente dissertação aborda a temática do condomínio edilício, examinando questões importantes e elementares deste especial instituto jurídico, e do condômino com reiterado comportamento antissocial. Para tanto, exige-se uma robusta análise do direito de propriedade e da função social, como seu elemento transformador, na medida em que esta, ao lado da peculiar estrutura jurídica do condomínio edilício, que conjuga áreas de propriedade exclusiva com áreas de propriedade comum, somada ao próprio ordenamento jurídico pátrio, impõe ao titular de unidade autônoma o cumprimento de deveres de observância obrigatória, não só para com os demais condôminos, mas principalmente em favor de toda coletividade. Tais deveres, uma vez descumpridos, ensejam a aplicação de medidas jurídicas sancionatórias gradativas em face do infrator, a iniciar por penas pecuniárias, até final expulsão da seara condominial, que poderá ocorrer na medida em que sejam reiteradas as atividades nocivas por ele desempenhadas, gerando incompatibilidade de convivência com os demais condôminos, e na hipótese de as multas aplicadas mostrarem-se inócuas como meio de interrompê-las. A expulsão do condômino antissocial do condomínio edilício pode afigurar-se, a princípio, uma radical sanção, contudo extremamente necessária como último recurso não só para a manutenção do equilíbrio psíquico, econômico e social na copropriedade, mas para assegurar a função social que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro impõe ao direito proprietário, no qual também está inserida a propriedade em unidade autônoma condominial. / This dissertation addresses the theme of condominium building, examining important issues and this legal institute special elementary, and condominium member with repeated antisocial behavior. Therefore, it requires a robust analysis of property rights and social function, as its transforming element, insofar as the social function, along with the peculiar legal structure of the condominium building, which combines exclusive proprietary areas with common property areas, in addition to its own legal system, imposes on the holder of the autonomous unit compliance with mandatory observance duties, not only with the other joint owners, but mostly in favor of the whole collectivity. Once breached such duties, it inspires the application of piecemeal legal sanctions measures in face of the offender, that starts from monetary penalties until the final expulsion of the harvest condominium, which may occur as the harmful activities are repeated by him performed, generating coexistence incompatibility with the other condominium members, and assuming that the fines shows up innocuous as a way to stop them. The expulsion of antisocial condominium member from the condominium building can seem, at first, a radical penalty, but extremely necessary as a last resort not only to maintain psychic equilibrium, social and economical in co-ownership, but to ensure the social function that the Brazilian legal system imposes on the proprietary right, which is also inserted into the stand-alone unit condominium property

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-10-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 miguel_ydc_me_rcla.pdf: 1036051 bytes, checksum: 5b5666a1c49dd91b57739122aafefadd (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Desde meados do século XX, estamos assistindo a um desenvolvimento pautado nos moldes do sistema capitalista e da globalização, e que vem promovendo um maior trânsito de informações, mercadorias, e também de costumes, padrões de consumo e cultura. Nesse contexto, proliferou-se pelo mundo, a partir dos Estados Unidos, uma nova forma de moradia: os condomínios horizontais fechados. Atualmente, estes aparecem como uma tendência presente também no Brasil. A sua implantação tem implicado em conseqüências tanto de ordem social como espacial, pois a produção e consumo do espaço urbano se dão de forma diferenciada pelas classes sociais, o que promove a fragmentação do mesmo. Este processo ocorria predominantemente nas regiões metropolitanas até a década de 1980, e posteriormente atingiu também as cidades médias, manifestando características similares às das metrópoles brasileiras. Assim, ressaltando alguns pontos, como a produção e o consumo do espaço urbano, o processo de condominização em cidades médias e a questão racial, este trabalho propõe estudar a presença e ausência de famílias negras nos condomínios fechados, utilizando como estudo de caso uma cidade média paulista, Piracicaba. / Since the middle of the XX century until now we are watching the development under the new pattern of capitalism system and globalization that is promoting a larger transit of information, merchandise, habits and culture. In this context, starting in the United States proliferated to the world a new way of habitation: closed horizontal condominium. Nowadays, this also appears as a present tendency. Its implantation and construction cause consequences as much social order as spatial, therefore the production and use of the urban space occur in a different way by the social classes, promoting the fragmentation of this space. This process was predominant until the decade of 1980, and posteriorly also reached the medium cities manifesting similar features when compared to the Brazilians metropolis. In such case, considering some points, as the production and use of the urban space, the process of condominium formation in medium cities and the racial question, this work proposes to analyse the presence and absence of black families in closed condominium using as case study a medium city located in the State of São Paulo, Piracicaba.

Orientador: Silvia Aparecida Guarnieri Ortigoza / Banca: Darlene Aparecida Ferreira de Oliveira / Banca: Dagoberto José Fonseca / Resumo: Desde meados do século XX, estamos assistindo a um desenvolvimento pautado nos moldes do sistema capitalista e da globalização, e que vem promovendo um maior trânsito de informações, mercadorias, e também de costumes, padrões de consumo e cultura. Nesse contexto, proliferou-se pelo mundo, a partir dos Estados Unidos, uma nova forma de moradia: os condomínios horizontais fechados. Atualmente, estes aparecem como uma tendência presente também no Brasil. A sua implantação tem implicado em conseqüências tanto de ordem social como espacial, pois a produção e consumo do espaço urbano se dão de forma diferenciada pelas classes sociais, o que promove a fragmentação do mesmo. Este processo ocorria predominantemente nas regiões metropolitanas até a década de 1980, e posteriormente atingiu também as cidades médias, manifestando características similares às das metrópoles brasileiras. Assim, ressaltando alguns pontos, como a produção e o consumo do espaço urbano, o processo de condominização em cidades médias e a questão racial, este trabalho propõe estudar a presença e ausência de famílias negras nos condomínios fechados, utilizando como estudo de caso uma cidade média paulista, Piracicaba. / Abstract: Since the middle of the XX century until now we are watching the development under the new pattern of capitalism system and globalization that is promoting a larger transit of information, merchandise, habits and culture. In this context, starting in the United States proliferated to the world a new way of habitation: closed horizontal condominium. Nowadays, this also appears as a present tendency. Its implantation and construction cause consequences as much social order as spatial, therefore the production and use of the urban space occur in a different way by the social classes, promoting the fragmentation of this space. This process was predominant until the decade of 1980, and posteriorly also reached the medium cities manifesting similar features when compared to the Brazilians metropolis. In such case, considering some points, as the production and use of the urban space, the process of condominium formation in medium cities and the racial question, this work proposes to analyse the presence and absence of black families in closed condominium using as case study a medium city located in the State of São Paulo, Piracicaba. / Mestre