Mesoporous materials are being widely used in the chemical industry in various environmentally friendly separation processes and as catalysts. Our research can be broadly described as an effort to understand the behavior of fluids confined in such materials. More specifically we try to understand the influence of state variables like temperature and pore variables like size, shape, connectivity and structural heterogeneity on both the dynamic and equilibrium behavior of confined fluids. The dynamic processes associated with the approach to equilibrium are largely unexplored. It is important to look into the dynamic behavior for two reasons. First, confined fluids experience enhanced metastabilities and large equilibration times in certain classes of mesoporous materials, and the approach to the metastable/stable equilibrium is of tremendous interest. Secondly, understanding the transport resistances in a microscopic scale will help better engineer heterogeneous catalysts and separation processes. Here we present some of our preliminary studies on dynamics of fluids in ideal pore geometries. The tool that we have used extensively to investigate the relaxation dynamics of fluids in pores is the dynamic mean field theory (DMFT) as developed by Monson[P. A. Monson, J. Chem. Phys., 128, 084701 (2008) ]. The theory is based on a lattice gas model of the system and can be viewed as a highly computationally efficient approximation to the dynamics averaged over an ensemble of Kawasaki dynamics Monte Carlo trajectories of the system. It provides a theory of the dynamics of the system consistent with the thermodynamics in mean field theory. The nucleation mechanisms associated with confined fluid phase transitions are emergent features in the calculations. We begin by describing the details of the theory and then present several applications of DMFT. First we present applications to three model pore networks (a) a network of slit pores with a single pore width; (b) a network of slit pores with two pore widths arranged in intersecting channels with a single pore width in each channel; (c) a network of slit pores with two pore widths forming an array of ink-bottles. The results illustrate the effects of pore connectivity upon the dynamics of vapor liquid phase transformations as well as on the mass transfer resistances to equilibration. We then present an application to a case where the solid-fluid interactions lead to partial wetting on a planar surface. The pore filling process in such systems features an asymmetric density distribution where a liquid droplet appears on one of the walls. We also present studies on systems where there is partial drying or drying associated with weakly attractive or repulsive interactions between the fluid and the pore walls. We describe the symmetries exhibited by the lattice model between pore filling for wetting states and pore emptying for drying states, for both the thermodynamics and dynamics. We then present an extension of DMFT to mixtures and present some examples that illustrate the utility of the approach. Finally we present an assessment the accuracy of the DMFT through comparisons with a higher order approximation based on the path probability method as well as Kawasaki dynamics.

Les matériaux poreux ont une importance stratégique en génie chimique, par exemple en capturant les gaz à effet de serre, la séparation et la purification, les catalyseurs et la conception de capteurs. En raison de la diversité des matériaux poreux et des propriétés thermodynamiques des fluides confinés affectés par autant de matériaux et de propriétés des fluides, les méthodes classiques de la mécanique statistique sont encore étudiées au cas par cas, ce qui rend difficile l’offre des variables de contrôle. de fluide confiné ni pour fournir un motif régulier de fluide confiné. L'élaboration de théories thermodynamiques ou des lois d'échelle universelles permettant de décrire avec précision les fluides confinés devient de plus en plus importante. Cette thèse étudie la relation entre le fluide confiné et le fluide en vrac correspondant, les propriétés interfaciales des fluides sur une surface courbe, l'équation d'état générale des fluides confinés et l'effet de trempe.Une relation de mise à l'échelle générale relie le fluide confiné et le fluide en vrac. Cette relation d'échelle montre que la différence de propriétés thermodynamiques entre un fluide confiné et un fluide en vrac peut être décrite uniquement par la porosité, la quantité d'adsorption en excès et la pression du système en vrac équilibré. La relation intrinsèque entre la relation d’échelle et la théorie d’adsorption de Gibbs est également révélée. En combinant le SPT et la thermodynamique morphologique, nous avons d'abord proposé un SPT augmenté pour explorer les propriétés interfaciales des fluides sur une surface incurvée. En introduisant un terme de courbure d'ordre supérieur, une nouvelle équation d'état offrant une expression plus précise de la tension interfaciale d'un fluide sur une surface sphérique est obtenue. Pour construire une équation d'état générale pour des fluides confinés et explorer les variables de contrôle des fluides confinés, en combinant thermodynamique morphologique et SPT, nous avons introduit la première équation d'état pour un fluide confiné, sans rapport avec le modèle de matériau poreux. Dans cette équation d'état, quatre propriétés géométriques du matériau poreux, à savoir la porosité, l'aire de l'interface solide-fluide, la courbure moyenne et la courbure gaussienne, sont considérées comme des variables de contrôle. Les variables indépendantes sont le potentiel chimique et la température. Les résultats de cette équation d'état concordent parfaitement avec la simulation moléculaire. L'effet de confinement est lié à son potentiel chimique. Nous avons d’abord étudié l’influence des conditions confinées sur le potentiel chimique des fluides. Les résultats montrent qu’une augmentation du potentiel chimique, ce qui signifie que l’augmentation de la résistance des fluides dans les matériaux poreux peut être obtenue en réduisant la porosité, en augmentant la densité du fluide ou en augmentant la surface d’interface solide-liquide. / Porous materials have strategically important in chemical engineering, e.g., capturing Greenhouse gas, separation and purification, catalysts, and design of sensors. Due to the variety of porous materials, and thermodynamic properties of confined fluid are affected by so many materials and fluid properties, studies of classical statistical mechanic methods are still on a case-by-case way, which is hard to offer neither the control variables of confined fluid nor to provide a regular pattern of confined fluid. The development of thermodynamic theories or the universal scaling laws that can accurately describe confined fluids becomes more and more important. This thesis investigates the relation between confined fluid and the corresponding bulk fluid, interfacial properties of fluids at a curved surface, the general equation of state for confined fluids, and quench effect.With the help of scaled particle theory (SPT) and molecular simulation, a general scaling relation that connects the confined fluid and bulk fluid is found. This scaling relation shows that the difference of thermodynamics properties between confined fluid and bulk fluid can be described by only porosity, excess adsorption amount, and the pressure of equilibrated bulk system. The intrinsic relation between scaling relation and Gibbs adsorption theory is also revealed. By combining SPT and morphological thermodynamics, we first proposed an augmented SPT to explore the interfacial properties of fluids at a curved surface. By introducing a higher order curvature term, a new equation of state which offers a more accurate expression of the interfacial tension of fluid at a spherical surface is derived. To construct a general equation of state for confined fluids and explore the control variables of confined fluids, by combining morphological thermodynamic and SPT, we introduced the first equation of state for confined fluid which is irrelevant to the model of porous material. In this equation of state, four geometric properties of porous material, i.e., the porosity, the area of solid-fluid interface, integrate mean and Gaussian curvature are considered as control variables. Independent variables are chemical potential and temperature. Results from this equation of state have a great agreement with molecular simulation in a wide range. The confinement effect is related to its chemical potential. We first studied the influence of confined conditions on the chemical potential of fluids. Results show that an increase on chemical potential, which means the increase of resistance of fluids into porous materials can be led by reducing the porosity, or increasing the fluid density, or increasing the area of solid-liquid interface.

Un milieu poreux ou un matériau poreux comprend deux régions interconnectées : une perméable par un gaz ou un liquide et l’autre imperméable. Beaucoup de substances naturelles comme les roches, le sol et les tissus biologiques (par exemple, os, bio-membranes) sont poreuses ainsi que les matériaux manufacturés comme les ciments et les céramiques, etc. Les matériaux poreux ont des applications technologiques importantes et nombreuses, par exemple, comme tamis moléculaires, catalyseurs ou senseurs chimiques. Il existe un nombre très important d’études en expérience et en théorie pour comprendre la structure des matériaux poreux ainsi que les propriétés des substances confinées dans ces matériaux. Dans leur travail de pionnier, Madden et Glandt ont proposé un modèle très simple pour l’adsorption de fluide dans des milieux poreux désordonnés. Dans ce modèle, on forme la matrice en prenant une configuration figée instantanément d’un système à l’équilibre (“quench” en anglais) et puis un fluide est introduit dans une telle matrice. Récemment, T. Patsahan, M. Holovko et W. Dong ont généralisé la “scaled particle theory” (SPT) aux fluides confinés et obtenu ainsi des équations d’état analytiques pour un fluide de sphère dure dans plusieurs modèles de matrice. Dans un premier temps, j’ai développé la version de la SPT pour un mélange de sphères dures additives confiné en milieu poreux. Les expressions pour les valeurs au contact de différentes fonctions de distribution ont été obtenues également. J’ai effectué aussi des simulations de Monte Carlo. Les résultats de ces simulations sont utilisés pour valider les résultats théoriques. Ensuite, j’ai étudié aussi la séparation de phase d’un mélange binaire des sphères dures non additives confiné dans un milieu poreux. Pour obtenir l’équation d’état, nous avons utilisé une théorie de perturbation en prenant un fluide de sphères dures additive comme système de référence. Les résultats donnés par cette théorie sont en bon accord avec les résultats de simulation Monte Carlo. / A porous medium or a porous material (called as frame or matrix also) usually consists of two interconnected rejoins: one permeable by a gas or a liquid, i.e., pore or void, and the other impermeable. Many natural substances such as rocks, soils, biological tissues (e.g., bio membranes, bones), and manmade materials such as cements, foams and ceramics are porous materials. Porous materials have important technological applications such as molecular sieve, catalyst, chemical sensor, etc. In recent years, there have been considerable investigations for understanding thoroughly the structure of these materials as well as the behavior of substances confined in them. Much effort (both experimental and theoretical) has been devoted to the study of porous materials. In their pioneering work, a very simple model for the fluid adsorption in random porous media was proposed by Madden and Glandt. The matrix in Madden-Glandt model is made by quenching an equilibrium system. Then, a fluid is adsorbed in such a matrix. Recently, T. Patsahan, M. Holovko and W. Dong have extended the scaled particle theory (SPT) to confined fluids and derived analytical equations of state (EOS) for a hard sphere (HS) fluid in some matrix models. In this thesis, using SPT method, I obtained the equation of state of additive hard-sphere (AHS) fluid mixtures confined in porous media. The contact values of the fluid-fluid and fluid-matrix radial distribution functions (RDF) were derived as well. The results of the contact values of the RDFs and the chemical potentials of different species were assessed against Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, I analyzed also the fluid-fluid phase separation of non-additive hard sphere (NAHS) fluid confined in porous media. An equation of state is derived by using a perturbation theory with a multi-component fluid reference. The results of this theory are in good agreement with those obtained from semi grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulations.

Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons des outils de simulation moléculaire pour caractériser les propriétés thermodynamiques de fluides confinés dans des matrices solides nanométriques. Alors qu'à l’échelle macroscopique, les énergies libres de fluides au contact de solides sont décrites par des pressions et des tensions de surface qui sont respectivement des énergies libres volumiques et surfaciques, à l’échelle moléculaire plusieurs paramètres additionnels doivent être considérés. Parmi eux, l'énergie libre de la ligne triple séparant trois phases, la tension de ligne. Les valeurs de la tension de ligne ainsi que les méthodologies permettant de la mesurer sont débattues.Les outils de simulation moléculaire permettent d'étudier théoriquement la thermodynamique des surfaces et des lignes. Plusieurs méthodologies statistiques peuvent être mises en œuvre pour extraire les tensions de surface et de ligne à partir d’une trajectoire moléculaire simulée. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à la méthodologie mécanique, qui consiste à mesurer les contraintes relatives à l’étalement quasi-statique d’un fluide sur un solide.Dans une première partie, nous étudions les expressions microscopiques des contraintes de mouillage à une interface solide-fluide plane. Dans le cas d’un solide latéralement homogène, l'application du théorème du viriel à un film liquide infini sans considération de la région séparant les surfaces mouillées et sèches permet de mesurer les forces relatives à l'extension du film sur un solide sec. Lorsque des hétérogénéités sont présentes à la surface du solide, cette méthodologie néglige des forces concentrées dans la région de la ligne triple. La comparaison de différentes méthodologies de mesure des tensions de surface indique que les termes ainsi négligés sont potentiellement importants dans le cas d'une forte rugosité.Dans une deuxième partie, nous nous concentrons sur des solides sans hétérogénéité tangentielle. Nous développons une méthodologie de mesure de l’énergie libre d’une interface fluide-fluide confinée et de sa tension de ligne qui s’appuie sur la considération des différentes contraintes fluides. Nous simulons des fluides de Van der Waals et de l’eau en équilibre liquide-vapeur, confinés dans des solides de différentes natures. Nous montrons que le concept de tension de ligne est robuste jusqu’à des confinements de quelques diamètres moléculaires. Les valeurs de tension de ligne mesurées sont cohérentes avec différentes approches théoriques, résolvant certains résultats paradoxaux de la littérature.Dans une troisième partie, nous appliquons la méthodologie mécanique à l’étude d’un mélange liquide-gaz confiné. Nous simulons des solvants et des solutés de Van der Waals ainsi que de l’eau avec du dioxyde de carbone. Différentes adsorptions sont observées, relatives aux surfaces mais également à la ligne triple. L’énergie libre de l’interface confinée s’en trouve fortement impactée. L'effet de l’adsorption sur la tension de ligne peut être modélisé par un équivalent linéique de l’équation d’adsorption de Gibbs surfacique. / In this thesis, we use molecular simulation tools to characterize the thermodynamic properties of fluids confined in nanometric solids. While at the macroscopic scale, the free energy of fluids in contact with a solid is described by pressures and surface tensions, respectively free energies per unit volume and per unit area, at the molecular scale, additional parameters are needed. One of them is the free energy per unit length of the triple line, the line tension. Its values and the methodologies used to measure it are controversial.The thermodynamics of interfaces and lines can be theoretically studied with molecular simulation tools. To extract the surface and line tensions from a simulated molecular trajectory, various statistical methodologies are available. In particular, we here use the mechanical methodology, which consists in measuring the stresses related to the quasistatic spreading of a fluid on a solid.In the first part, we study the microscopic expression of wetting stresses at a planar solid-fuid interface. When a laterally homogeneous solid is considered, the virial theorem applied to an infinite fluid film without consideration of the limit between wet and dry surfaces provides the forces related to the film extension on a dry solid. In the case of a laterally heterogeneous solid, this methodology neglects forces that are concentrated at the triple line. By comparing the surface tensions measured with different methodologies, we show that the neglected terms may induce important errors in the case of rough surfaces.In the second part, we focus on laterally homogeneous solids. We develop a methodology to measure the free energy and the line tension of a confined fluid-fluid interface using fluid mechanical stresses. We simulate Van der Waals fluids and water in liquid-vapor equilibrium confined in different solids. The concept of line tension appears robust down to confinements of a few molecular diameters, and its value consistent with various theoretical approaches, thus solving paradoxical results from the literature.In the last part, we apply the mechanical methodology to study the equilibrium of two fluid species in confinement, one liquid and the other gaseous. We simulate Van der Waals solvents and solutes, and water with carbon dioxide. Various adsorptions at the surfaces and the triple line are observed, strongly impacting the free energy of the confined liquid-gas interface. Finally the adsorption-induced variation of the line tension can be modelled by a unidimensional equivalent of the Gibbs isotherm.

No description available.

One of the most important and interesting unsolved problems of science is the nature of glassy dynamics and the glass transition. It is quite an old problem, and starting from the early20th century there have been many efforts towards a sound understanding of the phenomenon. As a result, there are a number of theories in the field, which do not entirely contradict each other, but between which the connection is not entirely clear. In the last couple of decades or so, there has been significant progress and currently we do understand many facets of the problem. But a unified theoretical framework for the varied phenomena associated with glassiness is still lacking. Mode-coupling theory, an extreaordinarily popular approach, came from Götze and co-workers in the early eighties. The theory was originally developed to describe the two¬ step decay of the time-dependent correlation functions in a glassy fluid observed near the glass transition temperature(Tg). The theory went beyond that and made a number of quantitative predictions that can be tested in experiments and simulations. However, one of the drawback of the theory is its prediction of a strong ergodic to non-ergodic transition at a temperature TMCT; no such transition exists in real systems at the temperatures at which MCT predicts it. Consequently, the predictions of the theory like the power-law divergences of the transport quantities (e.g., viscosity and relaxation time) fail at low enough temperature and the theory can not be used below TMCT. It is well understood now that MCT is some sort of a mean-field theory of the real phenomenon, and in real systems the transition predicted by MCT is at best avoided due to finite dimensions and activated processes, neither of which is taken into account in standard MCT. Despite its draw backs, even the most severe critic of the theory will be impressed by its power and the predictions in a regime where it works. Even though the non-ergodic transition predicted by the theory is averted, the MCT mechanism for the increase of viscosity and relaxation time is actually at work in real systems. The status of MCT for glass transition is ,perhaps, similar to the Curie-Weiss theory of magnetic phase transition and it will require hard work and perhaps a conceptual breakthrough to go beyond this mean-field picture. Discussion of such a theoretical framework and its possible directions are, however, beyond the scope of this thesis. In the first part of this work, we have extended the mode coupling theory to three important physical situations: the properties of fluids under strong confinement, a sheared fluid and for the growth kinetics of glassy domains. In the second part, we have studied a different class of non equilibrium phenomenon in arrested systems, the fluctuation relations for yielding. In the first chapter, we talk about some general phenomenology of the glass transition problem and a few important concepts in the field. Then we briefly discuss the physical problems to be addressed in detail later on in the thesis followed by a brief account of some of the important existing theories in the field. This list is by no means exhaustive but is intended to give a general idea of the theoretical status of the problem. We conclude this chapter with a detailed derivation of MCT and its successes and failures. This derivation is supposed to serve as a reference for the details of the calculations in later chapters. The second chapter deals with a simple theory of an important problem of lubrication and dynamics of fluid at nanoscopic scales. When a fluid is confined between two smooth surfaces down to a few molecular layers and an normal force is applied on the upper surface, it is found that one layer of fluid gets squeezed out of the geometry at a time. The theory to explain this phenomenon came from Persson and Tosatti. However, due to a mathematical error, the in-plane viscosity term played no role in the original calculation. We re-do this calculation and show that the theory is actually more powerful than was suggested originally by its proponents. In the third chapter, we work out a detailed theory for the dynamics of fluid under strong planar confinement. This theory is based on mode-coupling theory. The walls in our theory enter in terms of an external potential that impose a static inhomogeneous background density. The interaction of the density fluctuation with this static background density makes the fluid sluggish. The theory explains how the fluid under strong confinement can undergo a glassy transition at a higher temperature or lower density than the corresponding bulk fluid as has been found in experiments and simulations. One of the interesting findings of the theory is the three-step relaxation that has also been found in a variety of other cases. The fourth chapter consists of a mode-coupling calculation of a sheared fluid through the microscopic approach first suggested by Zaccarelli et al[J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 14,2413(2002)]. The various assumptions of the theory are quite clear in this approach. The main aim of this calculation is to understand how FDR enters with in the theory. The only new result is the modified form of Yvon-Born-Green(YBG) equations for a sheared fluid. Then we extend the theory for the case of a confined fluid under steady shear and show that a confined fluid will show shear thinning at a much lower shear rate than the bulk fluid. When a system is quenched past a phase transition point, phase ordering kinetics begins. The properties of the system show “aging” with time, and the characteristic length scale of the quenched system grows as one waits. The analogous question for glasses has also been asked in the contexts of various numerical and experimental works. We formulate a theory in chapter five for rationalizing these findings. We find that MCT, surprisingly, offers an answer to this key question in glass forming liquids. The challenge of this theory is that care must be taken in using some equilibrium relations like the fluctuation-dissipation relation(FDR), which is one of the key steps in most of the derivations of MCT. We find that the qualitative, and some times even the quantitative, picture is in agreement with numerical findings. A similar calculation for the spin-glass case also predicts increase of the correlation volume with the waiting time, but with a smaller exponent than the structural glass case. We extended this theory to the case of shear and find that shear cuts off the growth of the length-scale of glassy correlations when the waiting time becomes of the order of the inverse shear rate. For the case of sheared fluid, if we take the limit of the infinite waiting time, the system will reach a steady state. Then, the resulting theory will describe a fluid in sheared steady state. The advantage of this theory over the existing mode-coupling theories for a sheared fluid is that FDR has not been used in any stage. This is an important development since the sheared steady state is driven away from equilibrium. Interestingly, the theory captures a suitably-defined effective temperature and gives results that are consistent with numerical experiments of steady state fluids(both glass and granular materials). We give the details of a theoretical model for jamming and large deviations in micellar gel in the sixth chapter. This theory is motivated by experiments. Through the main ingredient of the attachment-detachment kinetics and some simple rules for the dynamics, the theory is capable of capturing all the experimental findings. The novel prediction of this work is that in a certain parameter range, the fluctuation relations may be violated although the large deviation function exists. We argue that a wider class of physical systems can be understood in terms of the present theory. In the final chapter, we summarize the problems studied in this thesis and point out some future directions.

The thesis involves computer simulation and theoretical studies of dynamics of water under confinement and structural transformation in different complex systems. Based on the systems and phenomena of interest, the work has been classified in to three major parts: I. Dynamics of water under confinement II. Dynamics of water in presence of amphiphilic solutes III. Structural transformation in complex systems The three parts have further been divided into nine chapters. Brief chapter wise outline of the thesis is discussed below. Part I deals with the dynamics of water in confined systems. In Chapter I.1, we provide a brief introduction of water dynamics inc on fined systems. We also give a brief outline of relevant experimental and theoretical techniques used to study the water dynamics under confinement. Chapter I.2 describes a model based analytical study of dynamical correlation in confined systems. Here, we introduce a novel one dimensional Ising model to investigate the propagation and annihilation of dynamical correlations in confined systems and to understand the intriguing shortening of the orientational relaxation time that has been reported for small sized reverse micelles (RMs).In our model, the two spins located at the two end cells are oriented in the opposite directions to mimic the surface effects present in the real systems. These produce opposing polarizations which propagate from the surface to the center, thus producing bulk like condition at the center. This model can be solved analytically for short chains. For long chains, we solve the model numerically with Glauber spin flip dynamics (and also with Metropolis single-spin flip Monte Carlo algorithm).We show that the model satisfactorily reproduces many of the features observed in experiments. Due to the destructive interference among correlations that propagate from the surface to the core, one of the rotational relaxation time components decays faster than the bulk. In general, the relaxation of spins is non-exponential due to the interplay between various interactions. In the limit of strong coupling between the spins or in the limit of low temperature, the nature of the relaxation of spins undergoes a change with the emergence of homogeneous dynamics, where the decay is predominantly exponential. In Chapter I.3, layer-wise distance dependent orientation relaxation of water confined in reverse micelle s(RM)is studied using theoretical and computational tools. We use both a newly constructed spins on a ring (SOR) Ising-type model with modified Shore-Zwanzig rotational dynamics and atomistic simulations with explicit water. Our study explores the size effect of RMs and the role of intermolecular correlations, compromised by the presence of a highly polar surface, on the distance (from the surface) dependence of water relaxation. The SOR model can capture some aspects of distance dependent orientation relaxation, such as acceleration of orientation relaxation at intermediate layers. In atomistic simulations, layer-wise decomposition of hydrogen bond (H-bond) formation pattern clearly reveal that the H-bond arrangement of water at a certain distance away from the surface can remain frustrated due to interaction with the polar surface head groups. We show that this layer-wise analysis also reveals the presence of a non-monotonic, slow relaxation component which can be attributed to the frustration effect and is accentuated in small to intermediate size RMs. For larger RMs, the long-time component decreases monotonically from the interface to the interior of the RMs with slowest relaxation observed at the interface. In ChapterI.4, we present theoretical two dimensional infrared spectroscopic (2D-IR) studies of water confined within RMs of various sizes. Here we focus again mainly on the altered dynamics of confined water by performing a layer-wise decomposition of water. We aim to quantify the relative contributions to the calculated 2D-IR spectra by water molecules located in different layers. The spectra of 0-1 transition clearly show substantial elongation along the diagonal, due to in homogeneous broadening and incomplete spectral diffusion, in the surface water layer of different size of RMs studied in this work. Our study reveals that the motion of the surface water molecules is sub-diffusive, establishing the constrained nature of their dynamics. This is further supported by the two peak nature of the angular analogue of the van Hove correlation function. With increasing system size the motion of water molecules becomes more diffusive in nature and the structural diffusion is observed to be almost completed in the central layer of larger RMs. Comparisons between experiment and simulation help establishing the correspondence between the spectral decomposition available in experimental 2D-IR with the spatial decomposition of simulated 2D-IR. Simulations also allow a quantitative exploration of the relative role of water, sodium ions and sulfonate head groups in irrational dephasing. Interestingly, the negative cross correlation between forces on oxygen and hydrogen of O-H bond in bulk water significantly decreases in the surface layer of different RMs. This negative cross correlation gradually increases in the central layer with increasing size of the RMs and this is found to be partly responsible for the faster relaxation rate of water in the central layer. Part II consists of two chapters and focuses on the dynamics of water in presence of amphiphilic solutes. In Chapter II.1, we present a brief introduction of water – DMSO binary mixture and various anomalous properties of the same. In Chapter II.2, we present theoretical IR study of water dynamics in water–DMSO binary mixtures of different compositions. We show that with increasing DMSO concentration, the IR absorption peak maxima show the presence of structural transformation in similar concentration range, observed in earlier studies. Analysis of H-bonded network near hydrophilic and hydrophobic part of DMSO also suggests that average number of hydrogen bonds near the hydrophobic parts possess maxima at the same concentration range. We also show that with increasing DMSO concentration water dynamics becomes very slow. This has been supported by the diagonal elongation of the 2D-IR spectra and also the slow decay of frequency fluctuation correlation n function (FFCF) and the orientation time correlation function (OTCF). The decoupling of the OTCF establishes that water-DMSOH-bond is much stronger than that of water-water. The last part (Part III) consists of three chapters that deal with structural transformation in various complex systems. In Chapter III.1, we introduce polydisperse systems and present existing theoretical, computer simulation and experimental studies. It also contains the importance and diversity of polydisperse system in nature. In Chapter III.2, we present computer simulation study of melting of polydisperse Lennard-Jones (LJ) system with Gaussian polydispersity in size. The phase diagram reproduces the existence of an early temperature in variant terminal polydispersity (δt0.11), with no signature of re-entrant melting. The absence of re-entrant melting can be attributed to the influence of attractive part of the potential on melting. We find that at terminal polydispersity the fractional density change approaches zero that seems to arise from vanishingly small compressibility of the disordered phase. At constant temperature and volume fraction system undergoes a sharp transition from crystalline solid to disordered state with increasing polydispersity. This has been quantified by second and third order rotational invariant bond orientational orders as well as by the average inherent structure energy. The translational order parameter also indicates similar structural change The free energy calculation further supports the nature of the transition. The third order bond orientational order shows that with increasing polydispersity, local cluster favors more icosahedral-like arrangements and thus the system loses its crystalline symmetry. In Chapter III.3, we present study of phase transition and effect of confinement on it in SOR model. This system is similar to our SOR model discussed in Chapter I.3. The spins execute continuous rotation under a modified XY Hamiltonian. In order to understand the nature of phase transition in such confined spin systems we have performed extensive Monte Carlo simulations. The system size dependence of Binders cumulant, specific heat, order parameter and finite size scaling of order parameter universally suggest the existence of a phase transition. The absence of hysteresis and Scaling of Binders energy cumulant minimum confirm the continuous nature of the transition. The finite size scaling analyses give rise to the mean field nature of the transition. Plausible applications of the proposed model in modeling dipolar liquids in confined systems are also discussed. In Appendix A, we discuss a preliminary study of front propagation in a non-equilibrium system. The model system analogous to the super cooled liquid shows non-Avrami domain growth during rejuvenation. The origin of the non-Avrami nature of the domain growth and the presence of cross over are also discussed. In Appendix B, we discuss umbrella a sampling technique and WHAM analysis which is used in ChapterIII.2 to get the free energy of polydisperse LJ system.