Orientadores: Francisco Borges Filho, Sílvia Aparecida Mikami Pina / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T14:08:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VillelaAraujo_GislaineCristina_M.pdf: 30820931 bytes, checksum: 74784d1940ecb9edd05da6a43fd12daa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A intensidade da verticalização das áreas habitacionais nos grandes centros urbanos salienta para a importância dos espaços livres e de uso coletivo, no sentido do lazer e da convivência, dentre outros fatores. Sabe-se que os espaços de uso comum devem atender à necessidade da coletividade e proporcionar aos seus usuários atrativos suficientes para que queiram permanecer e conviver com o grupo. Este trabalho buscou investigar quais são os espaços livres e equipamentos de uso coletivos existentes nos condomínios verticalizados e como os moradores de fato os utilizam. O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender quais são e como a população moradora se utiliza dos espaços coletivos em condomínios habitacionais construídos pelo mercado imobiliário e qual a contribuição que estes espaços têm na qualidade de vida de tais moradores. Esta pesquisa tem como lugar de estudo a área central da cidade de Guarulhos/SP, município que vem se destacando em números de lançamentos imobiliários dentro da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. A pesquisa tem caráter exploratório. Para tanto, realizou estudos de caso em três condomínios a fim de identificar e compreender a relação do edifício e sua implantação com foco nos espaços livres - lazer, descanso, passeio - bem como a articulação espacial do condomínio habitacional e proveniente da apropriação pelos moradores. Os resultados indicam programas e apropriações distintas de tais ambientes, de acordo com a faixa econômica dos moradores, com menor uso desses ambientes pelas famílias de maior poder aquisitivo. A análise dos resultados apontam algumas tendências de programas de necessidades e configurações espaciais de acordo com a intensidade, diversidade de público e da satisfação expressa pelos moradores no uso dos espaços livres coletivos, a serem consideradas nos futuros projetos habitacionais, bem como orientar decisões de projeto para que tais ambientes contribuam para a qualidade de vida dos moradores em plenitude / Abstract: The vertical intensity of residential areas in urban centers highlights the importance of open space and community use in the sense of leisure and conviviality, among other factors. It is known that the use of common spaces should answer the needs of the community and provide its users attractivity enough to want to stay and live with the group. This study aimed to explore which are the spaces and equipment for collective use in existing upright condominiums and as locals actually use them. This research has the goal to understand which places and how the resident population uses collective spaces in residential condominiums built by the real estate market, and what contribution these spaces have on the quality of life of these residents. The study ofthe selected places is located in the central area of the city of Guarulhos / SP, the place that has stood out in numbers of real estate launches in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo. The research is exploratory. Therefore, three case studies were conducted in condominiums to identify and understand the relationship of the building and its design site with a focus on open spaces - recreation, relaxation - as well as the spatial articulation of housing and condominium ownership by the locals. The results indicate distinct programs and appropriations of such environments, according to the economic range of residents, with less use of these environments by families with greater purchasing power. The results also show some trends needs programs and spatial configurations according to the intensity, diversity and public satisfaction expressed by residents in the use of the collective spaces, to be considered in future housing design, as well as guide design decisions for such environments contribute to the quality of life of residents in fullness / Mestrado / Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade / Mestra em Arquitetura, Tecnologia e Cidade

This beachfront high-rise, sited in Virginia Beach, Virginia, is inspired by Le Corbusier's Unité dâ Habitation in Marseille with floors that switch back to boast views of the Chesapeake Bay and Lynnhaven Inlet. Its large glazed facades are oriented to the west, so residents can enjoy evening sunsets from their living rooms; and to the east, so they can wake up to sunrises from their bedrooms. Its staggered concrete shear walls shield the structure from north winds. The high-rise is comprised of seven towers; each containing sixteen condos arranged over twenty-eight stories. The building features retail and resident services on the ground floor, a five-story parking garage, and a rooftop pool, restaurant, and sun deck. / Master of Architecture

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-15T11:38:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Gaboardi.pdf: 1245733 bytes, checksum: 043320ea609d49cec0f9952d12cd7cb7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-15T11:38:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodolfo Gaboardi.pdf: 1245733 bytes, checksum: 043320ea609d49cec0f9952d12cd7cb7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-06 / The research proposes to demonstrate the importance of Accounting, as a management control, for the Condominium entities. The general objective of this work is to demonstrate the relevant role of accounting information for the management control of Condos, with the purpose of demonstrating the importance of accounting controls for the management of residential condominiums; demonstrate the models of condominial administration and quantify through research if the models and management applied are satisfactory. In order to reach the formulated objectives of the work, bibliographical research on the subject, books, dissertations and scientific articles was used, as well as, using the qualitative approach, through descriptive research, that is, a questionnaire related to management was carried out condominium and the accounting information given to the Trustees. The study was delimited through questionnaires sent to the Residential Condominium Trustees of the city of São Paulo, as they are responsible for the disclosure of the financial statements and also require this information for decision making. Finally, the research results were presented, contributing to the adequate use of Accounting as a tool for management control and accountability transparency / A pesquisa propõe demonstrar a importância da contabilidade como controle de gestão para as entidades condominiais. O objetivo geral deste trabalho é demonstrar o relevante papel da informação contábil para o controle de gestão de condomínios com o propósito de demonstrar a importância dos controles contábeis para a administração de condomínios residenciais; demonstrar os modelos de administração condominial e quantificar, através de pesquisa, se os modelos e gestão aplicadas são satisfatórias. Para atingir os objetivos formulados do trabalho, foi utilizado a pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o assunto, livros, dissertações e artigos científicos, bem como o enfoque qualitativo, através de investigação descritiva, ou seja, foi efetuada uma pesquisa através de questionário relacionada à gestão condominial e às informações contábeis entregues aos síndicos. O estudo foi delimitado através de questionários enviados aos síndicos de condomínios residenciais do município de São Paulo, pois são estes os responsáveis pela divulgação dos demonstrativos financeiros e que necessitam dessas informações também para a tomada de decisão. Por fim, foi apresentado o resultado de pesquisa, contribuindo para o uso adequado da contabilidade como ferramenta de controle de gestão e transparência na prestação de contas

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:09:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3225247 bytes, checksum: c204062bba63e99d657a1ddc26e9643e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study is about horizontal condominiums, an habitational type which has been spreading all over the world. These residences have significantly transformed the dynamic of production of both the urban fabric and landscape, also presenting major changes in the ways of living and existing in the city. The main reasons that are responsible for their expansion are the search for more safety and a better life quality. Thus, this research aims at understanding the principal reasons that have caused the expansion of these enterprises in the city of João Pessoa, in addition to delineating the profile of their residents and observing the positive and negative aspects of this phenomenom. The principal outcomes of this research show that the horizontal condominiums in João Pessoa are mostly residential, of great prominence and they tend to be centralized in peripheral areas, locateds in the southeast part of the coast. The investigation also indicates that his residents are from the middle class and upper middle class and that they have migrated from apartments to condominiums in search of more safety, the possibility of living in houses and the chance of having more contact with nature. It was also observed that this habitational type has been disseminating in João Pessoa and has been highly accepted by most of its users. On the other hand, among its mentioned problems, it was stressed the low quality of the local trading and services, the difficulty in accessing the condominium and the social segregation related to the upper classes. The positive and negative aspects of the local condominiums are similar to the ones found by scholars in other Brazilian and foreign cities. Moreover, the research registers that these enterprises tend to become, at the same time, solutions to individual demands and damages to the social and physical structures of the city. / Este estudo tem como tema os condomínios horizontais, tipologia habitacional que vem se proliferando em todo o mundo. Essas espacialidades têm transformado consideravelmente a dinâmica de produção do tecido urbano e da paisagem urbana, apresentando também modificações notórias na maneira de morar e viver na cidade. Os principais motivos que fomentam sua expansão são a busca por maior segurança e melhor qualidade de vida. Assim, a pesquisa dedica-se a compreender as principais razões de proliferação destes empreendimentos na cidade de João Pessoa, além de traçar o perfil dos seus moradores e de observar quais os pontos negativos e positivos deste fenômeno. Os principais resultados desta pesquisa demonstram que os condomínios horizontais pessoenses são predominantemente residenciais, de grande porte e tendem a se concentrar em áreas periféricas, localizadas no setor sudeste da faixa litorânea. A investigação também indica que seus moradores são de classes média alta e alta e que migraram de apartamentos para os condomínios em busca de maior segurança, da possibilidade de morar em casa e do maior contato com a natureza. Foi observado também que são uma modalidade habitacional que vem se difundindo em João Pessoa e tem sido julgada favoravelmente pela maioria dos seus usuários. Por outro lado, entre os seus problemas assinalados, destacam-se a precariedade do provimento de comércio e serviços locais, a difícil acessibilidade e a segregação social envolvendo classes mais ricas. Os pontos negativos e positivos dos condomínios locais se assemelham aos identificados por estudiosos em outras cidades brasileiras e estrangeiras. Do mesmo modo, a pesquisa aponta que esses empreendimentos tendem a configurar, ao mesmo tempo, soluções para demandas individuais e prejuízos no que se refere à relação com a estrutura física e social da cidade.

Många bostadsrättsköpare och bostadsrättshavare har enligt tidigare studier svårt att tolka och förstå bostadsrättsföreningars årsredovisning. Utöver detta så visar studier att många människor har en bristande finansiell förmåga, vilken dock sägs kunna förbättras genom utökad information. Syftet med studien är att pröva hur väl förädlingsvärdeanalysens utökade information fungerar som ett komplement till bostadsrättsföreningens årsredovisning. För att kunna besvara syftet har denna studie utgått från huvudfrågan på vilket sätt utökad redovisningsinformation i form av förädlingsvärdeanalys kan påverka förståelsen bland bostadsrättshavare avseende bostadsrättsföreningens ekonomi. Därtill har studien utgått från två delfrågor om vad det är som gör att bostadsrättsföreningars årsredovisning upplevs svårbegriplig, respektive hur väl modellen för förädlingsvärdeanalysen täcker bostadsrättshavarnas önskemål om utökad information till föreningens årsredovisning. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ metod använts där kunskapsinriktningen är deduktiv med inslag av induktion. Forskningsdesignen består av en fallstudiedesign med en kvasiexperimentell del. Data har samlats in via tio semistrukturerade intervjuer. De strukturerade frågorna analyseras och redovisas genom en jämförelse av medelvärden. De öppna frågorna tolkas textkritiskt och analyseras med hjälp av tematisk analys. Studiens resultat visar att den framtagna förädlingsvärdemodellen påtagligt bidrar till en ökad finansiell förståelse bland bostadsrättshavarna. Som svar på studiens huvudfråga kan slutsatsen dras att det i första hand är jämförbarheten mellan olika föreningar som ökar av informationen i förädlingsvärdemodellen. Därtill ökar även förståelsen för föreningens sparande, samt att förädlingsvärdemodellen bidrar till en upplevd ökad begriplighet av föreningens ekonomi. Förädlingsvärdeanalys har såvitt studiens författare vet aldrig tidigare applicerats på bostadsrättsföreningar. Detta innebär en utökning av förädlingsvärdeanalysens användningsområden i och med appliceringen på en bostadsrättsförening. Utöver detta innebär det även ett nytt och effektivt verktyg för bostadsrättsföreningar och deras ekonomiska rapportering. Ett förslag på vidare forskning är att modifiera förädlingsvärdemodellen ytterligare utifrån bostadsrättshavarnas önskemål och därefter testa modellen i större skala och på fler föreningar. Ett annat förslag är att kombinera förädlingsvärdemodellen med att testa den faktiska finansiella förmågan istället för den upplevda, för att på ett mer objektivt sätt mäta förädlingsvärdemodellens effektivitet. / According to previous studies, many condominium-buyers and condominium-owners have difficulties interpreting and understanding condominium compounds' annual report. In addition to this, studies show that many people have a lack of financial literacy, although it is said to be improved by expanded information. The aim of this study is to test how well the value-added analysis's expanded information works as a complement to the condominium compound's annual report. To answer the aim, this study has been based on the main question in what way expanded accounting information in the form of value-added analysis can affect the understanding among condominium-owners' regarding the condominium compounds' finances.As well as the sub-questions what is it that makes condominium compounds' annual report difficult to understand, and how well the model for the value-added analysis will cover the condominium-owners' wishes for extended information in the condominium compounds' annual report. A qualitative method has been used where the focus of knowledge is deductive with elements of induction. The research design consists of a case study design with a quasiexperimental part. Data were collected through ten semi-structured interviews. The structured questions are analysed and reported through a comparison of mean values. The open-ended questions are interpreted text-critically and analysed with the help of thematic analysis.  The results of the study show that the value-added model clearly contributes to an increased financial understanding among condominium-owners. In response to the study's main question, it can be concluded that it is primarily the comparability between different condominium compounds that increases through the information in the value-added model. In addition, the understanding of the condominium compound's savings also increases, and the value-added model contributes to a perceived increased understanding of the condominium compound's finances. As far as the study's authors know, value-added analysis has never before been applied to condominium compounds. This means an extension of the value-added analysis's areas of use with the application to a condominium compound. In addition to this, it also means a new and effective tool to condominium compounds for their financial reporting. A proposal for further research is to modify the value-added model further based on the condominium-owners' wishes and then test the model on a larger scale and on more condominium compounds. Another proposal is to combine the value-added model with testing the actual financial literacy instead of the perceived one, in order to measure the efficiency of the value-added model in a more objective way.

Priserna på den svenska bostadsmarknaden har stigit ovanligt mycket de senaste åren. En konsekvens av detta är att allt fler får det svårare att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden och köpa sin första bostad. Inte minst förstagångsköpare som har svårt att spara ihop till den höga insatsen som ofta krävs eller bli beviljade lån hos bankerna. En alternativ finansieringsmodell har skapats för att göra det lättare för dessa personer att ta sig in på bostadsmarknaden. Denna modell bygger på att det är föreningen som ska stå för den större delen av lånet, istället för köparen. Denna uppsats syftar till att jämföra skillnaderna mellan en bostadsrätt som finansieras på det traditionella sättet och en bostadsrätt som finansieras genom den alternativa finasnieringsmodellen. Den modell som kommer att analyseras i denna studie heter BRF 2.0 och har lanserats av Well Fastigheter. De riktar sig främst till unga personer, därav har en enkätundersökning utförts för att få en inblick i vilken kunskap en förstagångsköpare har inom detta område. Enkäten är utformad som ett kunskapstest som behandlar några av de ekonomiska aspekter i ett bostadsköp som kan vara bra att känna till. Därefter utfördes en intervju med en representant på ett av företagen som har tagit fram denna alternativa investeringsmodell, nå en djupare förståelse för upplägget. Resultaten indikerar att förstagångsköpare besitter bristande kunskap kring bostadsköp för att ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv kunna ta de mest fördelaktiga besluten. Studien pekar på vikten av att förstagångsköpare själva behöver ta ansvar för att läsa på inom ämnet så de blir medvetna om vilken kunskap de redan besitter och vilken kunskap de behöver lära. Ett problem som nämns i studien är att dessa personer inte alltid är medvetna om vilket område de saknar kunskap inom och kommer därför inte hämta in denna information. Vid detta problem krävs det att högre instanser kliver in och påverkar. Som ett förslag nämns att regering eller utbildningsväsende arbetar vidare med dessa frågor. / Prices on the Swedish housing market has risen the past few years. A consequence by this is that an increasing amount of people struggle to buy their first apartment. In particular people that want to buy their first apartment, which struggle to save enough money for the cash deposit or to get a big enough loan from the bank. In an attempt to solve this, an alternative financing in the condominium sector has been introduced to the market in an attempt to make it easier for people to afford buying their first condoninium. This report aim to compair a condominium that has been funded through the tradtional way and a condominium that has been funded through this alternative way. A survey has been conducted in an attempt to investigate the knowledge whom people that is about the buy their first condoninium possess. An interview has also been conducted to further strenghten our findings from the survey and to get a deeper understanding about this alternative concept. The results indicate that people that’s never bought an apartment before lack some essential knowledge that you need to possess when you buy in apartment in order to make the right choices. This alternative financing might give an opportunity for some people to buy their first apartment, an opportunity they otherwise might not have.

Sammandrag I Sverige finns upplåtelseformerna hyresrätt, kooperativ hyresrätt, bostadsrätt och äganderätt. Den förste maj 2009 gjorde lagstiftning det även möjligt att upplåta ägarlägenheter, och detta blev introduktionen till den nya boendeformen. Däremot är ägandeformen en vanlig företeelse utomlands där ägarlägenheter funnits under lång tid. När regeringen införde ägandeformen i Sverige hade de en förhoppning om att det skulle byggas mellan 3 000 och 5 000 ägarlägenheter varje år, det är dock inte förrän år 2021 som antalet registrerade och färdigbyggda ägarlägenheter överstigit 3 000 i antalet.  Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka den aktuella efterfrågan på marknaden för produkten ägarlägenheter ur fastighetsmäklares och projektledarens perspektiv, samt byggbolagens intresse för att producera upplåtelseformen.    Forskningsfrågorna besvaras med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och med en abduktiv forskningsansats. Inom det kvalitativa forskningsområdet har en semistrukturerad intervjustudie genomförts. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer har respondenterna fritt fått berätta om sina erfarenheter och uppfattningar.    Studien har visat på en ökad efterfrågan av ägandeformen bara under de senaste åren, trots en pandemi. Efterfrågan har inte bara ökat hos konsumenterna utan även byggbolagens intresse för upplåtelseformen har blivit större då flera byggbolag vill hjälpa till att utvidga utbudet kring boendeformen. Förutom efterfråga finns det flera aspekter som påverkar produktionen av den nya upplåtelseformen, som exempelvis kommunernas inställning och uppmuntran till att uppföra ägarlägenheter på deras mark. Dagens stora efterfrågan, kommunens positiva inställning och entreprenörernas vilja att satsa kapital i projekt med ägarlägenheter bidrar till en ljus framtid för upplåtelseformen. / Abstract In Sweden there are three forms of housing tenures: tenancy, cooperative tenancy, tenant-ownership, and owner-occupied apartments. On May first, 2009, legalization made it possible to build owner-occupied apartments, which was the introduction to the new form of housing. On the other hand, the form of ownership is a common phenomenon abroad where owner apartments have existed for a long time. When the government introduced owner-occupied flats in Sweden, they had a hope that between 3 000 and 5 000 units would be built each year, it is not until 2021 that the number of registered and completed apartments exceeded 3 000. The purpose of this exam is to examine the current demand on the market for the product, from a real estate agent and project managers perspective, but also the construction companies’ interest in producing this new product.    Research questions were answered with the help of a qualitative and abductive approach. Within the qualitative research area semi-structured interviews have been conducted. Through semi-structured interviews the interviewees have been allowed to freely speak about their experiences and perceptions.    The study has shown an increased demand for the form of apartment ownership only in recent years, despite a pandemic. Demand has not only increased among consumers, but also the construction companies’ interest in this new product has increased. This is because the construction companies want to help expand the range of housing. In addition to demand, there are several aspects that affect the production of the new form of lease, including the municipality's attitude and encouragement to build owner apartment flats on their land. Today´s high demand, the municipality´s positive attitude and the contractor’s willingness to invest capital in projects with apartment ownership flats, has contributed to a bright future for the form of lease.

Försäljningspriser på den svenska bostadsmarknaden tenderar att i allt högre grad avvika från fastighetsmäklarnas utgångspriser. En förklaring till detta är att fastighetsmäklare inte omedelbart anpassar sig till en stigande prisnivå. Syftet med denna uppsats är att förklara vilka faktorer hos bostadsrätter som är svåra för fastighetsmäklare att värdera i en marknad med stigande priser. Undersökningen är begränsad till att endast behandla fastighetsanknutna faktorer. Genom syftet vill vi bidra till en bättre förståelse kring hur köpares betalningsvilja skiljer sig från fastighetsmäklares värdering i en sådan marknad. För att uppnå syftet har en kombination av kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod använts. Undersökningen baseras på 112 bostadsrätter avyttrade under en tidsperiod av sex efterföljande kalendermånader i Karlstad, Sverige. Grunden till undersökningen är de utvalda bostadsrätternas objektsbeskrivningar. Genom analys av samtliga objektsbeskrivningar och respektive bostadsrätts prisutveckling utifrån utgångspris till försäljningspris har resultat kring faktorer som är svåra att värdera uppnåtts. Resultatet visar att nästan samtliga undersökta faktorer inom värdeteorin är överrepresenterade hos bostadsrätterna med hög prisutveckling. Den faktor med högst representation bland bostadsrätter med en hög prisutveckling är förekomsten av både kakel och klinker i badrum. Tidigare forskning visar att ett väl underhållet och modernt badrum är av stor vikt för köparen. Läget, som enligt teorin är den viktigaste faktorn för en bostads värde, visar i undersökningen inte lika hög överrepresentation hos bostadsrätter med hög prisutveckling mätt i avstånd till kommunikationsmedel och dagligvaruhandel. Detta behöver dock inte betyda att läget inte är den viktigaste värdeskapande faktorn, utan att fastighetsmäklare är väl medvetna om lägets betydelse och således kan värdera denna faktor rätt. Andra faktorer som ingått i undersökningen är antal rum, standard i kök, balkong/uteplats, våningsplan, utsikt över vatten, parkeringsmöjlighet, månadsavgift samt kakelugn/öppen spis. En slutsats är att fastighetsmäklare har svårt att, i en marknad med stigande priser, följa med i utvecklingen och utföra enligt marknaden korrekta värderingar. Undersökningen visar förekomsten av faktorer som fastighetsmäklare värderar korrekt samtidigt som det finns vissa faktorer med större betydelse för köpare, vilket bidrar till att försäljningspriset väsentligt avviker från utgångspriset. / The prices of residentials on the Swedish housing market tends to increasingly deviate from the list price. One explanation is that real estate agents not immediately adapt to the rising prices. The purpose of this paper is to describe the factors of condominiums which are especially difficult for real estate agents to valuate in a period with rising prices. This paper is limited to discribe only the factors related to the condominiums. By this purpose, we want to contribute to a better understanding of how customers’ willingness to pay differs from real estate agents valuation. To fulfill the purpose both a quantitative and a qualitative method has been used. The survey is based on 112 condominiums sold during a period of six following months in Karlstad, Sweden. The basis for the survey are the prospects of the selected condominiums. Through analysis of the prospects and the respective tenant price trends, results about specific factors difficult to valuate are achieved. The result shows that almost all investigated factors in the theory of value are overrepresented among the condominiums with high price trends. The factor that has the highest connection with a high price trend is the presence of both wall and floor tiles and/or clinker in the bathroom. Previous research says that a well-maintained and modern bathroom is important for the buyer. The location, which according to the theory is the most important factor for a residential value, does not show equal high connection according to the survey. This does not clearly mean that the location not is the most important value influcencing factor, rather that real estate agents are well aware of the importance of the location and therefore can valuate this factor correctly. Other factors involved in the survey are the number of rooms, standard in kitchen, presence of balcony/patio, storey, view, parking, the monthly fee and the presence of a stove/fireplace. A conclusion is that real estate agents faces difficulties that in a market with rising prices valuate residential properly and keep up with developments in the market. There are some factors that real estate agents are valuing correctly while other factors have greater importance for buyers and thus contribute to a significantly increase from the initial list price to the selling price.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar dos novos arranjos produtivos encontrados na indústria automobilística brasileira - o consórcio modular e o condomínio industrial. Essas novas configurações envolvem novas formas de relacionamento entre montadoras e fornecedores: no condomínio industrial, fornecedores de primeiro nível constroem instalações próximas às plantas da montadora, em alguns casos no mesmo terreno, de onde partem entregas de componentes ou subconjuntos em esquema just in time ou just in time seqüenciado. No consórcio modular, os fornecedores de primeiro nível e a montadora operam sob um mesmo edifício, e toda a montagem do veículo é realizada pelos fornecedores - ou \"parceiros\". A montadora não possui mão-de-obra direta e os investimentos são compartilhados. Discutimos, neste trabalho, os \"comos e porquês\" de tais arranjos: que lógicas levam ao surgimento dos consórcios e condomínios; que produtos e empresas fornecedoras são escolhidos como participantes; que vantagens e desvantagens podem ser obtidas para montadoras e fornecedores. Como pano de fundo, mostramos as políticas globais de escolha de fornecedores adotadas pelas montadoras nos anos 90 - o global e o follow sourcing. Como conclusão geral, temos que tais arranjos são frutos de uma lógica de redução de custos via melhoria da cadeia de suprimentos; que, em geral, como os condomínios e consórcios as montadoras podem obter muitas vantagens de curto prazo, enquanto as maiores vantagens para os fornecedores serão alcançadas em prazos mais longos; que a questão do poder das montadoras na cadeia produtiva é central, porque elas coordenam toda a formação dos arranjos, definindo quem e como participa; e que, devido às características intrínsecas a tais configurações, cada vez mais os fornecimentos diretos são restritos a empresas multinacionais, deslocando as empresas nacionais a posições mais afastadas do topo da cadeia produtiva. / This study aims to analyse two new productive arrangements found in the Brazilian automobile industry - the \"modular consortium\" and the \"industrial condominium\". Those new configurations involve new relationship forms between assemblers and suppliers: in the industrial condominium, first tier suppliers build their facilities close to the assembler\'s plant, in some cases in the same land, from where they deliver components or subsets in a just-in-time or just-in-sequence basis. In the modular consortium, first tier suppliers and the assembler operate under the same building, and the whole vehicle assembly is accomplished by the suppliers - or \"partners\". The assembler does not possess direct labour and investments are shared. We discuss, in this study, the \"hows and whys\" of such arrangements: which is the logics that leads to consortia and condominiums; which products and companies are chosen as participants; which advantages and disadvantages can be obtained for assemblers and suppliers. As a background, we show the global politics of choice of suppliers adopted by the assemblers in the 1990s - global and follow sourcing. As general conclusions, we have the following: such arrangements result from a logic of cost decrease through improvements in the supply chain; in general, with the condominiums and consortia, assemblers may obtain many short term advantages, while the main advantages for suppliers will be reached in the long term; the issue of the power of assemblers in the productive chain is central, as they coordinate the whole settlement of such arrangements, defining who will participate and how; and, due to intrinsic characteristics of such configurations, direct delivers are more and more restricted to multinational companies, moving Brazilian companies to more distant positions in the supply chain.

Comparison of contemporary legislation of basic institutes of condominium act in Czech Republic and Germany The work focuses on explaining the basic concepts which limit the whole legislation and position of homeowners' association (HOA) as a legal entity which is responsible for keeping the house. The first chapter deals with the theoretical concept behind the condominium. How does it differ from the common ownership and what are other similar concepts. Legal orders of both countries (Czech Republic and Germany) stand on classical concept of a thing. In this context the apartment cannot be a thing because it lacks independence from other things - they cannot exist outside a building (which is a thing) and therefore they cannot be legally transferred. In my opinion the current law stand on dualistic theory, where the unit is primary and the co- owner share in building and parcel are accessorial to the unit. In Germany there is a ruling principle of superficies solo cedit. That means a building is part of land and cannot be legally transferred without the land underneath. In German theory the ownership of flats constitutes a unity of three elements: co-ownership (on land), exclusive ownership (on unit) and membership in HOA. The second chapter outlines the terms which appear in the following text and which...