<p>Talking about nuclear disaster most people would probably come to think about the accident in Chernobyl 1986.</p><p>Experts at the WHO has described the accident as follows <em>“The magnitude and scope of the disaster, the size of the affected population, and the long-term consequences make it, by far the worst industrial disaster on record.”^{<strong>^[1]</strong>} </em></p><p>It is impossible to tell where or even if a disaster like this will ever happen again, but still if it does happen, most people would probably agree that you like to be as prepared as possible. With this in mind this study has tried to look at credible effects of a nuclear disaster in Sweden.</p><p>To get a grip of the consequences caused by a nuclear disaster this study has been performed as a comparative study, where research results from the Chernobyl accident presented by IAEA and WHO has been compared with actual circumstances in Sweden.</p><p>When starting out the author of this thesis had a picture of a nuclear accident as the ultimate disaster that will bring death and destroy enormous areas of land and water for many years to come.</p><p>However as this study proceeded many of the effects of a nuclear accident might not be as horrifying as they might seem.</p><p>Saying this, it does not in any way mean that a nuclear accident would not have an enormous impact on those affected by it.</p><p>As this study will show much of the impact of a nuclear disaster might be avoided by the right type of action at the right time. This calls for authorities being well aware and prepared for the risks connected with such a disaster. As this study will show this might not always be the case of Swedish authorities.</p><p>^{^[1]} Burton et al. 2006 p 102</p>

Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) is an important conifer tree species widely distributed in Europe. Genetically, the population of this large range is divided in two differentiated groups: a southern and a northern European group. In the northern European group, the fossils records tell us that after the last glaciation this species recolonized from one main refugium located around the Moscow region, in Russia.             In this study, the genetic diversity and structure of 101 populations of Norway spruce collected all over the northern European range were examined using an indel polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The polymorphism was used to investigate the migration routes of this species after the last glaciation.                        The distribution of the detected two haplotypes (A and B) was geographically well structured as haplotype A was restricted to Scandinavia, while haplotype B was found all over the examined range. The value of averaged intrapopulation gene diversity (HS=0.09) was lower than total populations gene diversity (HT=0.28) and a relatively high value of genetic differentiation among populations was detected (GST=0.68). The genetic structure detected in this study suggested that a second refugium for spruce might have been present in Scandinavia. This study would shed light on our understanding of the postglacial migration history of Norway spruce.

Talking about nuclear disaster most people would probably come to think about the accident in Chernobyl 1986. Experts at the WHO has described the accident as follows “The magnitude and scope of the disaster, the size of the affected population, and the long-term consequences make it, by far the worst industrial disaster on record.”[1] It is impossible to tell where or even if a disaster like this will ever happen again, but still if it does happen, most people would probably agree that you like to be as prepared as possible. With this in mind this study has tried to look at credible effects of a nuclear disaster in Sweden. To get a grip of the consequences caused by a nuclear disaster this study has been performed as a comparative study, where research results from the Chernobyl accident presented by IAEA and WHO has been compared with actual circumstances in Sweden. When starting out the author of this thesis had a picture of a nuclear accident as the ultimate disaster that will bring death and destroy enormous areas of land and water for many years to come. However as this study proceeded many of the effects of a nuclear accident might not be as horrifying as they might seem. Saying this, it does not in any way mean that a nuclear accident would not have an enormous impact on those affected by it. As this study will show much of the impact of a nuclear disaster might be avoided by the right type of action at the right time. This calls for authorities being well aware and prepared for the risks connected with such a disaster. As this study will show this might not always be the case of Swedish authorities. [1] Burton et al. 2006 p 102

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<p>For many individuals gambling gives an opportunity for relaxation and social relations. The positive effects of gambling are for most individual’s considerable more than the negative effects. Even if gambling gives positive effects there is individuals that cannot control there gambling and therefore develop an addiction which disturb there life situation and health. The aim of this study was to describe which personal characteristics distinguish people with a pathological gambling and which psychological, physical and social consequences this pathological gambling causes for the individual. The method of the study was a literary study and was based on twenty scientific articles. These articles were found in different scientific databases. The result of the study indicated that pathological gamblers have a higher grade of impulsivity and therefore they are seeking for quick satisfaction. The characteristic of pathological gamblers causes psychological, physiological and social consequences. Pathological gamblers have a increased risk of economical problems, work loses, anxiety, fear and depression. The consequences of pathological gambling does not only affect the individual with the addiction but also people in the person’s environment; therefore it is important that the society receive increased knowledge about pathological gambling. Further research about which individual’s that have an increased risk of become pathological gamblers, research about the increased accessibility to gamble and the mass medium effect on the individual is a desire.</p>

For many individuals gambling gives an opportunity for relaxation and social relations. The positive effects of gambling are for most individual’s considerable more than the negative effects. Even if gambling gives positive effects there is individuals that cannot control there gambling and therefore develop an addiction which disturb there life situation and health. The aim of this study was to describe which personal characteristics distinguish people with a pathological gambling and which psychological, physical and social consequences this pathological gambling causes for the individual. The method of the study was a literary study and was based on twenty scientific articles. These articles were found in different scientific databases. The result of the study indicated that pathological gamblers have a higher grade of impulsivity and therefore they are seeking for quick satisfaction. The characteristic of pathological gamblers causes psychological, physiological and social consequences. Pathological gamblers have a increased risk of economical problems, work loses, anxiety, fear and depression. The consequences of pathological gambling does not only affect the individual with the addiction but also people in the person’s environment; therefore it is important that the society receive increased knowledge about pathological gambling. Further research about which individual’s that have an increased risk of become pathological gamblers, research about the increased accessibility to gamble and the mass medium effect on the individual is a desire.

<p> Organizational justice has received considerable research attention over the past three decades. Most of this attention, however, has focused on examining the relationship between organizational justice and outcome variables such as work attitudes and behaviours. The question of organizational antecedents of organizational justice has not been fully explored. Also, most previous studies have been conducted in western countries. The amount of available research from nonwestern countries is limited. The present study investigates both antecedents and outcomes of organizational justice using a sample of 242 supervisor-subordinate dyads from Chinese organizations. A path model is developed and tested depicting perceived HR practices (empowerment, psychological contract breach, and communication) as antecedents to organizational justice perceptions (distributive, procedural, and interactional), and organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and turnover intention as outcomes. The results provide empirical evidence of the impact of: (a) empowerment on distributive justice perceptions; (b) psychological contract breach on distributive and procedural justice; and (c) communication on procedural justice and interactional justice. The results also demonstrate that perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice positively predict OCB and that perceptions of distributive and interactional justice contribute to turnover intention. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O termo âassaltoâ à usado no cotidiano referindo-se à aÃÃo de um ou mais indivÃduos, comumente armados, que abordam outras pessoas para roubar os seus bens. Embora esse termo nÃo seja empregado no CÃdigo Penal Brasileiro, hà sanÃÃo prevista para o crime de roubo, cuja descriÃÃo à similar à definiÃÃo de assalto. O roubo apresenta uma considerÃvel gravidade por pressupor o uso da forÃa, podendo levar as vÃtimas a Ãbito. AlÃm disso, danos decorrentes de um roubo restringem a capacidade dos indivÃduos de exercer adequadamente diversos papÃis, como o parental, conjugal e ocupacional, acarretando em prejuÃzos significativos nas relaÃÃes interpessoais em diversos ambientes, tais como familiar, escolar e laboral. Em face desses elementos, o presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto cognitivo, emocional e comportamental da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo. Especificamente, espera-se estimar se e quais variÃveis situacionais especÃficas contribuem para maiores sequelas nas vÃtimas e avaliar em que medida os fatores protetivos e agravantes, apontados pela literatura, apresentam relevÃncia em contexto local. Para alcanÃar os objetivos propostos, foram realizados dois estudos empÃricos. Nesses estudos, contou-se com a participaÃÃo de 348 pessoas de diversos estados do Brasil. O Estudo I comparou vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas no que se refere aos fatores apontados como possÃveis complicaÃÃes decorrentes do crime, enquanto o Estudo II avaliou o impacto individual de variÃveis contextuais especÃficas nas diversas sequelas decorrentes do crime e o efeito especÃfico dos fatores protetivos. Como resultado, pode-se observar, no Estudo I, que as vÃtimas e nÃo-vÃtimas se diferenciaram quanto a ansiedade, medo do crime, percepÃÃes de vulnerabilidade e autoeficÃcia, alÃm da tomada de algumas medidas de proteÃÃo. No Estudo II, observou-se que somente as estratÃgias de Controle e Retraimento, ConversÃo e Aditividade apresentaram relaÃÃo com os impactos analisados. O Suporte Social nÃo apresentou qualquer relaÃÃo com as consequÃncias do roubo. Tais resultados foram discutidos com base na literatura. Considera-se que os objetivos da presente dissertaÃÃo tenham sido alcanÃados uma vez que foi possÃvel analisar os impactos decorrentes da vitimizaÃÃo por roubo e seus correlatos que apresentam mais destaque na literatura. Contudo, pode-se apontar algumas limitaÃÃes na pesquisa, como a dimensÃo reduzida da amostra e qualidade de algumas medidas utilizadas. Para pesquisas futuras, sugere-se a utilizaÃÃo de amostras maiores, alÃm da adaptaÃÃo prÃvia das escalas para contexto local e a realizaÃÃo de estudos longitudinais. / The term mugging is used in the everyday referring to the action of one or more individuals, commonly armed, who approach other people to steal their property. Although this term is not used in the Brazilian Penal Code, there is an expected penalty for the crime of robbery, whose description is similar to the definition of mugging and differs from the crime of theft. Robbery is more serious because it presupposes the use of force, which can lead to death. In addition, damages resulting from a robbery restrict the ability of individuals to properly exercise various roles, such as parental, marital and occupational, resulting in significant impairment in interpersonal relationships in various settings, such as family, school, and work. In view of these elements, the present study has as main objective to evaluate the cognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes of robbery victimization. Specifically, it is expected to estimate if and which specific situational variables contribute to greater sequelae in the victims and to evaluate to what extent the attenuating and aggravating factors pointed out in the literature are relevant in the local context. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, two empirical studies were carried out: Study I compared victims and non-victims with regard to factors identified as possible complications of crime, while Study II assessed the individual impact of specific contextual variables in the various sequelae and the specific effect of mitigating factors. As a result, it can be observed in Study 1 that victims and non-victims differed in terms of anxiety, fear of crime, perceptions of vulnerability and self-efficacy, and the taking of some protective measures. In Study 2, it was observed that only Control and Retraining, Conversion, Addiction strategies presented a relation with the analyzed impacts. Social Support was not related to the consequences of the robbery. These results were discussed based on the literature. It is considered that the objectives of this dissertation have been reached since it was possible to analyze the impacts of robbery victimization and its correlates that are more prominent in the literature. However, it is possible to point out some limitations in the research, such as the reduced size of the sample and the quality of some measures used. For future research, we suggest the use of larger samples, besides the previous adaptation of the scales to local context and the realization of longitudinal studies.

This essay examines how young male students get affected by media and how it influences their identity in everyday life. Our theoretical framework is based on masculinity, hegemonic masculinity, parasocial interaction and identification theory. Methods used are qualitative interviews with young men between 20-25 years old. We keep in mind that we have preconceptions of how media affects the male identity and that it affects the results of the study. The essay shows that there are different suggestions of how a man should be and behave according to media image. However, the male images that are seen are all variations of the traditional production of man, but there are also new available ideal images. The result shows that young male students get affected by media messages in forms of identification with popular media-characters, body-ideal, success, responsibility and initiative taking andthat media content perhaps contribute to both positive but particularly negative consequencesfor men's identity.

ABSTRACT This study sought to explore the experiences of pregnant adolescent learners. It solicited information around challenges faced by pregnant adolescent girls, the impact of pregnancy on interpersonal relationships and psychological functioning, the support system that pregnant learners have, as well as their current feelings and perceptions about their experience. It is a qualitative study, and it employed thematic content analysis to analyse the results. The sample, comprising of five adolescent girls, was drawn purposively from Soweto High Schools. Adolescent pregnancy is generally perceived as a social problem because of the negative consequences often associated with it. Literature also suggests that low socio-economic circumstances and developmental factors predispose adolescents to a higher risk for unplanned pregnancy. The results of this study indicate that an experience of pregnancy during adolescence often results in challenges that may have a negative impact on normative development. Another finding is that most adolescent mothers receive very little or no financial and emotional support from families, partners or formal structures.