Archival sources and historical methods have so far been underutilized in the research on past indoor climates in historic buildings. Before we can build a base of empirical knowledge, we need to discuss and develop the methodology. How would one go about researching the climate history of a building over the course of 50, 100 or 200 years? The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of archival sources when attempting to reconstruct the climate history of an historic building. Knowledge of the long term indoor climate of a church may support strategic decisions for a more sustainable use of resources. In order to show the feasibility of this, the paper will examine the maintenance and restoration of two medieval stone churches: Levide church on Gotland and Strängnäs cathedral. Levide is a small rural parish in which the church has never had central heating or mechanical ventilation. Using documents spanning a time period of more than 200 years it becomes evident that the church has always been a very humid environment with mould and rot appearing time and again. Already in the beginning of the 19th century, the diocese urged the parish to obtain a heated vestry in order to increase the thermal comfort of the priest and the school children, and to preserve the liturgical objects. This and other statements show that the diocese, but not necessarily the parishes themselves, showed an interest in indoor climate in the 19th century. A stove and chimney were installed in the beginning of the 20th century. Findings show long term problems with keeping parish records, the mass robe and other liturgical objects in this humid climate. Water leakages, the buffering capacity of the thick walls and traditions in managing the church, such as airing in spring and summer, have been strainful to the building itself. Although the level of thermal comfort has improved, it is doubtful whether intermittent electrical heating, introduced in the 1950s, has had positive impact on the conservation of the building. Strängnäs is a cathedral and a burial church for some of the members of the royal Vasa family. The church is thus both a historically important monument and a sanctuary. In contrast with the small parish church the cathedral was in almost daily use, and also visited by tourists. When Guerneys ovens were introduced in Sweden by Bolinders in the 1870th, as many as six where installed to heat the church. In the same period a larger restoration of the church was planned. The planned restoration was however delayed. When the restoration were about to be executed some 25 years later, the new techniques for heating had been established and the old ovens were deemed obsolete for several reasons. An interesting debate on what techniques, steam, hot air or a water based system took place. The discussions concerned the convenience of the installations, maintenance and economy of the different systems, the comfort of the churchgoers, the esthetical effects and archaeological matters. / Kulturarvet och komforten: frågan om lämpligt inomhusklimat i kulturbyggnader under 1900-talet

Vast collections of historical photographs are being digitally archived and placed online, providing an objective record of the last two centuries that remains largely untapped. We propose that time-varying 3D models can pull together and index large collections of images while also serving as a tool of historical discovery, revealing new information about the locations, dates, and contents of historical images. In particular, our goal is to use computer vision techniques to tie together a large set of historical photographs of a given city into a consistent 4D model of the city: a 3D model with time as an additional dimension. To extract 4D city models from historical images, we must perform inference about the position of cameras and scene structure in both space and time. Traditional structure from motion techniques can be used to deal with the spatial problem, while here we focus on the problem of inferring temporal information: a date for each image and a time interval for which each structural element in the scene persists. We first formulate this task as a constraint satisfaction problem based on the visibility of structural elements in each image, resulting in a temporal ordering of images. Next, we present methods to incorporate real date information into the temporal inference solution. Finally, we present a general probabilistic framework for estimating all temporal variables in structure from motion problems, including an unknown date for each camera and an unknown time interval for each structural element. Given a collection of images with mostly unknown or uncertain dates, we can use this framework to automatically recover the dates of all images by reasoning probabilistically about the visibility and existence of objects in the scene. We present results for image collections consisting of hundreds of historical images of cities taken over decades of time, including Manhattan and downtown Atlanta.

The Adair Park neighborhood in southwest Atlanta was designed as a residential enclave for working class whites that has evolved to what it is today: an area primarily inhabited by low-income minorities. Many of its residents have worked to preserve the area's distinctive architectural heritage. Low housing values and vacancies have attracted affordable housing developers such as the Atlanta affiliate of Habitat for Humanity. In response to specific plans for the development of affordable housing in the area, members of Adair Park organized themselves to petition the City of Atlanta to adopt architectural standards that preserved the existing housing stock, and ensured that any new construction would be compatible with the neighborhood's architectural character. This study explores the tensions between inner-city communities and affordable housing developers in the quest for affordable and architecturally significant neighborhoods. The conclusions from this research suggest that the desire of predominately low-income neighborhoods to preserve the architecture character of historically significant neighborhoods may be firmly rooted in middle class aspirations and values. Moreover, the conclusions from this research also suggest non-profit housing developers should consider these attitudes prior to constructing affordable housing in predominately low-income neighborhoods.

 “Actions are better than words.” Since the establishment of The Culture and Heritage Commission in 2000, the Hong Kong Government has been trying to review the situation and devise policies for conservation for Hong Kong. Various Government departments had prepared working papers or research reports to review the problems on heritage conservation and the limitations of our system since 2000. One of the obvious restrictions in the system is the existing conservation legislation. Notwithstanding the announcement of the built heritage conservation policy by the former Chief Executive, Mr. Donald Tsang, in 2007, the Government still takes no active and comprehensive measures in reviewing and amending the legislation. As Mr. Donald Tsang once said, collective memory is a great concern of the public in Hong Kong. It seems that if the conservation legislation is not on the agenda for review in the near future, some of the heritage buildings under threat will really become our collective memory. This dissertation will aim at giving an introduction of the existing conservation legislation of Hong Kong and from a brief case comparison with the conservation legislation in Macau and Singapore, one is not difficult to identify the limitations of our existing legislation and the areas for improvement. / published_or_final_version / Conservation / Master / Master of Science in Conservation

Industrial sector was dominated before 1970s, in order to meet the social need at that period, the Government put great effort in industrial development. Industrial areas were commonly found. As economic restructured, the open door policy made “industrial” sector was replaced by “financial” sector gradually. Facing this changed environment, many industrial buildings are being under-utilized and some are even vacant. This is definitely a waste of land resources in Hong Kong. With the increase in population, demand in space increase and hence land resources is valuable. Under the Town Planning Board, Land in Hong Kong was marked to restrict the land use on areas. For example, the area marked in “industrial” use means the buildings located were restricted to be use in industrial which most industrial buildings were found in that area. “Rezoning” and the introduction of “Other Specified Uses” annotated “Business” (“OU(B)) zone was introduced in respond to the situation that most of the buildings were non-compliant use in the industrial buildings. This is what the Government put effort to tackle the problem and the rezoning progress is still an on-going policy. In addition, some industrial buildings which located in the industrial zone and rezone to be “OU(B)” zone, even though rezone the areas, non-compliant uses in some industrial buildings are still found. The government hence established revitalizing industrial policies in 2009-2010 Policy Address in which to promote the revitalization of old industrial buildings through encouraging redevelopment and conversation of them. In this paper, there is a study on how the Hong Kong government takes part in the revitalization project in the industrial areas. The current uses of the industrial buildings, the establishment of the revitalizing industrial buildings policies in Hong Kong will be discussed, and through the oversea case to find out the whether there is lesson can be learnt for the Hong Kong government in regeneration an area. / published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

The report evolves from previous work in the field that questions the efficacy of the 50-year rule, or criterion consideration G, of the National Register of Historic Places program to register and protect modern and recent past resources. Proponents of the recent past argue that by restricting evaluation of historic architecture to only that which is 50-years or older is leading to widespread endangerment and demolition of buildings and sites with periods of significance from the postwar era. This report studies the use of criterion G in-depth since the inception of the National Register program and attempts to identify and quantify the resources lost through continued adherence to the 50-year rule. The analysis is done in two parts. Part one examines the history of the use of criterion G by tracking patterns in the National Register of Historic Places data between 1966 and 2010 to determine how and where the case for exceptional significance has been made. Part two challenges the capacity of the existing framework of the 50-year rule and the NRHP program to protect the recent past by surveying the current status of a 145 AIA award-winning buildings from the 1960s. Most are virtually undiscovered in the canon of American architectural history, and all could likely be found as exceptionally significant. The study finds more than 75% of the AIA award-winners standing and possessing good integrity, but only 6% actually listed on the Register. The report concludes that we are losing less to outright demolition than estimated, but lack of context studies and an inconsistent vocabulary for postwar architecture is preventing the registration of intact resources from the 1960s that could greatly benefit from the awareness and recognition that is the primary purpose of the National Register. / text

This thesis explores the opportunities and constraints to community based planning for neighbourhood conservation in the context of an expanding urban core, using the Mole Hill planning process and draft Concept Plan as a case study. In response to previous public processes, and increasing community activism against top-down revitalization, City of Vancouver Planning Staff were directed in April 1996, to undertake a participatory planning process in order to develop conservation strategies for Mole Hill which balance physical, social, environmental and economic goals. Drawing from a broad range of literature on urban conservation and post-industrial urban change, this thesis begins by providing a rationale for area-based urban conservation within the context of post-war North American and European cities. Further, it outlines some of the conflicts arising from conservation, primarily those conflicts relating to post-war economic restructuring and corresponding socio-economic changes in inner cities specifically, gentrification. The thesis uses cases from inner city communities in Vancouver and New York to examine contemporary trends in neighbourhood conservation, and to explore those elements which contribute to a locally focused and sustainable conservation and revitalization strategy. Three characteristics of successful neighbourhood conservation schemes are abstracted by way of a literature review and are subsequently used as a framework to analyse the Mole Hill case study. These characteristics are: a focus on local involvement; multi-dimensional programs and policies; and an ongoing collaborative approach. The case study reveals the complex and contentious nature of planning for conservation within an expanding urban context. The multiplicity of players, the exigency of issues, the amount and availability of resources, and the often adversarial positions demonstrate the fragmented and complex quality of planning in this context. The study found that in Mole Hill a reliance on top-down methods for conflict negotiation and decision making undermined the effectiveness of the community based model and ultimately led to a fractured set of policies and principles for the neighbourhood. Tensions which were created by a misapplication of power resulted in a polarization between a "Staff' position and a "Working Group" position, thus diluting the idea of a consensus based, collaborative process. Despite these setbacks, a multi-agency and multi-interest approach to the process achieved a number of positive principles and strategies which attempt to address the site as a comprehensive whole, bringing the goals of heritage conservation closer to those of housing and community needs. Finally, the case showed that by drawing on existing community knowledge and expertise the process was able to generate innovative ideas such as those which involve local reinvestment and community economic development initiatives which are directed at social and physical improvement. These ideas challenge traditional notions of conservation and revitalization — which often rely on outside capital investment and /or economic incentives to support conservation — and provide a foundation for more culturally appropriate and sustainable strategies for community based neighbourhood conservation.

In the early twentieth century Sears, Roebuck and Company entered into the pre-cut housing market and offered complete houses to the public through their catalogues. This thesis discusses the history of Sears, Roebuck and Company's Modern Homes Division and preservation problems of this form of early twentieth century housing.Methedology included identification of Sears, Roebuck and Company's Modern Homes in St. Joseph County, Indiana through public response to a newspaper article and through the study of St. Joseph County mortgage records. Identified houses were matched to available catalogue illustrations from the Sears, Roebuck and Company Archives. The location and age of Sears houses in St. Joseph County is discussed.Using Sears houses in St. Joseph County as models, a study of the common preservation problems and solutions for early twentieth century houses has been made. The results of the preservation study and history of Sears houses in St. Joseph County will be available for use by the St. Joseph County Historic Preservation Commission to help homeowners understand the history of their Sears houses and how to preserve them. / Department of Architecture

The purpose of this project has been to develop a neighborhood plan for the Longfellow Neighborhood in Iowa City, Iowa using the "bottoms up" approach. Once adopted and incorporated in the City's Comprehensive Plan, it will be the first neighborhood plan in Iowa City. My official role was to serve as one of the members of the City staff. This creative project is a documentation of the process involved in preparing the plan, and a reflection as to lessons learned from it both for Iowa City and for neighborhood planning generally. The preliminary plan draft was developed based upon goals, objectives, and an implementation strategy created and endorsed by the residents. A second draft was written in accordance with the residents' responses to the original content. Pending neighborhood approval and adoption of the draft, the final document will be developed and voted upon by the Planning and Zoning Commission and City Council. The project, to date, has proven to be a successful endeavor that will serve as a precedent for other neighborhoods in Iowa City wishing to pursue the creation of their own neighborhood plans. / Department of Urban Planning

Although the GRC National Historical Park, Vincennes, Indiana, has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966, its development as an Historic Designed Landscape had never been thoroughly researched. Archival research and a field survey of the site evaluated the existing conditions of the grounds and structures to determine their historical significance, integrity and physical condition.The George Rogers Clark Memorial, the park grounds, and other structures and features in and near the park setting were determined to be a historic designed landscape that used formal, classical design principles in a response to the City Beautiful Movement, popular at the beginning of this century, to memorialize the achievements of a man and people significant to our national history.An analysis comparing the historic plans and designers' intent for the park to the existing conditions has resulted in a rehabilitation recommendation for the park that includes the process for returning the park to its original design and an advocation for the development of the historic park setting. / Department of Landscape Architecture