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The Department of Building and Housing is currently developing a performance framework that will, if adopted, provide a compulsory methodology for performance based fire engineering designs to prove compliance with the fire safety requirements of the New Zealand Building Code. The conceptual performance framework currently includes eight design fire scenarios, fire loads for particular building uses, and tenability criteria for the life safety of occupants. As the level of fire safety within the Code is not explicit, the Department of Building and Housing determined that the performance framework for fire should ensure buildings are designed and built to provide the same level of safety as if they complied with the current Compliance Document for New Zealand Building Code Fire Safety Clauses, C/AS1. This work analysed 12 buildings with a range of uses, which comply with the current C/AS1, using the conceptual performance framework to provide a risk comparison for life safety. Accepted, previously established calculation and modelling methods were used to test the case buildings to the performance framework. None of the buildings met the pass criteria proposed for life safety. Consequently, to comply with the performance framework, a building would be required to be designed to a higher level of safety than is currently accepted to meet code. This shows the current proposal provides a more onerous design regime for fire safety for buildings than the current C/AS1. The results of this research show the conceptual performance framework for fire safety is not ready to be included into New Zealand building regulations in its present form. Furthermore, protection from fire for primary structural members and systems, to protect against building collapse, and tenability criteria and fire fighting access for fire fighters needs to be developed and included in the framework.

This study emerged from existing literary evidence that planning and building regulations affect the supply of housing and research in this area usually takes a very descriptive route that lacks an explicit theoretical framework that can guide stakeholders for better research outcomes. The rationale is based on the context that despite the many initiatives introduced by successive post-apartheid governments to improve the housing situation in South Africa, not much has been achieved to improve the enormous housing backlogs. Affordable housing, being one of the strategic mechanisms used by the government for housing delivery is laden with problems. Many factors have been attributed to the challenges among which are land use policies and building regulations, administrative bottlenecks, budgetary constraints, and so on. To effectively manage these challenges, a more proactive private sector participation has been advocated. However, this requires that proper regulatory frameworks are put in place to ensure that developers deliver housing that meets necessary safety and quality standards and still have some return on investment. Unfortunately, legislative structures which should ideally be supportive, instead, hinder development and create barriers for private developers The study thus investigates three related questions. Firstly, what are the main planning and building regulations that impact on affordable housing by the private sector? Secondly, how do the planning and building regulations affect the total cost of affordable housing development by the private sector? Thirdly, what scope exists for the change and would, relaxing these regulations, enhance the supply of affordable housing developments by the private sector in South Africa? Corresponding to these questions is the first hypothesis which states that planning and building regulations impose a significant cost on the developers and thus deter the supply by the private sector. And secondly, relaxing some of the planning and building regulations could improve affordable housing development by the private sector. The study employed a qualitative approach to gather empirical data using household surveys and semi-structured interviews from developers and consultants on five case studies together with key informants’ interviews from government officials. With the main theoretical tools of Institution Analysis and Development, this study developed a conceptual framework that determines the main planning and building regulations that impact on affordable housing supply by the private sector. And by employing insights from New Institutional Economics tools, these regulations are treated as institutions through which development rights are obtained. The study reveals; that even though planning and building regulations are affiliated with better quality housing products, they significantly affect cost, affordability and location outcomes. That no national policy tool exists to guide affordable housing implementation processes; the current city’s policy instruments are contradictory to the propagated concepts meant to enhance housing supply. The study discovers that the government has huge land parcels for different intentions, but makes it available only to a developer whose objectives align with theirs and developers lack adequate funding and incentives to motivate them. Finally, the study reveals that even when case studies are located outside the urban core of Cape Town, dwellers are happy and satisfied with the location and careless about the system’s inefficiencies and there is no direct relation between planning and building regulations and location other than the fact that regulations contribute to the bad location of developments.

Sweden’s housing crisis Tim Sonesson ABSTRACT: This study aims to describe and analyze Sweden’s housing crisis. The purpose is to better understand why Sweden has a lack of housing in most of her municipalities. So that in the long run the current situation can be improved. The study is a literature study of materials such as state investigations, numbers from SCB (Swedish statistics bureau) and a variety of other different material.The main point is that the building speed does not correspond to the increase in population. Therefore, this study lifts the population development and different regulations, taxes, and subsidies regarding housing construction. The study compares Sweden to a handful of comparable countries with focus on regulations. Mismatches in demand and supply regarding the housing market is also brought up. More topics that in some way relates to this issue are brought up such as the competition in the construction market could be unhealthy and that could be why the construction prices are high. Maybe there is a fear of really take care of the problem from the government due to the last big housing projects failures (Miljonprogrammet). Sweden tops the list of most single households in the world, that could be a small part of the problem. The study also goes through the role of the Swedish municipalities which has a big role to play in the housing situation. Finally, the study tries to look forward to get some sort of grip in which direction Sweden is going, if the housing crisis is going to be solved any time soon or not.

Theses (MTech (Business Information Systems))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / This paper describes the redesigning processes of the National Building Regulations of South Africa. These processes are administered by the National Regulator for Compulsory Specifications (NRCS) in terms of the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act 103 of 1977 (The Act). The application of the business processes and the Building Control Officers from various local authorities nation-wide who enforce the National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act, 103 of 1977 (hereinafter referred to as “the Act”) with particular reference to implementation of core regulatory business processes within the building industry in Southern Africa. The investigation was largely motivated by the high number of injuries, deaths and/or human lives affected adversely and reported due to collapsing and defective buildings. These disasters occurred at various Local Authorities, in private residential homes, government-owned buildings, abandoned and commercial buildings, such as shopping malls, have been investigated and reported by the Building Regulator, i.e. the NRCS in collaboration with the Department of Labour’s Commission of Enquiry between the years 2012 and 2014. The reports show that in those sectors of building, the local authorities’ Building Control Officers, as the legislated enforcers of the Building Regulations (with the oversight role played by the NRCS), experienced the highest levels of non-compliance by various parties who are affected by the Building Regulations, i.e. building owners or their legal representatives, built-environment professional practitioners and builders. This study applies the interpretive approach underpinned by qualitative methodology where interviews were used to collect data from building owners, prospective building owners, building occupants, built-environment practitioners, Local Authorities’ building control officers and The Regulator of the National Building Regulations. The empirical findings revealed that there is a critical need for business process review and strategy shifts that advance objectivity and benefits to compliance, visibility and awareness of regulatory process, the highlights of possible endangerment of human life due to non-compliance, the outlining of sanctions for failure to comply, and stakeholder liaison. The output is a re-module of business processes that will enforce and maintain compliance of the building regulations of South Africa.

The interplay of forces behind globalisation, promoting trade and prosperity, and the desire for offshore trade are not fully understood. This is further complicated by the role of the political economy, global sovereignty versus national boundaries, economic status of a country and community needs. The literature found that 'one size does not fit all'. Globalisation results in the consideration of global similarities such as standards, harmonisation of laws, international codes and the growth of international organisations. In addition, there is international pressure to adopt 'performance-based' designs by members of the World Trade Organization countries in order to promote trade. This research examines the development of performance-based building codes at the international level, its benefits and issues and whether it will achieve a positive impact on trade for the Australian construction industry.

The issue of responsibility will always be actual in all human activities. In the construction industry and real estate engineering, the impact of human activities always have a tangible link, it seems to be the assessment of duties and responsibility of each participant seemingly simple. The opposite is true, however, as construction and real estate business has passed in the last few decades significant development so that some activities in these fields have become for the general public is almost unreadable. And not only the lay the general public, but also experts and professionals in the field are often lost in the complicated process of construction, of the various stages and its connections with individual activities which have result in the effective complex. Construction Law, building regulations and authorization law can not be regarded as something of directive and bureaucracy of the state and its institutions, but it needs to see them particularly in terms of protection when it was, is and will be primarily in the interests of professionals to clearly defined rules and limits of their activities. It is therefore in the interest of authorized persons to best oriented in the regulations so that they help to improve the performance of their profession. For each authorized person working in the construction industry is important to know the extent of its competences, duties and responsibilities. Without knowledge of these principles can not be selected activities done and can not fulfill their purpose and definition - which is certainly a quality building work which meets all requirements with respect to all subjects of its surroundings. The knowledge gained from this work should serve to simplify the view of the complicated system building regulations for obtaining a healthy perspective and eliminating concerns of this difficult structure. Diploma work does not attempt to change regulations, but rather to understand their meaning and purpose, and point out their necessity. It can be said that knowledge of the legal context is a necessary condition for the performance of selected activities in construction. In any architect, designer and site management must have been a piece of "lawyer", when these people will be able to clearly understand the regulations not only in their profession, but also in connection with the other professions. Based on the findings contained in this thesis it is possible to establish for example open discussion, whether or not to introduce more fields in the building educational system, such as the real estate engineering at USI in Brno, whether and how to create the most appropriate implementation of the construction legal system in the curricula of technical faculties, how to create conditions for systematic knowledge of construction law of authorized persons throughout their careers.

De senaste tio åren har konceptet coliving etablerats på den svenska bostadsmarknaden. På grund av bostadsbristen i storstadsregionerna i Sverige har behovet av nya innovativa boendeformer varit av betydelse. Detta gäller främst unga vuxna i Sverige mellan 20–35 år. Det nya konceptet coliving innebär ett gemensamt boende där hyresgästerna erbjuds både privata och gemensamma ytor. Utvecklingen av coliving grundar sig i andra kollektiva boendeformer, men denna typ av boende inkluderar en bredare målgrupp och mer tjänster samt service. Detta har medfört att coliving är en attraktiv och innovativ bostadsform som företag i Sverige valt att implementera i sina fastigheter. Syftet med arbetet, som är i samarbete med Stena Fastigheter, är att undersöka hur och varför företag i Stockholm väljer att implementera konceptet coliving i sina fastigheter. Författarna har även valt att fördjupa sig inom de olika regler och lagar som finns tillgängliga idag för att undersöka vilka hinder det finns i uppstartsfasen av coliving-projekt.  För att kunna uppfylla arbetets syfte har författarna haft semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter från olika coliving-aktörer i Stockholm. Det har även utförts en litteraturstudie för att kunna få en fördjupad inblick av konceptet samt regleringen kring det. Idag råder en viss problematik kring regleringen av coliving, detta inkluderar Hyreslagen och Boverkets byggregler, som medför att det inte finns en tydlig struktur av konceptet och hur det ska utformas. I och med detta har företagen utformat sina coliving-enheter på olika sätt. Respondenterna nämner hur efterfrågan och en alternativ lösning till bostadsbristen för unga vuxna är två av drivkrafterna för att utveckla konceptet coliving. / For the past ten years, the concept of coliving has been established in the Swedish housing market. Due to the housing shortage in the metropolitan regions in Sweden, the need for new innovative forms of housing has been important. This mainly applies to young adults in Sweden between the ages of 20-35. The new concept of coliving means a shared accommodation where the tenants are offered both private and common areas. The development of coliving is based on other forms of collective housing, but this type of housing includes a broader target group and more services as well as services. This has meant that coliving is an attractive and innovative form of housing that companies in Sweden have chosen to implement in their properties. The purpose of this master’s thesis, which is in collaboration with Stena Fastigheter, is to investigate how and why companies in Stockholm choose to implement the concept of coliving in their properties. The authors have also chosen to delve into the various rules and laws available today to examine the obstacles that exist in the start-up phase of coliving projects.  In order to fulfill the purpose of the work, the authors have had semi-structured interviews with respondents from various coliving actors in Stockholm. A literature study has also been carried out in order to gain an in-depth insight into the concept and the regulations surrounding it. Today, there is a certain problem with the regulation of coliving, this includes Hyreslagen and Boverkets building regulations, which means that there is no clear structure of the concept and how it should be designed. As a result, companies have designed their coliving units in different ways. The respondents mention how demand and an alternative solution to the housing shortage for young adults are two of the driving forces for developing the concept.

Alla nyproducerade studentbostäder handikappanpassas i Sverige. Regler för att bostäder ska handikappanpassas framgår i tre juridiska grundpelare nämligen PBL, PBF och BBR. Detta leder till en oproportionerlig användning av yta i respektive bostad. Därtill befinner sig Sveriges studenter i en prekär situation. Bostäderna som är tillgängliga för dem är svåra att få tag i, har höga hyror och är undermåligt planerade.Följaktligen synes det onödigt att ödsla resurser på att handikappanpassa samtliga studentbostäder när ytterst få har behov av det. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda huruvida det finns utrymme för en förändring av Boverkets byggregler angående handikappanpassning av studentbostäder. För att undersöka detta kommer följande frågeställningar att besvaras. Hur stort är behovet av att ändra Boverkets föreskrifter? Hur ser den svenska modellen ut och hur kan man förbättra den? Är detta förenligt med internationella bestämmelser? Hur hanteras handikappanpassning av studentbostäder i Norge? Vilka potentiella effekter kommer en föreskriftsändring att leda till? För att svara på dessa frågor har en ansats till rättsvetenskaplig metod använts för att sammanställa en bakgrund med fakta. Vidare har en kvalitativ metod använts för att bredda perspektiven i analysen. I huvudsak tar handikappanpassningen upp mycket yta i hygienrummen, då de ska dimensioneras för en rullstolsburen och dess medhjälpare. Antalet personer på eftergymnasial nivå som är i behov av detta står inte i rimlig proportion till att samtliga studentbostäder ska anpassas, då endast ett fåtal personer som studerar har en funktionsnedsättning. Förändring av regelverket gällande handikappanpassning är ett känsligt ämne. Detta beror på att Sverige tolkat FN:s konvention om rättigheter för personer med funktionsnedsättning som att den byggda miljön ska vara tillgänglig för alla. Norges tolkning av samma konvention är däremot att 20 procent handikappanpassas och resterande besöksanpassas. Implementeras denna modell i Sverige, är det troligare att följden blir förhöjd livskvalitet för hyresgästerna snarare än sänkta hyror och fler bostäder på marknaden. / All newly produced student housing in Sweden is designed to be accessible for individuals with disabilities, governed by three key pillars: PBL, PBF and BBR. This leads to a disproportionate use of space in each housing unit. Additionally, Swedish students are in a precarious situation. The student housing is difficult to obtain, has high rents, and is poorly planned. Consequently, it seems unnecessary to waste resources on making all student housing accessible when very few actually need it. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether there is room for change in the Building Regulations concerning accessibility adaptations for student housing. To explore this, the following questions will be answered: How great is the need to amend Boverket’s building regulations? What does the Swedish model look like and how can it be improved? Is this consistent with international regulations? How is accessibility for student housing managed in Norway? What potential effects will a change in regulations lead to?To answer these questions, a legal method has been used to compile a background with facts. Furthermore, a qualitative method has been used to broaden the perspectives of the analysis. Primarily, the accessibility adaptations take up significant space in the bathrooms, as they must be sized for a wheelchair user and their assistant. The number of individuals at the post- secondary level who need this is not proportionate to the requirement for all student housing to be accessible, partly because only a few individuals of study age have disabilities. Changing the regulations regarding accessibility adaptations is a sensitive issue. This is because Sweden interprets the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities to mean that the built environment should be accessible to all. Norway, on the other hand, interprets this to mean that 20 percent should be fully accessible while the rest should be visitable. If this model is implemented in Sweden, it is more likely that the result will be an increased quality of life for tenants rather than lower rents and more available housing on the market.