No description available.

This research seeks to understand the process of detective training and its contribution to the practice of crime investigation. A traditional focus upon the outcomes of the investigative process has proven contentious as it fails to provide evidence on which to base adequate assessment of the quality of detective work. Thus in the research I explore ways in which detective work is learned and the contribution that detective training makes to effective investigative practice by examining the process of crime investigation and the concept of effectiveness in this context. The research seeks to describe the reality of crime investigation as it is practised by detectives and explores the question of what counts as ‘good quality’ detective work. Based on a critical review of the literature on the investigative quality of detective work, the thesis concludes that the effective detective has a breadth of skills (investigative, interpersonal and management skills) knowledge (legal, practical and generic knowledge) and personal qualities (intelligence, determination, patience and integrity). Quality in investigation can be conceptualised as going beyond short term crime control objectives and to consider more long term objectives such as crime prevention, victim satisfaction and effective case management. The research is based on extensive interviews with, and observation of, detectives in training and out ‘in the field’. It also includes interviews with trainers and analysis of relevant documents. The research material collected includes approximately 880 hours of observation and data from a total of 56 interviews. The data were collected over a period of fourteen months and involved elements of ethnography as I joined with detective trainees as they were being trained and then shadowed a small sample of detectives as they carried out investigations in the post training phase. The dissertation provides an insight into detective training and makes a significant contribution to knowledge by revealing something of the meaning of investigative experience and the role of training in the development of trainee detectives. The research findings suggest that the structure of training and the process of measuring competence in the workplace do not currently maximise the learning potential of trainee detectives. Frequently, good detective work is not recognised because it has not achieved a specified goal or objective, whilst the practice of detectives exists in a vacuum of experience with little opportunity for objective reflection and/or professional guidance. Furthermore, the trainees within this sample had an average of 3.5 years investigative experience and this contributed to their perception that much of the content of the formal detective training course had already been learned through experience. In my conclusions I point to weaknesses in the training process and how they might be addressed, including ways of improving the co-ordination of training approaches to ensure consistency and efficiency, ways of improving the relevance and effective delivery of the training content, and the need to introduce work-based assessments to ensure practical competence in the workplace.

Determining what constitutes the proper role and characteristics of a constabulary has received renewed interest in recent years as the international community increasingly involves itself in peace and stability operations. The U.S. invasion of Iraq has further stimulated discussion over how foreign powers should go about establishing security institutions within a host nation, particularly in one as turbulent as Iraq. Recent events in both Iraq and Afghanistan have made clear the importance of indigenous police forces, or constabularies, to pacification and state-building operations. Effective constabularies can perform the key role of separating insurgents from the population and giving substance and legitimacy to federal and local government. This thesis examines two U.S.-organized paramilitaries: the Philippine Constabulary (1901-1917) and the Haitian Gendarmerie (1916-1934). It argues that in both the Philippines and Haiti, the constabularies became armies, and the instruments of autocratic rule, because American military officers allowed the militarization of the police forces to become institutionalized without also establishing normative constraints on the use of military power. The thesis contends that American military authorities undermined the constabularies’ suitability for enforcing civil law by aggressively developing their military capabilities to meet the challenges of fighting violent insurgencies. Both organizations generalized their pragmatic responses to immediate circumstances without considering the long term implications for them as institutions. The historical experience of the Constabulary and Gendarmerie testify to the real temptation for leaders to stretch an organization beyond its mandate or capabilities by focusing on success and victory over purpose and the ends for which the organization exists.

Determining what constitutes the proper role and characteristics of a constabulary has received renewed interest in recent years as the international community increasingly involves itself in peace and stability operations. The U.S. invasion of Iraq has further stimulated discussion over how foreign powers should go about establishing security institutions within a host nation, particularly in one as turbulent as Iraq. Recent events in both Iraq and Afghanistan have made clear the importance of indigenous police forces, or constabularies, to pacification and state-building operations. Effective constabularies can perform the key role of separating insurgents from the population and giving substance and legitimacy to federal and local government. This thesis examines two U.S.-organized paramilitaries: the Philippine Constabulary (1901-1917) and the Haitian Gendarmerie (1916-1934). It argues that in both the Philippines and Haiti, the constabularies became armies, and the instruments of autocratic rule, because American military officers allowed the militarization of the police forces to become institutionalized without also establishing normative constraints on the use of military power. The thesis contends that American military authorities undermined the constabularies’ suitability for enforcing civil law by aggressively developing their military capabilities to meet the challenges of fighting violent insurgencies. Both organizations generalized their pragmatic responses to immediate circumstances without considering the long term implications for them as institutions. The historical experience of the Constabulary and Gendarmerie testify to the real temptation for leaders to stretch an organization beyond its mandate or capabilities by focusing on success and victory over purpose and the ends for which the organization exists.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2003. / Advisor: R.A. Rempel. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 237-251). Also available via World Wide Web.

This research examines the concept of public relations in the English police; what it is, how it has changed and the problems police forces now face with regard to communications. The last two decades has seen a transformation within police public relations as it has become increasingly standardised, corporatized, professionalised and more open, playing a key part in the police transparency agenda. Police officers have been replaced by civilian experts as the departments have grown in size which has led to changes in the structure, strategy and ideology as these departments have adapted to the new challenges posed by social media, severely restricted budgets, apparent loss of public confidence and public cynicism. Since 2009 England’s police forces have become increasingly active online. There is very little research, however, into how and why social media is being used by the police, how it fits into the broader communication strategies, and how this is changing traditional police public relations. During this study a national comparison of police forces was undertaken to investigate these issues. What emerged was a picture of dynamic tension between change and continuity within police communications around identity, ideology, form and function. Once an understaffed, ancillary function, affiliated to but not part of ‘real police work’, most police public relations departments are now considered an “operationally essential” part of modern policing in their force. Social media has enabled police forces to communicate directly to and with large segments of the populous for the first time. This research has also identified strong evidence of the emergence of a new model, that of ‘direct and digital’ within police communications. This new approach appears to be moving police communications from primarily a reactive service to a proactive dialogical one that is increasingly looking to engage with audiences directly online rather than through conventional methods.

Police legitimacy is fundamental to the relationship between the state, citizens and their police, and this is nowhere more challenging than in public order policing contexts. Procedural Justice (PJ) and the Elaborated Social Identity Model (ESIM) have gained dominance in UK policing as the means of establishing greater perceptions of police legitimacy and public compliance and cooperation with the police and the law. Much of the theorising and empirical research in this field has been conducted with regard to police reform, complaint handling, crime reduction and sporting event policing. However, there are limitations to both PJ and the ESIM approaches within public order contexts. PJ and the ESIM assume that violence and disorder stem from a failure of policing to create perceptions of police legitimacy. However, this is problematic for the policing of protest and public order for three interrelated reasons. Firstly, there are occasions when violence occurs despite the police use of PJ and ESIM approaches. Secondly, ignoring or underplaying this detail serves to demoralise the police and undermines their trust in using PJ and the ESIM. Thirdly, an insistence on police use of PJ and ESIM as the exclusively legitimate means of dealing with violence and disorder, ignores different approaches to police legitimacy that are not found within the PJ or ESIM literature. The findings presented in the thesis suggest that PJ and the ESIM do not necessarily work in protest contexts, because protesters’ self-policing, a key claim of the ESIM, does not necessarily equate to compliance with the law and authority. Personal values and moral legitimacy are important aspects of protest contexts that feature less prominently than required within the PJ and ESIM research. The thesis argues that police legitimacy, defined empirically, needs to be understood with regard to the policing context. It is in this respect that the thesis claims an original contribution by identifying and explaining contextually based influences associated with the construction and shaping of protester perceptions of police legitimacy and their attitudes to compliance and cooperation. The thesis uses a mixed method approach to examine the claim of PJ and the ESIM that fair and respectful treatment garners increased perceptions of police legitimacy and creates compliance and cooperation with the law and the police. The empirical research comprises an exploratory quantitative survey (n=40), qualitative interviews (n=79) and non-participant observations at thirteen protest events in London between 2010 and 2015. The findings establish that while the general claims of PJ hold and that social identity forms part of perceived police legitimacy, protesters’ perceptions need to be understood contextually. A contextually driven model of police legitimacy (CDM) developed from empirical data is presented, it suggests that additional influences other than fair and respectful policing play a determining role in constructing and shaping protester perceptions of police legitimacy and their attitudes to compliance and cooperation. The theoretical implications are considered and professional practice recommendations for the policing of protest are presented.

Thesis (M.N.Z.S.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis is a revised history of the Royal Niger Company. It seeks to include perspectives and narratives missing from the company's history. These are the contribution of its African employees to the company's trading and military operations as well as the link between the company's need for managers and skilled artisans that could work in the disease climate of the Niger with the rise of a new social class in West Africa. This class here, referred to as Anglicized Africans, came into existence as Africans acquired western education and artisan training in missionary schools on the West Coast of Africa. Without the Anglicized Africans, maintaining trading stations and steam vessels on the Niger would not have been possible. At the same time, working for the company gave Anglicized Africans opportunities for material and social advancement not available to other indigenous people. The Anglicized Africans who worked with the RNC in the early colonial phase of company rule would later play a critical role in colonial politics and anti-colonial nationalism. This study draws attention to their antecedents to help us better understand their later role in the colonial and post-colonial states. The thesis also explores how the company's operations affected existing social and political structures in West Africa. The most significant conflicts were the company's wars with the Nembe Kingdom and the Sokoto Caliphate. The internal political changes within the Nembe Kingdom due to the Akassa War have not been discussed in previous company histories. This revised history of the company explains how conflict with the RNC caused the balance of power within the Nembe state to shift to a previously marginalized Christian faction led by Anglicized Africans. The thesis also expands on the company's operation of a fully functioning army of African and European soldiers, the largest British fighting force on the Niger from 1886 to 1899. The tactics and strategy of this semi-autonomous military force are explored for the first time, and the integration of the Constabulary into the West African Frontier Force is covered in more detail than has previously been done. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis is a revised history of the Royal Niger Company. It seeks to include perspectives and narratives missing from the company's history. Previous histories of the company have not sufficiently included the perspectives of the Africans who interacted with the company as employees, customers, competitors, and adversaries. This dissertation seeks to remedy this problem by using archival sources to glean information about the lives and perspectives of these Africans. It also covers the conflicts between the company and indigenous polities, especially the Akassa War, in more detail than has previously been done. It also seeks to clarify the somewhat muddled history of the transition of the Royal Niger Constabulary into the West African Frontier Force. The Constabulary was a precursor of the Frontier Force, and the transition of its personnel and traditions into the new force is one of the lasting legacies of the company.