At the author’s request, the abstract has been removed due to the confidential nature of the thesis. It will be added once the embargo period has passed.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2007

Zugl.: Giessen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Zugl.: Giessen, Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2007.

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Bonn.

A conexina 32 (Cx32) é uma estrutura protéica que constitui os canais que promovem as comunicações intercelulares via junções comunicantes (GJIC), permitindo difusão de pequenas moléculas citoplasmáticas de uma célula à outra. Este trabalho objetivou os estudos destas estruturas devido a sua importância em processos hepáticos, mais especificamente, a fibrose hepática. O presente estudo foi realizado através da administração oral da droga hepatotoxica dimetilnitrosamina (DMN) em ratas Wistar duas vezes por semana em dias consecutivos no prazo de cinco semanas. A necropsia destes animais foi realizada após cinco semanas da última administração da droga e revelou um quadro de fibrose hepática, em contra partida aos resultados obtidos em um grupo controle com a mesma quantidade de animais. O material fibrótico foi submetido à análise imunohistoquímica que revelou uma presença preferencial de Cx32 dispersa no citoplasma, o que pode levar à hipótese de problemas no mecanismo de transporte citoplasmático destas estruturas, em contrapartida ao material pertencente ao grupo controle que evidenciou a presença das Cx32 na membrana plasmática formando placas juncionais. Quando submetido à análises moleculares o fígado fibrótico revelou uma diminuição da expressão gênica embora o produto protéico deste material quando comparado ao grupo controle não tenha se mostrado diminuído. / The connexin 32 (Cx32) is a proteic structure that constitute the channels that promote the cell communication by means of the gap junction (GJIC), allowing the diffusion of short cytoplasmic molecules from a cell to another. This work aimed to study these structures due to their importance in the hepatic metabolic processes. The hepatic fibrosis was triggered by the oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) in the female rat Wistars twice a week in consecutive days during five weeks. The necropsy of these animals was carried out after the last drug administration. They presented a hepatic fibrosis state. The fibrotic material was submitted to the imunohistochemical analysis, which showed a preferencial presence of Cx32 in the cytoplasm, whereas in the control group the Cx32 was located at the membranes, in the junctional plaques. The molecular analysis showed a decrease of the genic expresson of the fibrotic material, however the proteic product wasn? t reduced in comparison with the control group as it was shown by western blot. We concluded that the fibrotic state introduced a disturbance in the intracellular distribution and genic expression of the connexin 32.

Growth suppression mediated by connexin 37 (Cx37; also known as GJA4) requires interaction between its C-terminus and functional pore-forming domain. Using rat insulinoma cells, we show that Cx37 induces cell death and cell cycle arrest, and slowed cell cycling. Whether differential phosphorylation might regulate intramolecular interactions, and consequently the growth-suppressive phenotype, is unknown. Protein kinase C inhibition increased the open state probability of low-conductance gap junction channels (GJChs) and reduced GJCh closed state probability. Substituting alanine at serine residues 275, 302 and 328 eliminated Cx37-induced cell death, supported proliferation and reduced the GJCh closed state probability. With additional alanine for serine substitutions at residues 285, 319, 321 and 325, Cx37-induced cell death was eliminated and the growth arrest period prolonged, and GJCh closed state probability was restored. With aspartate substitution at these seven sites, apoptosis was induced and the open state probability of large conductance GJChs (and hemichannels) was increased. These data suggest that differential phosphorylation of the C-terminus regulates channel conformation and, thereby, cell cycle progression and cell survival.

Les astrocytes périsynaptiques participent activement, au côté des neurones, dans le traitement de l’information cérébrale. Une propriété essentielle des astrocytes est d’exprimer un niveau élevé de protéines appelées connexines (Cxs), et formant les sous-unités des jonctions communicantes. Étonnamment, bien qu’il ait été suggéré très tôt que la Cx30 astrocytaire soit impliquée dans des processus cognitifs, son rôle exact dans la neurophysiologie demeure cependant encore mal connu. Nous avons récemment révélé que la Cx30, via une fonction non-canal inédite, contrôle la force et la plasticité de la transmission synaptique glutamatergique de l’hippocampe en régulant les niveaux synaptiques de glutamate par le biais du transport astrocytaire du glutamate. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaire et cellulaire impliqués dans ce contrôle, ainsi que sa régulation dynamique par l’activité neuronale et son impact in vivo dans un contexte physiologique restaient inconnus. Dans le cadre de cette problématique, j’ai démontré durant ma thèse que: 1) La Cx30 induit la maturation morphologique des astrocytes de l’hippocampe par l’intermédiaire de la modulation d’une voie de signalisation dépendante de la laminine et régulant la polarisation cellulaire ; 2) l’expression de la Cx30, sa localisation perisynaptique, ainsi que ses fonctions sont modulées par l’activité neuronale ; 3) Le contrôle de la couverture astrocytaire des synapses du noyau supraoptique de l’hypothalamus par la Cx30 fixe les niveaux plasmatiques de base de la neurohormone ocytocine et ainsi favorise la mise en place de comportements sociaux adaptés. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats éclairent les régulations des Cxs astrocytaires par l’activité neuronale et leur rôle dans le développement postnatal des réseaux neurogliaux, ainsi que dans le contrôle des interactions structurelles astrocytes-synapses à l’origine de processus comportementaux. / Perisynaptic astrocytes are active partners of neurons in cerebral information processing. A key property of astrocytes is to express high levels of the gap junction forming proteins, the connexins (Cxs). Strikingly, astroglial Cx30 was suggested early on to be involved in cognitive processes; however, its specific role in neurophysiology has yet been unexplored. We recently reveal that Cx30, through an unconventional non-channel function, controls hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic strength and plasticity by directly setting synaptic glutamate levels through astroglial glutamate clearance. Yet the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such control, its dynamic regulation by activity and its impact in vivo in a physiological context were unknown. To answer these questions, I demonstrated during my PhD that: 1) Cx30 drives the morphological maturation of hippocampal astrocytes via the modulation of a laminin signaling pathway regulating cell polarization; 2) Cx30 expression, perisynaptic localization and functions are modulated by neuronal activity; 3) Cx30-mediated control of astrocyte synapse coverage in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus sets basal plasmatic level of the neurohormone oxytocin and hence promotes appropriate oxytocin-based social abilities. Taken together, these data shed new light on astroglial Cxs activity-dependent regulations and roles in the postnatal development of neuroglial networks, as well as in astrocyte-synapse structural interactions mediating behavioral processes.

The discovery of stem and progenitor cells capable of ongoing neurogenesis in the adult mammalian brain has raised hope that we will one day be able to harness their intrinsic regenerative capacity following injury. Development of such therapeutic strategies relies on a comprehensive understanding of the underlying regulation of the neurogenic process. To this end, I show, in this thesis, that cultured post-natal hippocampal neural progenitor cells (NPCs) express a specific repertoire of connexins (Cx), a family of channel forming proteins critical for communication prior to the development of functional chemical synapses. I show that this pattern of Cx expression, specifically Cx43 and Cx45, is modulated by interaction with the extracellular matrix component laminin providing evidence of extracellular matrix-cell interaction in the regulation of intrinsic Cx expression and function in postnatal NPCs. In adult brain, I show, for the first time, that Cx45 localizes to all cell types of the neuronal lineage with the exception of the type 3 doublecortin (DCX)-positive NPCs. Using a loss of function approach, I show that this expression is required for the normal proliferation of type 1 nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive stem like NPCs but not for the differentiation or survival of their progeny in the adult hippocampus. With respect to exogenous pharmacological cues that influence hippocampal neurogenesis, this thesis also demonstrates that chronic treatment with a sub-set of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, fluoxetine and escitalopram, increases the proliferation but not the survival of adult NPCs in healthy, non-depressed mice. Further, standard post-operative analgesia with the opiate buprenorphine inhibits the proliferation of DCX-positive adult NPCs and increases the survival of their progeny. Finally, over the course of the research for this thesis, it became clear that exposing research animals to even very subtle environmental changes can influence the basal neurogenic process. Ultimately this work further highlights the exquisite sensitivity of the regulation of what is already recognized to be a highly dynamic process and provides important insight into the neurogenic process that can be used to inform future therapeutic development and application.