This thesis takes the form of two separate fractions. Theoretical context, in which the real estate developer, the construction project is defined, costs in connection therewith arise are characterized and also methods for analyzing these costs are mentioned, is Chapter 1. Practical fraction consisting of a cost analysis of model development company and model construction project, forms Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. In conclusion, the practical analysis outputs are interpreted and some recommendations to optimize costs are presented.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of aesthetic defects occurring on buildings and their influence on the construction cost. The aim of this work is to study the issue of the valuation of aesthetic defects and then a case study to show how aesthetic defects will increase the construction costs and what costs it will impose upon their removal. To conclude this thesis I compared the removal costs of aesthetic defects with the value decrease of not removing these defects on the family house used for the case study

Sweden is suffering from a large housing shortage due to urban population growth and low levels of new construction. Public housing companies play a major role on the market with their 46 percent share of the rental market. The production of rental apartments is especially problematic since profitability is limited. The low levels of new supply could be explained by high construction costs since they have reached levels that now inhibit the building of new rental apartments. One approach to increasing the supply of rental apartments on the Swedish housing market is by introducing framework procurements for turnkey ready multi-family housing. The effect of such framework procurement is researched, analyzed and put in relation to theories in the field of real estate economics, urban spatial theory, industrialized housing construction and competition. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the field of research and increase the knowledge of supply side factors on the housing market. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis, analysis has been conducted with a mixed method approach, using a survey and interviews to reach all the public housing companies that have used the framework procurement Kombohus Bas. The case was chosen because it is a framework procurement for turnkey ready multi-family housing. Kombohus Bas has been developed by the Swedish Association of Public Housing Companies in order to try to help the public housing companies increase the supply of rental apartments. Research results show that the framework procurement Kombohus Bas has increased the number of rental apartments on the Swedish housing market, most importantly because it has lowered the production costs, as well as simplified and shortened the process of building housing. Thus, the use of framework procurements for turnkey ready multi-family housing could reduce the housing shortage. / Det råder en stor bostadsbrist i Sverige idag vilken framförallt beror på en ökande befolkning och låga nivåer av nyproduktion. De allmännyttiga bostadsbolagen är stora aktörer inom bostadssegmentet med en andel om 46 procent av hyresmarknaden. Produktionen av hyresrätter är speciellt problematisk eftersom lönsamheten är begränsad. De låga nivåerna av nytt utbud kan till viss del förklaras av höga produktionskostnader eftersom dessa har nått nivåer som nu hämmar nyproduktionen av hyresrätter. Den här forskningsrapporten analyserar möjligheten att öka utbudet av hyresrätter på den svenska bostadsmarknaden genom att introducera ramavtalsupphandlingar för nyckelfärdiga flerfamiljshus. Effekten av sådana ramavtalsupphandlingar analyseras i denna studie och sätts i relation till teori inom fastighetsmarknaden, stadsbyggnadsekonomi, industrialiserat byggande och konkurrens. För att uppfylla målet med studien har ett case kallat Kombohus Bas studerats. Kombohus Bas valdes ut på grund av att det är en prispressad ramavtalsupphandling för nyckelfärdiga flerfamiljshus. Ramavtalsupphandlingen har tagits fram av Svenska Allmännyttans Bransch Organisation, SABO, med syfte att försöka underlätta för de allmännyttiga bostadsbolagen till att öka utbudet av hyresrätter på marknaden. Syftet med studien är att bidra till befintlig forskning och öka kunskaperna kring de faktorer som påverkar utbudssidan av bostadsmarknaden. Forskningen har utförts genom att använda en blandad metodik där både en enkät och intervjuer har genomförts med syfte att nå alla allmännyttiga bostadsbolag som använt ramavtalsupphandlingen Kombohus Bas. Resultatet från studien visar att ramavtalsupphandlingen Kombohus Bas har ökat utbudet av hyresrätter på den svenska bostadsmarknaden, främst genom att sänka byggkostnaderna samt genom att förenkla och förkorta byggprocessen. Detta resultat indikerar att bostadsbristen kan minskas genom att använda ramavtalsupphandlingar för nyckelfärdiga flerfamiljshus.

Orientadores: Ariovaldo Denis Granja, Núbia Bernardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T23:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruiz_JoycedeAndrade_M.pdf: 5293185 bytes, checksum: a8da6d2436860055c75eb52e1292b8a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Proposta: A Engenharia de Valor (EV) é uma abordagem sistemática que busca o melhor balanço funcional entre custo, confiabilidade e desempenho de um produto. Ela concentra os esforços na análise das funções, gerações de ideias e busca por alternativas de forma a proporcionar reduções de custos e garantia da entrega do valor, funcionalidade e qualidade desejados para o produto. A EV insere-se na abordagem proativa do custeio-meta uma vez que busca sua operacionalização para alcance do custo-meta, durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP), especialmente nas fases de concepção e de projeto. Um programa característico de EV utiliza além de ferramentas, como a Análise de Função e do diagrama FAST, o instrumento do plano de trabalho que visa organizar e orientar as etapas do estudo com foco nos resultados. De uma forma geral, um plano de trabalho de EV contempla as etapas preparatória, informativa, analítica, criativa, avaliativa, de escolha, implementação, apresentação e acompanhamento. Com base no exposto a presente pesquisa traz a proposição de uma sequência para aplicação da EV em produtos de edificações da construção civil. Método de pesquisa/Abordagens: O método de pesquisa utilizado foi a simulação de aplicações em estudos de casos específicos da construção civil. Foram realizadas duas simulações, a primeira num caso chamado de "piloto", que analisou a construção de um banheiro acessível com dois objetivos em sua execução, o de validar a sequência proposta e o de gerar reduções de custos com garantia da entrega de valor aos clientes e usuários. A segunda num caso chamado de "principal" que focou na análise de um Empreendimento Habitacional de Interesse Social (EHIS), com o objetivo de viabilizar oportunidades de intervenção no projeto sugeridas por pesquisas anteriores no mesmo EHIS. Resultados: O resultado da pesquisa consiste na proposição de uma sequência para aplicação da EV em produtos da construção civil. Para isso foi elaborado o fluxo lógico do processo a ser seguido que contém os principais elementos da EV como o plano de trabalho e as ferramentas para exercício das funções de cada produto. Contribuições/Originalidade: A pesquisa contribui com a iniciativa de trabalhar as funções de produtos de edificações da construção civil para proporcionar a análise das mesmas relacionadas aos atributos de valor dentro do contexto em que está inserido. Com isso, foi possível gerar reduções de custos sem prejudicar a entrega de valor, até mesmo majorando-a com a incorporação de novos itens nos produtos, custeados pelas economias obtidas anteriormente / Abstract: The Value Engineering (VE) is a systematic approach that aims the best functional balance between cost, reliability and performance of a product. The VE's study concentrate efforts on the function analysis, generation of ideas and search for alternatives with the objective to provide cost reductions and to ensure the value delivery, functionality and quality desired for the product in study. The EV is part of the proactive approach of target costing being the operational tool that provides the achievement of the target cost at a product development process (PDP), especially in the design and project phases. A typical EV application program contains the required tools such as Function Analysis and FAST diagram, among other, and the instrument of the work plan that aims to organize and guide the steps of the study to guarantee the focus on the results. A general work plan includes the follow steps: preparatory, informative, analytical, creative, evaluative, choice / decision, implementation, monitoring and presentation. The present research brings to propose a sequence for VE implementation in construction products. The research method used was the strategy of case study. Were performed two case studies, the first named as "pilot study", to examine the construction of a handicap bathroom with two goals in its execution, to validate the proposed sequence for VE application and to generate cost savings with the guarantee of delivering value to customers and users. The second case study, named "principal study", focused on the analysis of a social housing enterprise (EHIS), in which the sequence proposed was applied in order to feasible the opportunities for intervention in the project design suggested by a previous research in the same enterprise. The mainly research result consists in the proposal of a sequence with guidelines for VE implementation in construction products. To provide it was developed a logical flow of the process to be followed which contains the main elements of the EV as the work plan and the tools to analyze the functions. This research contributes to the initiative of working the functions of construction products providing a cross analysis related to the attributes of value within the context in which it is inserted. Based on the case studies with the application of the proposed sequence was possible to generate cost reductions without jeopardize the delivery of value, even subsequently adding it to the incorporation of new items in the products, funded by the saves obtained before / Mestrado / Arquitetura e Construção / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

The construction of state highway projects is bid out each year at approximately three billion dollars. Claims from contractors for additional compensation are common. This paper investigates the policies and procedures for handling claims and explores the False Claims Act case law and its implications for the Department of Transportation's contract administration.

Denna tekniska rapport är gjort med två huvudmål. Det ena är att försöka lyfta fram vilka skillnader och likheter som finns mellan hur Statens vegvesen i Norge och Trafikverket i Sverige genomför kostnadsberäkning för sina vägprojekt. Det andra huvudmålet är att försöka analysera ett antal utvalda vägprojekt i Norge för att kunna göra konklusioner på hur bra kostnadsberäkningarna stämmer med verkliga kostnader. Det presenteras en beskrivande del för att ge läsaren en teoretisk bakgrund för att förstå metoden respektive organ använder för sina kalkyler. Ut ifrån detta blir skillnader och likheter diskuterat. En analyserande del tar läsaren genom den analys som är gjort för att göra slutsatser om hur de verkliga kostnaderna ser ut jämfört med de på förhand kalkylerade kostnaderna. Alla slutsatser presenteras avslutningsvis tillsammans med vidare rekommendationer. / This technical report is done with two main goals. The first is to try to highlight the differences and similarities between the methods for costing that Statens vegvesen in Norway and Trafikverket in Sweden use for their road projects. The second goal is to try to analyze a number of selected road projects in Norway in order to make conclusions about how well the calculated costs are compared to the actual costs. The report contains a describing section in purpose to give the reader a theoretical background for understanding the methods for costing. From this theoretical part the differences and similarities are discussed. An analytical part takes the reader trough the analyze that is done of the Norwegian projects in order to make conclusions about how well the real costs are compared to the pre-calculated costs. All of the findings and conclusions are presented in the end of the report together with further recommendations.

Sveriges befolkning ökar och koncentreras allt mer till storstäderna. Detta har lett till en kraftigt ökad efterfrågan på bostäder och ett högre tryck på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. Några av konsekvenserna är en marknad med kraftigt stigande priser, långa bostadsköer och stora svårigheter för särskilt utsatta grupper att hitta en bostad till rimligt pris. Hushållens genomsnittliga ekonomiska standard har haft en god utveckling och stigit med 35 % sedan 2005. Vid uppdelning av Sveriges totala disponibla inkomst i tiondelar framgår det att 27 % av Sveriges befolkning har en inkomst motsvarande den högsta tiondelen. I denna grupp har en ökning med tre procentenheter skett sedan 2005. Samtidigt har 30 % av befolkningen en inkomst motsvarande de fem lägsta tiondelarna. Sedan 2005 har denna andel sjunkit med två procentenheter. Detta indikerar att inkomstklyftorna ökar. Nyproduktion av bostäder har länge byggts för hushåll med högst inkomster medan inkomstsvaga grupper är utlämnade till den befintliga bostadsmarknaden med höga hyror, priser och långa kötider för hyresrätter. Behovet av nya bostäder med lägre nyproduktionshyror är stort och det finns idag ett fåtal aktörer med en uttalad strategi att bygga prisvärda hyresrätter. Denna kvalitativa fallstudie har som målsättning att svara på följande frågor rörande prisvärda hyresrätter: 1. Hur stämmer studiens resultat överens med relevant teori? 2. Varför har bolagen valt att bygga eller utveckla mer prisvärda hyresrätter? 3. Hur arbetar bolagen för att minska produktionskostnaderna? 4. Blir de bostäder som bolagen bygger och utvecklar tillgängliga för de grupper som är mest utsatta på bostadsmarknaden? Det vill säga blir de tillräckligt prisvärda? Fördjupade intervjuer med bolagen Bonava, Botrygg, KlaraBo, BoKlok samt K-fastigheter har genomförts för att kunna besvara frågorna. Likheterna i bolagens produktionsprocesser är hög. För samtliga är målet att skapa sig kunskap och kontroll över så många skeden av projekten som möjligt. Detta för att skapa en effektiv process som möjliggör lägre kostnader och minskade ledtider. Återupprepningseffekten är mycket viktig för att hela tiden utvecklas. Standardisering av komponenter, husmoduler och byggsystem kortar ledtiderna vilket också sparar både tid och pengar. Den produkt som bolagen i studien bygger är billigare än den genomsnittliga nyproducerade hyresrätten i Sverige och bolagens mindre lägenheter blir tillgängliga för de mest utsatta grupperna på bostadsmarknaden. Statens investeringsstöd gör samtliga bostäder tillgängliga för grupper med lägre inkomster. Trots detta finns det ett stort behov av att bygga fler, framför allt större, lägenheter utan investeringsstöd eller subventioner med lägre nyproduktionshyror för de grupper i samhället med lägst inkomster. / Sweden's population is increasing and gets more and more concentrated to the metropolitan areas. This has lead to a sharply increased demand for housing and a higher pressure on the Swedish housing market. One of the consequences is a market with rising prices, long housing queues and difficulties for particularly vulnerable income groups to find an affordable home. The average development of the economic standard of the Swedish households has been good and has increased by 35 % since 2005. When dividing Sweden’s total disposable income into tenths it shows that 27 % of Sweden’s population has an income responding to the highest tenth. This is an increase by three percent since 2005. At the same time 30 % of the population has an income corresponding to the five lowest tenth of the total disposable income. Since 2005 this part has decreased with two percent. These differences indicate that the income gap has increased. New construction of housing has long been built for households with the highest incomes while lower income households are dependant on the existing housing stock with high rents, prices and long housing ques. The need of new construction of housing with lower rents is great and today there are a few companies in the market with a strategy to build more affordable rental apartments. This qualitative case study aims to answer the following research questions regarding affordable rental apartments: 1. How well does the result of the study correlate with relevant theories? 2. Why have the companies decided to produce or develop more affordable rental apartments? 3. How does the companies work in order to reduce their production costs? 4. Will the rental apartments that the companies build and develop become available to the groups that are most vulnerable in the housing market? That is, will they be affordable enough? In-depth interviews have been conducted with the companies Bonava, Botrygg, KlaraBo, BoKlok and K-Fastigheter to answer the four research questions.The similarities between the production processes of the companies are many. For all of them the goal is to gain knowledge and control over as many stages of the projects as possible. This in order to create an efficient process that enables lower costs and reduced lead times. The repetition effect is very important for continuous development. Standardization of components, housing modules and building systems reduce lead times, which also saves both time and money. The product that the companies produce has lower rents than the average newly constructed rental apartment in Sweden and the companies’ smaller apartments gets available for the most exposed groups in the housing market. The state's investment subsidy makes all the apartments, independent of their size, available to groups with lower incomes. Despite this there is still a need to build larger apartments without subsidies that has lower rents for the groups in society with the lowest incomes.

Sweden is currently experiencing major population growth, focused predominantly in and around its major cities. This has created an ongoing challenge for municipalities to ensure housing supply meets demand, in turn increasing the required rate of construction. Furthermore, new property prices are increasing which has led to lower and middle-income earners being pushed out of the market. The thesis examines the relationship between the sale price and unit construction price of new condominiums, and to what degree Swedish building regulations influence construction costs. The design of both new and re-developed housing is influenced by various Swedish laws, regulations and guidelines, where the Planning and Building Act and the National Board of Housing, Building and Planning's Building Rules govern, which are all recognized nationally. According to the Planning and Building Act, it is not permitted for municipalities to set their own requirements. However, the results of the study show that developers experience different interpretations of these rules and regulations when working within different municipalities, or even between different case officers within the same municipality. This then results in projects being difficult to plan, resulting in higher costs. Sweden has, when compared to other European countries, high production costs, which according to the literature review is considered to have a direct connection to construction requirements and market competition. Additionally, the results show that the requirements make it difficult to produce and implement standard designs and construction methods. This has led to the construction industry finding it difficult to develop in regards to construction technology and from a cost perspective. Lack of predictability has driven costs up when it comes to accessibility, housing design and fire protection. Finally, the study shows that lower production costs can lead to greater competition by making it easier for more developers to establish themselves in the market. This would result in more homes being built at lower production costs, which motivates developers to invest in new projects. As the results indicate that production costs do not affect final prices – but rather the willingness of developers to invest – a greater supply of housing would push down final prices. / Befolkningen ökar ständigt i Sverige och framför allt i storstäderna. En pågående utmaning för landets kommuner är därför att se till att utbudet av bostäder möter efterfrågan och att det rådande underskottet på bostäder hämtas upp. För att göra det krävs en hög och jämn byggtakt. Vidare har de höga slutpriserna som i dagsläget föreligger på bostadsrätter, försatt låginkomsttagare utanför bostadsmarknaden och även skapat problem för medelinkomsttagare att förvärva en bostad. I detta examensarbete undersöks relationen mellan slutpriser på bostadsrätter och produktionskostnaderna för flerbostadshus samt om de svenska byggreglerna påverkar produktionskostnaderna. I förlängningen undersöker examensarbetet huruvida kraven i de svenska byggreglerna genererar merkostnader som i sin tur leder till dyrare priser på bostadsrätter. Hur ny- och ombyggnation ska utformas regleras i ett antal lagar, föreskrifter och allmänna råd, där Plan- och bygglagen och Boverkets Byggregler styr. Reglerna ska i sin tur verka nationellt och det är därmed enligt Plan- och bygglagen inte tillåtet för kommunerna att ställa egna särkrav. Dock visar resultatet av examensarbetet att byggbolagen upplever att det finns en viss tolkningsfrihet och lokala formuleringar av de rådande kraven. De menar att detta leder till att processen skiljer sig åt beroende på i vilken kommun nyproduktionen projekterats för samt vilken bygglovshandläggare som hanterar ärendet. Vidare resulterar detta i projekt som är svåra att planera och i vissa fall ger högre kostnader. Sverige har jämfört med övriga länder i Europa höga produktionskostnader vilket enligt litteraturöversikten anses ha en direkt koppling till bland annat kravställningarna och konkurrensen på marknaden. Dessutom presenterar resultatet att kravställningarna försvårar produktionen samt implementeringen av standardprodukter och innovationer. Detta leder till att byggbranschen generellt sett får det svårt att utvecklas industriellt, byggtekniskt och ur ett kostnadsperspektiv. Bristande förutsägbarhet är framför allt kostnadsdrivande när det handlar om tillgänglighet, bostadsutformning och brandskydd. Slutligen visar studien att lägre produktionskostnader kan leda till större konkurrens genom att det underlättar för fler byggbolag att etablera sig på marknaden. Detta skulle resultera i att fler bostäder skulle kunna byggas till lägre produktionskostnader vilket motiverar byggbolagen att investera i nya projekt. Eftersom resultatet tyder på att produktionskostnaderna inte påverkar slutpriserna utan snarare investeringsviljan hos byggbolagen, skulle också ett större utbud av bostäder pressa ned slutpriserna.

The influence of the recommended LRFD Guidelines for the seismic design of highway bridges in Virginia was investigated by analyzing two existing bridges. The first bridge has prestressed concrete girders and is located in the Richmond area. The second bridge has steel girders and is located in the Bristol area. The analysis procedure for both bridges is similar. First the material and section properties were calculated. Then the bridge was modeled in RISA 3D. Live and dead load were imposed on the bridge to calculate the cracked section properties of the bridge. The period of vibration of the bridge was also calculated. After the soil class of the bridge was determined, the design response spectrum curve of the bridge was drawn. The spectral acceleration obtained from the design spectrum curve was used to calculate the equivalent earthquake loads, which were applied to the superstructure of the bridge to obtain the earthquake load effects. Live and dead loads were also applied to get the live and dead load effects. The combined effects of the dead, live and earthquake loads were compared to the interaction diagram of the columns and moment strength of the columns. The details of the bridge design were also checked with the corresponding seismic design requirement.A parametric study was performed to explore the effects of different column heights and superstructure heights in different parts of Virginia. The column longitudinal reinforcing was increased to satisfy the bridge axial loads and moments that are not within the column interaction diagram. / Master of Science