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Orientador: Ariovaldo Denis Granja / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T15:53:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Muianga_ElisaAtaliaDaniel_M.pdf: 6166290 bytes, checksum: f57a311dba2efbb258b10424ee9b1691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Desvios de custos e prazos ainda são um grande desafio na construção civil. A execução do empreendimento é muitas vezes repleta de atrasos e custos adicionais, causados por vários fatores, que acabam encarecendo a construção. Em determinados países como Moçambique, as causas específicas não são verdadeiramente conhecidas, existem apenas percepções intuitivas e fragmentadas sobre os fatores que influenciam estes desvios. O objetivo desta pesquisa é apurar os fatores críticos que mais contribuem para a ocorrência de desvios de custos e prazos em empreendimentos do subsetor edificações de Moçambique. Para a busca de resultados de estudos primários, foi utilizada a Systematic Literature Review (Revisão sistemática de literatura ¿ RSL). Informações relevantes foram extraídas dos artigos selecionados e, posteriormente, sintetizadas para determinar uma estrutura de categorização e respectivos fatores responsáveis por estes desvios. A literatura existente até o momento sobre desvios de custos e prazos se mostrou multifacetada, com 92 artigos publicados em 46 fontes diferentes. A maioria das pesquisas teve como foco o estudo de alguns destes fatores em particular, enquanto que esta pesquisa procurou classificá-los e sintetizá-los de forma a possibilitar uma visão mais abrangente sobre o fenômeno. Assim, nove categorias foram identificadas e propostas com base em seus determinantes: (i) atividades e equipamentos; (ii) gerenciamento; (iii) projeto e documentação; (iv) financiamento; (v) aspectos ambientais e econômicos; (vi) organização; (vii) contratos; (viii) alterações de escopo e (ix) relações governamentais. Além disso, 95 fatores de influência para a ocorrência destes desvios foram identificados e anexados às categorias pertinentes. Após a RSL, o método de pesquisa para a sequência deste estudo é o Survey. Para isso, foi aplicado um questionário para determinação da relevância dos fatores de desvios de custos e prazos obtidos por meio da RSL, junto a 272 construtoras moçambicanas. Os resultados apresentaram 20 fatores estatisticamente relevantes para a ocorrência de desvios em empreendimentos moçambicanos. Com base nos fatores, foram apresentadas diretrizes para a redução dos impactos que esses fatores causam durante os empreendimentos que poderão ser validadas em estudos futuros / Abstract: Cost and time overruns are recurrent challenges in construction projects. In project implementation there are often delays and additional costs caused by several factors that increase the budget of construction. In Mozambique, the underlying causes related to this issue are not well understood. This study is a first attempt to determine the influence factors of cost and time overruns in this context. This research aims to find the influence factors that contribute to the occurrence of cost and time overruns, and to establish their criticality in Mozambican construction projects. A systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out in a methodic fashion to ensure it is scrutinizingly and repeatable. Relevant information was extracted from the selected articles and subsequently synthetized in order to categorize and identify the influence factors, which trigger time and cost overruns. The literature on time and cost overruns in construction is contrasting with 92 articles from 46 different reference sources. Most research has focused on the study of some of these factors in particular, while this research sought to classify and synthesize the factors in order to enable a new and more comprehensive view of this phenomenon. Nine categories were identified and defined on the basis of their determinants: (i) activities and equipments; (ii) management; (iii) design and documentation; (iv) financing; (v) environmental and economic; (vi) organization; (vii) contracts; (viii) scope changes and (ix) governmental relations. Moreover, 95 influencing factors were identified and classified accordingly. A survey has been designed to collect data from construction managers in Mozambique in 272 Mozambican constructions, seeking to find out the critical influence factors related to cost and time overruns. The results showed 20 relevant factors for the occurrence of cost and time overrun in Mozambican construction. With the basis of factors, guidelines were presented for reducing the impact that these factors cause for the enterprises that can be validated in future studies / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestra em Engenharia Civil

Concrete block single-story detached homes are popular residences in Florida, but construction materials and methods must undergo changes to combat rising prices and material shortages. Those systems with the greatest pressure of price or material shortage will change first. When current costs and methods are examine, it is found that two systems, roof and exterior walls, have the greatest need for changes in the immediate future; and one system, thermal insulation, needs an empirical study. The roof is of materials which are in short supply and rapidly increasing in cost. The study concludes that, with present cost trends, metal frame members for the roof or a reinforced concrete slab roof are feasible alternatives. The exterior walls have excessive labor costs, and the feasible alternative may be cast-on-site masonry tilt-up panel walls. Power prices, electrical and fuel, create a need to establish new guidelines for the extent of home thermal insulation. The heat gains and losses are examined to direct future studies of the home's thermal insulation problems. The concrete block home will continue to be viable if the necessary innovations are implemented to reduce cost rate of increase and to reduce operating and maintenance costs.

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<p>The goal of this dissertation is to provide a coherent and computationally feasible basis for the analysis of the dynamics of both housing supply and demand from a microeconomics perspective. The dissertation includes two papers which incorporate unique micro data with new methodological approaches to examine housing market dynamics. The first paper models the development decisions of land owners as a dynamic discrete choice problem to recover the primitives of housing supply. The second paper develops a new methodology for dynamically estimating the demand for durable goods, such as housing, when the choice set is large.</p><p>In the first paper, using the new data set discussed above, I develop and estimate the first dynamic microeconometric model of supply. Parcel owners maximize the discounted sum of expected per-period profits by choosing the optimal time and nature of construction. In addition to current profits, the owners of land also take into account their expectations about future returns to development, balancing expected future prices against expected future costs. This forward looking behavior is crucial in explaining observed aggregate patterns of construction. Finally, the outcomes generated by the parcel owners' profit maximizing behavior, in addition to observable sales prices, allow me to identify the parameters of the per-period profit function at a fine level of geography.</p><p>By modeling the optimal behavior of land owners directly, I can capture important aspects of profits that explain both market volatility and geographic differences in construction rates. In particular, the model captures both the role of expectations and of more abstract costs (such as regulation) in determining the timing and volatility of supply in way that would not be possible using aggregate data. The model returns estimates of the various components of profits: prices, variable costs, and the fixed costs of building, which incorporate both physical and regulatory costs.</p><p>Estimates of the model suggest that changes in the value of the right-to-build are the primary cause of house price appreciation, that the demographic characteristics of existing residents are determinants of the cost environment, and that physical and regulatory costs are pro-cyclical. Finally, using estimates of the profit function, I explain the role of dynamics in determining the timing of supply by distinguishing the effects of expected future cost changes from the effects of expected future price changes. A counterfactual simulation suggest that pro-cyclical costs, combined with forward looking behavior, significantly dampen construction volatility. These results sheds light on one of the empirical puzzles of the housing market - what determines the volatility of housing construction?</p><p>In the second paper, I outline a tractable model of neighborhood choice in a dynamic setting along with a computationally straightforward estimation approach. The approach allows the observed and unobserved features of each neighborhood to evolve in a completely flexible way and uses information on neighborhood choice and the timing of moves to recover semi-parametrically: (i) preferences for housing and neighborhood attributes, (ii) preferences for the performance of the house as a financial asset, and (iii) moving costs. In order to accommodate a number of important features of housing market, this approach extends methods developed in the recent literature on the dynamic demand for durable goods in a number of key ways. The model and estimation approach are applicable to the study of a wide set of dynamic phenomena in housing markets and cities. These include, for example, the analysis of the microdynamics of residential segregation and gentrification within metropolitan areas. More generally, the model and estimation approach can be easily extended to study the dynamics of housing and labor markets in a system of cities.</p> / Dissertation

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 1978 / Bibliography: p. 195-199. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering, 1981 / Bibliography: leaves 174-179. / by Wee Beng Aw. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering

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O processo de projeto, em Arquitetura, busca a interdisciplinaridade entre diferentes áreas de conhecimento e pressupõe a interlocução de diversos profissionais no diálogo com as propostas idealizadas pelo arquiteto. Assim, é exigido do profissional o exercício de múltiplas aptidões para solucionar os problemas adequadamente, com criatividade e mínima racionalidade, por meio das ferramentas que lhe dão liberdade de soluções. Uma dessas aptidões, de relação intrínseca à produção, está no enfrentamento do projeto arquitetônico com os custos da construção: tema amplamente discutido como um campo ainda a se desenvolver na Arquitetura. Neste contexto, apesar da disponibilidade financeira trazer limitações construtivas que afetam os valores arquitetônicos, a expressividade dos custos da produção comumente não dialoga com as questões valorizadas no projeto; pois este, em sua maioria, privilegia a definição dos espaços e suas respectivas formas para compreensão programática e volumétrica e não necessariamente analisa as especificidades construtivas indispensáveis para a execução do objeto arquitetônico. Para tal dilema, a pesquisa se propõe a analisar o enfrentamento entre projeto arquitetônico e canteiro de obras a partir dos custos da produção, do preço de venda e do valor da obra arquitetônica nas áreas de conhecimento correlatas à Arquitetura, como a Arquitetura dos Custos(na procura por orçar idéias a partir das correlações do espaço arquitetônico com os custos da construção), a Engenharia dos Custos (orçamentação tradicional da economia da construção, a partir do objeto arquitetônico definido, para obtenção e maximização dos lucros) e a Crítica da Economia Política que, ao trabalhar a teoria do valor-trabalho com investigação socioeconômica na produção, discute a possibilidade de incongruência entre o preço de venda inserido no capital global, e o valor de produção advindo do processo construtivo específico para a realização da mercadoria. / The process of design, in Architecture, searches for interdisciplinarity between different areas of knowledge and requires the interchange of various professionals in dialogue with the proposals devised by the architect. Thus, it is required of the professional exercise multiple skills to solve problems adequately with minimum rationality and creativity, using the tools that give him freedom of solutions. One of these skills, with intrinsic relation to the production, is the ability to deal with the architectural design in relation to the construction costs: theme widely discussed as a field yet to develop in Architecture, because the budgeting processes have little emphasis on the training of architects. In this context, despite the fact that the availability of finance bring constructive limitations that affect the architectural project, the importance of production costs do not dialogue with the issues valued in the project, for it mostly focuses on the definition of spaces and their shapes in terms of programmatic and volumetric - and not necessarily examines the constructive specificitys needed to implement the architectural object. For this dilemma, the research aims to analyze the confrontation between architectural design and construction site from the costs of production, selling price and value of architectural work in the areas of knowledge related to architecture, such as\' Architecture Costs \'(in the search for budget ideas\' from the correlations of the architectural space with the costs of construction), \'Cost Engineering\' (traditional budgeting economy of construction, from the architectural object defined for obtaining and maximizing profits ) and the \'Critique of Political Economy\', while working theory of labor value to socio-economic research in the production, discusses the possibility of inconsistency between the sale price - inserted into the global capital, and production value - coming from the building process for the realization of specific goods.