Le droit de l’Union européenne emprunte fréquemment aux techniques élaborées et perfectionnées par la science des conflits de lois. Le droit dérivé en général, vecteur de l’intégration juridique des États membres, est la source d’un nombre croissant de dispositions de droit international privé. Les directives européennes, en particulier, exploitent les différentes méthodes de droit international privé façonnées de longue date par les droits nationaux. Les instruments conflictuels y sont placés au service de la construction européenne et voient ainsi leur finalité séculaire redéfinie. Ce sont donc tant les objectifs que les origines des règles touchant aux conflits de lois qui sont modifiés dans le contexte européen. Les contraintes propres aux directives, ces normes à deux niveaux, sont autant de facteurs susceptibles de perturber le fonctionnement des mécanismes de droit international privé. La présente étude se propose d’expliquer l’influence des directives sur le conflit de lois à travers le prisme des méthodes du droit international privé. Elle tend à montrer qu’un double mouvement d’influence réciproque caractérise les relations entre ces textes et ces méthodes. La réception des méthodes traditionnelles par les directives provoque une série de perturbations susceptibles de renouveler leur analyse classique. Inversement, des procédés nouveaux, issus de la construction du marché intérieur et présents au sein des directives, enrichissent la théorie du droit international privé. Cette analyse permet de mettre en lumière la diversité des méthodes de droit international privé contenues dans les directives européennes. / European Union law frequently utilizes from techniques elaborated and continuously improved by the conflict of laws science. Secondary law in general, vector of the legal integration of Member states is the source of an increasing number of private international law measures. In particular, European directives leverage the various methods of private international law designed by the respective national laws a long time ago. In these specific norms, conflicts resolution instruments are repositioned to serve the objective of European construction and therefore have their secular purpose redefined. Thus, both the objectives and the origins of rules relative to the conflict of laws are altered in the European context. As two level laws, directives have specific constraints, which can disrupt how private international law mechanisms operate. The present study aims at explaining the influence of the directives on the conflict of laws from the private international law methods standpoint. It tends to show that these texts and methods operate in a reciprocal influence model. The integration of the traditional methods into directives causes a series of disturbances which can renew their classic analysis. Inversely, new processes stemming from the construction of the internal market and present within the directive are likely to enhance private international law theory. This analysis sheds light on the diversity of private international law methods embedded in European directives.

La problématique des successions internationales a, récemment, accédé à l’actualité en Russie après l’ouverture du pays et la libération des échanges privés internationaux. En effet, avec la disparition de l’URSS en 1991, les russes se sont vus ouvrir les frontières, avec la possibilité notamment de développer leur commerce dans une économie mondiale. Ce sont désormais l’ensemble des États qui connaissent une immigration, partagée entre une volonté d’enracinement dans le pays d’accueil, et sinon le désir de retour, du moins la volonté de faire profiter la famille restée dans l’État d’origine de leurs économies. Cette population immigrée souvent vieillit et meurt dans le pays d’accueil. Cette intensification de l’immigration nous montre la nécessité d'une réglementation russe et d’une application claire de cette réglementation dans le domaine des successions internationales. Les règles de conflit russes sont principalement régies par des dispositions de droit interne, car les rares Conventions internationales signées par la Fédération de Russie dans ce domaine sont intentionnellement de nature, soit régionale, soit bilatérale. Pour cette raison, les règles de droit international privé et les règles substantielles russes reflète la spécificité de son système social, économique et juridique. La présente thèse a pour objectif d’étudier ces règles de manière transversale sur toute la matière du droit russe des successions internationales. Les deux principaux axes de cette étude constituent d’une part, la détermination de la loi applicable aux successions internationales, et d’autre part, le domaine d’application de la loi successorale russe. Nous espérons que la thèse sera utile à tous les praticiens qui seront amenés à appliquer le droit international privé russe des successions. / The international inheritance issues have recently gained importance in Russia, since the opening of the country and the liberalisation of private international exchanges. Indeed, since 1991, with the URSS disintegration, the Russian nationals began to have their borders open with the possibility to develop their trade in a global economy. As a known phenomenon in all the countries, the immigration is shared between the desire to set down roots in the host country, and unless there is a will to return, at least a desire to have their families left in the original country benefit from their savings. Most of the time, this immigrant population ages and dies in the host country. The rising immigration from and to Russian Federation, illustrates the need of a clear regulation and enforcement in the area of the international inheritance law. The Russian conflict-of-law rules are mainly governed by internal rules, because the few international conventions signed by Russia in this area are deliberately regional or bilateral. For this reason, the rules of Russian private international law and the internal rules reflect the specificity of its social, economic and legal system. This Ph.D. undertakes a global reflexion on the Russian rules of the international inheritance law area. The two main axis of this study are, on the one hand, the determination of the applicable law to the international inheritance and the exploration of the domain of the Russian law applicable to the international inheritance. The aim of this thesis is to bring support to the patricians called to apply the Russian international private law in the area of inheritance.

Esta dissertação de mestrado se fundamenta no reconhecimento da relevância da ordem pública no âmbito dos processos de integração regional. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é defender a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores para a aplicação desse princípio jurídico nos processos integrativos e sugerir modelos para esses critérios. A pesquisa se divide em duas partes. Inicialmente, será defendida a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. Uma vez apresentados os argumentos neste sentido, a segunda parte do trabalho sugere possíveis critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos projetos de integração entre Estados. A busca pela definição de elementos condutores para a utilização da ordem pública teve como base a comparação desse instituto jurídico com a soberania. Ambos os conceitos foram examinados enfatizando sua evolução e seu compartilhamento. Outro argumento em defesa da conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública foi a necessidade de garantir segurança jurídica no âmbito dos processos de integração regional, considerando também o desafio de adaptar os sistemas jurídicos a uma realidade influenciada pelo multiculturalismo. Posteriormente, as normas de aplicação imediata e a ordem pública, os chamados instrumentos limitadores utilizados em situações jurídicas multiconectadas, foram analisados. Na sequência, foi feito exame relativo à atual situação legislativa e jurisprudencial da ordem pública em dois processos de integração regional: o Mercosul e a União Europeia. Enquanto o primeiro foi escolhido graças à sua relevância para o Brasil, a União Europeia foi tratada nesta pesquisa por ser a principal referência internacional no que diz respeito à integração entre Estados. Finalmente, foram sugeridos critérios objetivos para orientar a aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. O fundamento dos referidos elementos foi as doutrinas de Erik JAYME e de Robert ALEXY. Os “Métodos para concretização da ordem pública no direito internacional privado” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) e a “Lei de Colisão” (Kollision Gesetz) foram utilizados como base para ter sido proposto um enfoque objetivo no tratamento desse tradicional instituto jurídico cuja principal característica é a abstração. / The concept of this master´s degree dissertation is based on the recognition of the importance of ordre public in the processes of regional integration. The main goal of this essay has been to defend the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of this juridical principle in the processes of regional integration and to suggest models for these principles. The work is divided in two parts. Firstly, the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration is defended. After the presentation of reasons in this regard, the second part of the essay suggests possible orientation models of the application of ordre public in integration projects among states. The quest for the definition of conductive elements for the utilization of ordre public has been based on the comparison between this juridical institute and sovereignty. Both concepts are examined with emphasis on their evolution and their common use. Another justification for defending the importance of defining guiding criteria for the application of ordre public is the necessity of guaranteeing legal security in the integration processes, also taking into account the challenge of adapting juridical systems to the influences of multiculturalism. Subsequently, overriding mandatory provisions and ordre public, so-called restrictive instruments utilized in multi-connected juridical situations, are analysed. Following this, current legislation and jurisprudence concerning ordre public within Mercosur and the European Union are examined. The former has been chosen due to its relevance for Brazil. The latter has been analysed because it consists of the main international reference regarding integration among States. Finally, objective guiding criteria for orientating the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration are suggested. These models are based on the work of Erik JAYME and Robert ALEXY. The “Method for concretization of ordre public in private international law” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) and the “Collision Law” (Kollision Gesetz) form the basis for an objective approach for studying this traditional juridical institute, the main feature of which is its concern with the abstract.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-29T20:29:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1450146 bytes, checksum: ef46ea98c4dc6de8a3c8c940ad0e9207 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-29T20:29:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO COMPLETA.pdf: 1450146 bytes, checksum: ef46ea98c4dc6de8a3c8c940ad0e9207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-29 / The aim of this text is discussing how Science Teaching can influence young people in conflicts with law in CASE (Centro de Atendimento, Socio Educativo) in Goiânia to find the educational instruction and adopting a procedures and attitudes in society. With the objective to find the comprehension of the complex elements that come from the everyday life of the participants, it is perceived the necessity of a qualitative approach, using the participative method. For data construction, it was used interview with coordinator of school, questions to be answered by teachers of specific knowledge areas, the working plan of the Science teacher and direct observation of the Science lessons made in classrooms, transcribed, analyzed and categorized. Initially, the research theoretical corpus refers to Brazilian legislation for Young people who practice offenses and the right of these people around school instruction while they are fulfilling the social rehabilitation reclusion and after that it can be used the Science teaching as a necessary discipline to develop the conceptual contents. After the audio recordings, transcripts and observations of Science lessons, it emerged from the speech analysis, writing, gestures and students actions. It was observed the educative intentions expressed in the educational lesson plan, as well as the possible development paths that conduct to school learning. Therefore, the positions adopted in the plans elaboration and the class development allowed the proposals realization. In the same way it was included the official documents of the area, as well as the theoretical Science Teaching sources. It was found when it is spoken about the students in conflict with Law, the school immersion into an environment of privation freedom, lack and restriction of educational legislation and a specific curriculum, the difficulties of coordinating and teaching about beginning and continual formation to treat this type of school and of the restriction of the use of teaching materials. They are simple steps in schools that could help these young people the possibility of adopting new positions in front of the society. However, observing the local conditions, it is necessary to give importance of creating a public and special thought with norms and rules of schooling system, as well as continuous training of teachers and educational coordination to rescue in the educational planning and development of lessons, and about the commitment to new ways of learning and doing science. / O objetivo deste trabalho centraliza-se em discutir como o Ensino de Ciências pode influenciar os jovens em conflito com a lei que cumprem a medida socioeducativa de internação na escola existente no CASE de Goiânia a adotarem outros procedimentos e atitudes frente a sociedade. Com o intento de abarcar e subsidiar a compreensão de elementos que partem da vida cotidiana dos participantes, percebe-se a necessidade de uma abordagem qualitativa nos moldes da pesquisa participante. Para a construção dos dados opta-se pela entrevista semiestruturada com a coordenadora pedagógica da escola, pelos questionários exploratórios respondidos pelos professores da unidade educacional que trabalham com as disciplinas específicas, pela elaboração do planejamento de aulas com a professora de ciências e pela observação direta das aulas de ciências, que posteriormente foram transcritos, analisados e categorizados. Inicialmente, o corpus teórico da pesquisa refere-se à legislação para os jovens autores de ato infracional e o direito desses sujeitos à escolarização enquanto cumprem a medida socioeducativa de internação e em seguida defender a disciplina de Ciências com potencial para além do desenvolvimento de conteúdos conceituais. Após as gravações em áudio, as observações e as transcrições das aulas de ciências, emergiram categorias de análise através das falas, da escrita e das ações dos alunos. Evidenciou-se que as intencionalidades educativas expressas no planejamento das aulas bem como no seu desenvolvimento possibilitaram os caminhos que conduziram ao aprendizado. Portanto, as posturas assumidas na construção dos planos e no desenvolvimento das aulas permitiram a efetivação das propostas contempladas nos documentos oficiais da área, assim como nos referenciais teóricos em Ensino de Ciências privilegiados. Constatou-se que tratando de estudante em conflito com a lei, da imersão da escola dentro um ambiente de restrição e privação momentânea de liberdade, da ausência de legislação e de um currículo específico; das dificuldades da coordenação pedagógica e da equipe de professores referentes a formação inicial e continuada para tratar desse tipo de escola e da restrição da utilização de materiais didáticos, são atitudes simples no fazer escolar que podem permitir a esses jovens a possibilidade de adoção de procedimentos e atitudes frente a sociedade através dos conteúdos. No entanto, devido às especificidades locais, destaca-se a importância da criação de uma política pública especial voltada com a normatização e a regulamentação da escolarização no sistema socioeducativo, bem como uma formação continuada da coordenação pedagógica e dos professores a fim de resgatar no planejamento didático e no desenvolvimento das aulas o compromisso com as novas maneiras de aprender e fazer ciências.

La notion de cyberdélit est analysée, dans le cadre de la thèse, sous l'angle de la responsabilité civile. Le champ de l'étude est ainsi circonscrit à trois types de délits civils : les atteintes aux droits de la personnalité, les atteintes aux droits de la propriété intellectuelle et à la concurrence déloyale. Ces délits commis par le biais de l'Internet posent de nombreuses difficultés aux règles de droit international privé, justifiant qu'une nouvelle façon de les appréhender soit proposée, tant sur le terrain de la compétence juridictionnelle que sur celui de la loi applicable. Les propositions sont de deux ordres. La première, se fondant sur les difficultés de localisation du délit, suggère une nouvelle méthode de localisation adaptée aux cyberdélits. En effet, les méthodes du droit positif, la méthode de localisation objective du délit ainsi que la méthode de la focalisation, s'avèrent inadéquates. Il est ainsi proposé une méthode de localisation fictive des cyberdélits. La seconde, prenant appui sur la position délicate des victimes de cyberdélits qui engagent une 1e action aux fins d'obtenir une réparation ou la cessation de l'illicite, suggère une protection de ces dernières. La pertinence d'une protection des victimes se fonde sur l'identification d'une asymétrie structurelle à l'égard, à la fois des prestataires techniques de l'Internet et des auteurs des faits illicites eux-mêmes. Des règles protectrices des victimes de cyberdélits s'imposent donc afin de rétablir un juste équilibre entre les parties. / The study focuses on the analysis of three different types of cybertorts : defamation, violation of the right to privacy and copyright infringements occurring on the Internet. Cybertorts are a recent phenomenon challenging conflict of laws rules. The difficulties arising from the application of traditional rules to these specific torts justify that a new way to deal with them be adopted as regards conflicts of laws rules and rules for jurisdiction. The proposals are dual. The first one builds on the difficulties of localization of cybertorts to suggest a new method. The positive methods based on an objective localization or on the target or destination of the website are inadequate. The study proposes a fictitious localization of cybertorts. The second one, building on the difficulties encountered by the victims of cybertorts when they act for the defense of their rights, suggests that they should be granted some protection. Indeed, the analysis shows the existence of an asymmetric relationship between the victim and the online intermediaries and the tortfeasor. Some protective rules appear to be necessary to strike a fair balance between the parties.

Esta dissertação de mestrado se fundamenta no reconhecimento da relevância da ordem pública no âmbito dos processos de integração regional. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é defender a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores para a aplicação desse princípio jurídico nos processos integrativos e sugerir modelos para esses critérios. A pesquisa se divide em duas partes. Inicialmente, será defendida a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. Uma vez apresentados os argumentos neste sentido, a segunda parte do trabalho sugere possíveis critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos projetos de integração entre Estados. A busca pela definição de elementos condutores para a utilização da ordem pública teve como base a comparação desse instituto jurídico com a soberania. Ambos os conceitos foram examinados enfatizando sua evolução e seu compartilhamento. Outro argumento em defesa da conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública foi a necessidade de garantir segurança jurídica no âmbito dos processos de integração regional, considerando também o desafio de adaptar os sistemas jurídicos a uma realidade influenciada pelo multiculturalismo. Posteriormente, as normas de aplicação imediata e a ordem pública, os chamados instrumentos limitadores utilizados em situações jurídicas multiconectadas, foram analisados. Na sequência, foi feito exame relativo à atual situação legislativa e jurisprudencial da ordem pública em dois processos de integração regional: o Mercosul e a União Europeia. Enquanto o primeiro foi escolhido graças à sua relevância para o Brasil, a União Europeia foi tratada nesta pesquisa por ser a principal referência internacional no que diz respeito à integração entre Estados. Finalmente, foram sugeridos critérios objetivos para orientar a aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. O fundamento dos referidos elementos foi as doutrinas de Erik JAYME e de Robert ALEXY. Os “Métodos para concretização da ordem pública no direito internacional privado” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) e a “Lei de Colisão” (Kollision Gesetz) foram utilizados como base para ter sido proposto um enfoque objetivo no tratamento desse tradicional instituto jurídico cuja principal característica é a abstração. / The concept of this master´s degree dissertation is based on the recognition of the importance of ordre public in the processes of regional integration. The main goal of this essay has been to defend the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of this juridical principle in the processes of regional integration and to suggest models for these principles. The work is divided in two parts. Firstly, the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration is defended. After the presentation of reasons in this regard, the second part of the essay suggests possible orientation models of the application of ordre public in integration projects among states. The quest for the definition of conductive elements for the utilization of ordre public has been based on the comparison between this juridical institute and sovereignty. Both concepts are examined with emphasis on their evolution and their common use. Another justification for defending the importance of defining guiding criteria for the application of ordre public is the necessity of guaranteeing legal security in the integration processes, also taking into account the challenge of adapting juridical systems to the influences of multiculturalism. Subsequently, overriding mandatory provisions and ordre public, so-called restrictive instruments utilized in multi-connected juridical situations, are analysed. Following this, current legislation and jurisprudence concerning ordre public within Mercosur and the European Union are examined. The former has been chosen due to its relevance for Brazil. The latter has been analysed because it consists of the main international reference regarding integration among States. Finally, objective guiding criteria for orientating the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration are suggested. These models are based on the work of Erik JAYME and Robert ALEXY. The “Method for concretization of ordre public in private international law” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) and the “Collision Law” (Kollision Gesetz) form the basis for an objective approach for studying this traditional juridical institute, the main feature of which is its concern with the abstract.

Esta dissertação de mestrado se fundamenta no reconhecimento da relevância da ordem pública no âmbito dos processos de integração regional. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é defender a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores para a aplicação desse princípio jurídico nos processos integrativos e sugerir modelos para esses critérios. A pesquisa se divide em duas partes. Inicialmente, será defendida a conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. Uma vez apresentados os argumentos neste sentido, a segunda parte do trabalho sugere possíveis critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública nos projetos de integração entre Estados. A busca pela definição de elementos condutores para a utilização da ordem pública teve como base a comparação desse instituto jurídico com a soberania. Ambos os conceitos foram examinados enfatizando sua evolução e seu compartilhamento. Outro argumento em defesa da conveniência de definir critérios orientadores de aplicação da ordem pública foi a necessidade de garantir segurança jurídica no âmbito dos processos de integração regional, considerando também o desafio de adaptar os sistemas jurídicos a uma realidade influenciada pelo multiculturalismo. Posteriormente, as normas de aplicação imediata e a ordem pública, os chamados instrumentos limitadores utilizados em situações jurídicas multiconectadas, foram analisados. Na sequência, foi feito exame relativo à atual situação legislativa e jurisprudencial da ordem pública em dois processos de integração regional: o Mercosul e a União Europeia. Enquanto o primeiro foi escolhido graças à sua relevância para o Brasil, a União Europeia foi tratada nesta pesquisa por ser a principal referência internacional no que diz respeito à integração entre Estados. Finalmente, foram sugeridos critérios objetivos para orientar a aplicação da ordem pública nos processos de integração regional. O fundamento dos referidos elementos foi as doutrinas de Erik JAYME e de Robert ALEXY. Os “Métodos para concretização da ordem pública no direito internacional privado” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) e a “Lei de Colisão” (Kollision Gesetz) foram utilizados como base para ter sido proposto um enfoque objetivo no tratamento desse tradicional instituto jurídico cuja principal característica é a abstração. / The concept of this master´s degree dissertation is based on the recognition of the importance of ordre public in the processes of regional integration. The main goal of this essay has been to defend the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of this juridical principle in the processes of regional integration and to suggest models for these principles. The work is divided in two parts. Firstly, the convenience of defining orientation criteria for the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration is defended. After the presentation of reasons in this regard, the second part of the essay suggests possible orientation models of the application of ordre public in integration projects among states. The quest for the definition of conductive elements for the utilization of ordre public has been based on the comparison between this juridical institute and sovereignty. Both concepts are examined with emphasis on their evolution and their common use. Another justification for defending the importance of defining guiding criteria for the application of ordre public is the necessity of guaranteeing legal security in the integration processes, also taking into account the challenge of adapting juridical systems to the influences of multiculturalism. Subsequently, overriding mandatory provisions and ordre public, so-called restrictive instruments utilized in multi-connected juridical situations, are analysed. Following this, current legislation and jurisprudence concerning ordre public within Mercosur and the European Union are examined. The former has been chosen due to its relevance for Brazil. The latter has been analysed because it consists of the main international reference regarding integration among States. Finally, objective guiding criteria for orientating the application of ordre public in the processes of regional integration are suggested. These models are based on the work of Erik JAYME and Robert ALEXY. The “Method for concretization of ordre public in private international law” (Methoden der Konkretisierung des ordre public im Internationalen Privatrecht) and the “Collision Law” (Kollision Gesetz) form the basis for an objective approach for studying this traditional juridical institute, the main feature of which is its concern with the abstract.

The given Master's degree thesis deals with the comparative analysis of legislation on real estate disposition in the Czech Republic and Ukraine in the context of international private law. Primarily, it focuses on the legal status of Czech investors in real estate situated in Ukraine and also the legal status of Ukrainian investors investing in real estate situated in the Czech Republic. The author of this Master's degree thesis has chosen this topic since he is interested in international private law, as well as in Ukrainian land law, especially in the sphere of private- law relations concerning real estate with an international element. The aim of this Master's degree thesis is to alert potential investors from Ukraine and the Czech Republic on specifics and potential legal pitfalls when investing in real estate situated in the Czech Republic or in Ukraine, to analyze conflict-of-law rules which regulate private-law relations with an international element concerning real estate disposition in the territory of both above-mentioned states and, finally, to recommend definite strategical and tactical steps towards the implementation of investment projects. Thus, the main purpose of this Master's degree thesis is to create a handbook for investors who intend to invest in real estate in the Czech...

L’uniformisation internationale du droit de transport de marchandises par mer est caractérisée par certains défauts. Par exemple, les Règles de La Haye-Visby ne s’appliquent qu’au transport maritime, ainsi les opérations avant et après le transport par mer sont exclues de leur champ d’application. Le droit international privé déterminera la loi applicable à ces opérations, mais les règles de conflit de lois sont générales et il existe quelques règles spéciales relatives au transport de marchandises par mer. Afin de guider le choix entre les règles de conflit de lois générales et spéciales, la nature particulière des contrats maritimes doit être prise en compte. La thèse tente de déterminer les défauts de l’uniformisation internationale du droit de transport de marchandises par mer, étudie l’application des règles de conflit de lois aux contrats maritimes et tente également de démontrer comment la nature particulière des contrats maritimes influence le choix et l’interprétation des règles de conflit de lois générales. La thèse prend en compte le droit de contrats internationaux et le droit international privé de France et de Panama. / The international uniformity of the carriage of goods by sea law is characterized by certain deficiencies. For instance, the Hague-Visby Rules are applicable only to the maritime leg, so the operations before and after the maritime leg are not under regulation. Here private international law will determine the law to regulate these operations, but the conflict of laws is generalized and there are very few special rules related to the carriage of goods by sea. To guide the choice between the general and special conflict of law rules, the specific characteristics of maritime contracts have to be taken into account. This research tries to determine the deficiencies in the international uniformity of the carriage of goods by sea law, studies the application of the conflict of law rules to maritime contracts and to show how the specific characteristics of maritime contracts influence the choice and the interpretation of the general conflict of law rules. The research takes into account contract and private international law in France and Panama.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-08-09T16:59:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Mercedes Whitaker Guarnieri.pdf: 1669106 bytes, checksum: fb219973b2360b7b546f9d679b38d037 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T16:59:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Mercedes Whitaker Guarnieri.pdf: 1669106 bytes, checksum: fb219973b2360b7b546f9d679b38d037 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Institutionalization of children and adolescents in Brazil dates back to centuries and it has a history marked by mostly segregating practices, moralizing, hygienists, criminal ones, it is mainly after the XIX century they were built in partnership with the Medicine and the Law. In these developments, Psychology became involved, at first by demand of law and the bias of medical sciences. In Brazil the profession was regulated in 1962, and FEBEM in São Paulo gives rise to Pró-Menor in 1976, during the military dictatorship. After the advent of ECA (1990) shall enter into force adolescent accountability in conflict with the law through socio-educational measures in open, semi-open or closed environment. And the beginning of a new public policy with educative nature that considers children and adolescents as being in development and protagonists of their stories. In 2012 it is enacted the Law 12.584/12 (SINASE) that regulates the implementation of these socio- educational measures. CASASP Foundation, that in 2006 replaced FEBEM, aimed to decentralize attendance and currently only performs the social educational measures of semi liberty and detention. Despite of all the advances made by workers after the democratization of the country once again, deprivation of liberty of adolescents in Brazil, more specifically in São Paulo, still presents punitive goal and it has its daily life permeated by various ways of violence. It is in this context that psychologists work, by placing themselves face to face with enormous challenges and contradictions. It is through the trajectory of four psychologists that this research aims to analyze meaning senses they attach to activity, the process between the prescribed and the real activity, the main strategies and confrontations. Based on historical social psychology it was possible to verify that the hindering aspects produce suffering and feelings as impotence and devaluation. On the other hand, the teamwork centralized on adolescent and collective formed by professionals leverage them and give meaning to the work. Finally it can be considered that psychologists´ work establish as a permanent questioning exercise, on behalf of adolescents, firm in the ethical-political commitment / A institucionalização de crianças e adolescentes no Brasil remonta a séculos e possui uma história marcada por práticas majoritariamente segregatórias, moralizantes, higienistas, criminalizantes, sendo que principalmente após o século XIX foram construídas em parceira com a Medicina e o Direito. Nestes desdobramentos, a Psicologia se fez implicada, a princípio por demanda de ordem jurídica, e no viés das ciências médicas. No Brasil a profissão foi regulamentada em 1962, e a FEBEM de São Paulo dá lugar a Pró-Menor em 1976, em plena ditadura militar. Após o advento do ECA (1990) entra em vigor a responsabilização do adolescente em conflito com a lei através de medidas socioeducativas, em meio aberto, semiaberto ou fechado. É o início de uma nova política pública com caráter educativo que considera crianças e adolescentes seres em desenvolvimento e protagonistas de suas histórias. Em 2012 é promulgada a Lei 12.584/12 (SINASE) que regulamenta a execução destas medidas socioeducativas. A Fundação CASA-SP, que em 2006 substituiu a FEBEM, procurou descentralizar o atendimento e atualmente executa somente as medidas socioeducativas de semiliberdade e internação. Apesar de todos os avanços conquistados pelos trabalhadores após a redemocratização do país, a privação de liberdade de adolescentes no Brasil, mais especificadamente em São Paulo, ainda apresenta caráter punitivista e tem seu cotidiano permeado pelas diversas formas da violência. É neste contexto que psicólogas trabalham, colocando-se frente a frente a enormes desafios e contradições. É através da trajetória de quatro psicólogas que esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar sentidos-significados que atribuem a atividade, o processo entre a atividade prescrita e real, as principais estratégias e enfrentamentos. Com base na Psicologia Sócio-Histórica, foi possível verificar que os aspectos impeditivos geram sofrimento e sentimentos como os de impotência e desvalorização. Por outro lado, o trabalho em equipe centralizado no adolescente e os coletivos formados pelas profissionais as potencializam e dão sentido ao trabalho. Por fim, pode-se considerar que o trabalho das psicólogas constitui-se como um exercício de permanente questionamento, e deve se manter posicionado, em prol dos adolescentes, firmes no compromisso ético-político