Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 1986. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

4 pp. / Wheat Production on Lettuce Beds / In 2009, over 56,000 acres were planted to wheat in Arizona, all of which following either a lettuce or cotton crop. For wheat grown in the region, the conventional tillage sequence prior to planting can be tied to as many as seven field operations that consume valuable time, labor, and resources. In this study, our aim was to determine the effectiveness of reducing the number tillage (minimum till) operations in fields immediately following lettuce harvest. And demonstrate to Southwest wheat producers a means for conserving time, fuel, and resources. Growing wheat on lettuce beds immediately following lettuce harvest did not significantly reduce grain yield or quality. Although the regrowth of the previous crop can have significant implications for Durum grown with minimum tillage if not managed effectively, lodging was not a significant factor in this study as the degree of lodging was similar in both growing systems. The significant savings in fuel, labor and time, with no apparent reduction in Durum yield or quality, may be a significant benefit to wheat producers who incorporate minimum tillage practices following a lettuce crop.

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Orientador: José Carlos Martinez / Banca: Vagner Cavenaghi / Banca: Manoel Henrique Salgado / Banca: Lauro Brito de Almeida / Resumo: No cumprimento do papel da Gestão de Operações que está centrado na transformação dos recursos escassos em bens e serviços, as empresas formulam e implementam estratégias, buscando adquirir vantagem competitiva e atingir objetivos de custo. Nesse contexto, a manutenção do menor nível possível do custo de produção configura-se como um objetivo universalmente atraente e também como um fator de esforço empresarial. Os valores de custo real formam uma série temporal e a atividade de predizer tais valores em períodos futuros requer a adoção de métodos de previsão, destacando-se o método quantitativo, pela sua consistência e objetividade. O objetivo geral da presente contribuição acadêmica é a previsão de custos de produção por intermédio de séries temporais, constituindo um instrumento gerencial de apoio à decisão. Quanto a sua natureza, a pesquisa é aplicada devido sua aplicação prática; na forma de abordagem do problema é quantitativa, devido modelagem de dados quantificáveis e referente aos procedimentos técnicos é uma pesquisa não-experimental, pois ocorre dentro de uma realidade observada. A interdisciplinaridade crescente na esfera empresarial moderna justifica estudos da natureza do apresentado, buscando uma contribuição original e aplicável para as empresas. O esforço acadêmico resultou em um instrumento gerencial de apoio à decisão, que permite também o aprimoramento do controle de custos, procura contribuir com a redução dos mesmos e com ganho de competitividade. / Abstract: The main role for Operations Management which is centralized to transform the depleted resources into goods and services, the enterprises, desing and deploy severak strategies, always searching for adquire competitive advantages and keep the expenses values below the cost outlook. Considering this point of view, the lower possible total cost level maintenance, presents itself as a univesally attractive objective and also an enterprise offort factor. The actual value costs constitute a time series and the capability for predict such values in future periods require a prevision method. Due its consistency and objectiveness, this work highlights the quantitative method. This academic contribution general objective, is the production cost outlookusing the time series, composing a decision support management instrument. Due its particular nature, the research is essentially a practical experience, the problem is focused under a quantitative perspective, due a quantificative data modeling and regarding the technical procedures, this is a non-experimental research, because it happends within an observed reality. The continuous growing up interrelated trend inside the modern organization, accounts for the studies that make part of this work, which intents to offer an original and applicable contribution to the enterprise organizations. The academic offorts resulted in a decision support management instrument, which offers also a better cost controlling accuracy capability, directly contributing for competitive earnings. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 smarsi_rc_me_ilha.pdf: 1998876 bytes, checksum: e4139d71b2bc7e1e9b5e8df6135487dc (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / As perdas de áreas com uvas finas, decorrentes de altos custos de implantação e produção, entre outros, reforçam a importância de uma boa gestão que os produtores devem exercer na busca por resultados econômicos positivos. Com essa perspectiva, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estimar custos e lucratividades e realizar análise de investimentos na produção de uvas finas na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Os dados foram realizados a partir de entrevistas junto a 25 produtores de uvas finas. Foram estimados os custos de implantação e de produção, os indicadores de lucratividade e de investimentos. O investimento necessário para implantação de um hectare de uva fina Redimeire no sistema latada foi de R$ 67.391,90 e para a cultivar Benitaka apresentou R$ 67.004,00, valores bem similares apesar de serem produtores diferentes. Os custos operacionais totais de produção por hectare da cultivar Redimeire e Benitaka foi de R$ 33.766,74 e R$34.638,67, respectivamente. A produção na região em estudo ocorre no período de entressafra das demais regiões produtoras (junho a novembro), permitindo que os produtores obtenham maiores valores nas negociações da fruta. Apesar do alto investimento na viticultura no EDR de Jales, nos últimos anos vem apresentando resultados econômicos satisfatórios; os índices de lucratividade foram de 63% e 58% para as cultivares Redimeire e Benitaka, respectivamente; o maior lucro operacional foi obtido pela cultivar Redimeire R$ 56.633,26 e pela Benitaka de R$ 48.761,75. Os resultados foram altamente satisfatórios para as cultivares Redimeire e Benitaka. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa pode não contribuir para diminuição dos custos de produção, sem perdas na qualidade da fruta e aumento na produtividade sendo relevantes para tornar as unidades produtivas mais competitivas e economicamente viáveis / The loss of areas with fine grapes, due to high costs of implementation and production, among others, emphasize the importance of good management that producers must play in the search for positive economic results. With this perspective, this study aimed to estimate costs and profitabilities and perform analysis of investments in the production of fine grapes in the northwest region of São Paulo. Data were gathered from interviews with 25 producers of fine grapes. We estimated the costs of deployment and production indicators of profitability and investment. The investment required for implementation of a hectare of fine Redimeire grape trellis system was R $ 67,391.90 and to cultivate Benitaka presented $ 67,004.00 R values are very similar despite different producers. Total operating costs of production per hectare of the cultivar Redimeire and Benitaka was R$ 33,766.74 and R$ 34,638.67 respectively. The production in the study area occurs in the off-season to the other regions (June-November), allowing producers to obtain higher values in the negotiations of the fruit. Despite the high investment in viticulture in the EDR Jales in recent years has shown satisfactory economic results, profitability rates were 63% and 58% for the cultivars Redimeire and Benitaka respectively, the highest operating profit was obtained from cultivar Redimeire (R$ 56,633.26) and Benitaka (R$ 48,761.75). the results were highly satisfactory for the cultivars Redimeire and Benitaka. The results obtained in the study may help to reduce production costs without loss of fruit quality and productivity are increased to make the material more competitive production units and economically feasible

In this diploma thesis, we propose a prototype of a dental sandblasting machine. This machine’s drawing is composed using a CAD program, which helped with checking the assembly ability. Later in this work, we discuss the design of each component and chosen technologies for production. We chose to describe in detail and prototype using the CNC machine the “exit jet” component, which combines an abrasive and air with water. The main outputs of this work are the prototype of this component and its technical rating and the technical-economical rating of the whole proposed design of the machine.

The problem with which this study is concerned is the separation of rehabilitation from production costs in vocational rehabilitation workshops. Within workshops there are those functions and tasks—testing, counseling, and the administration thereof—which clearly are rehabilitative. The costs of these activities, therefore, are solely rehabilitation costs. In the production area of workshop operations, however, where production and rehabilitation efforts are intertwined, two kinds of costs are incurred simultaneously: (l) rehabilitation or training costs and (2) production costs. As yet, no generally accepted procedures exist for separating these joint costs.

The plastics industry is one of the fastest growing major industries in the world. There is an increase in the amount of plastic used for all types of products due to its light weight and ability to reprocess. For this reason, the reprocessing of thermoplastics and the usability of reprocessed materials are gaining significance, and it is important to produce and consume plastic materials in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, rising raw material cost linked to the increased oil prices encouraged for reusing of the plastic materials. The aim of this research was to study and optimize the injection moulding process parameters to achieve a trade-off between the product cost and product quality, measured through mechanical properties and geometry, based on using regrind ratios. The work was underpinned by a comprehensive study of multiple reprocessing effects in order to evaluate the effect of process parameters, material behaviour, reprocessing effects and possible links between the processing parameters and key properties. Experimental investigations were carried out, in particular, focused on the melt preparation phase to identify key process parameters and settings. Multiple reprocessing stages were carried out; using two types of PP material: unfilled and short glass filled. A series of tests were used to examine product quality (mass, colour and shrinkage) and physical properties (density, crystallinity, thermal stability, fibre length, molecular weight, in-line and off-line viscosity, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation (%) and flexural strength). This investigation showed that the mouldability of the filled and unfilled PP materials, through the successive reprocessing stages (using 100 % regrind), was observed to be relatively consistent. Given the link between the processing parameters and key product and material properties, it is possible to manufacture products with minimal loss to part quality and mechanical properties. The final phase of the work focused on process optimisation study for short glass fibre filled PP material and the identified key process parameters (melt temperature, screw rotational speed, holding pressure, holding time and injection rate). A response surface experiment was planned and carried out for three reprocessing stages (0 %, 25 % and 50 % regrind). The fitted response surface models were utilised to carry out the trade-off analysis between the operating cost (material cost, energy cost and labour cost) and product quality (dimensions and tensile strength) Based on the optimal moulding conditions, the operating cost was reduced (from stage I as a reference), by 24% and 30 % for stage II and stage III respectively. A small, perhaps undetectable, change in product dimensions was noted. In addition, a small reduction in tensile strength was noted (from stage I as a reference), by 0.4% and 0.1 % for stage II and stage III respectively. The same data was applied in other countries (Australia, USA, Brazil, Libya and China) to manufacture the same product; and it was observed that the cost was reduced with increasing of regrind ratio. But the significant reduction of the cost, essentially, depended on those countries which have low wage rates (e.g. Brazil, Libya and China). For example, the cost of moulded product manufactured in China is £ 0.025 (using 50% of regrind), while the cost of the same product produced in Australia is £ 0.12, hence giving a total saving of 79 % and making it a valuable issue to be considered in industry.

Um dos principais desafios do setor da ovinocultura no Brasil é verificar sua competitividade em termos de custos e preços, e possuir recursos e ferramentas que permitam indicar quais condições poderiam ser satisfeitas para sua viabilização. A presente pesquisa teve como finalidade desenvolver um modelo para cálculo e análise de custo da ovinocultura e, a partir dele, elaborar um índice de custo de produção (ICPC) para acompanhar sua evolução. Painéis foram realizados em regiões relevantes do estado de São Paulo para definir as características de propriedades representativas de criação de cordeiros, e estas foram tomadas como base para a construção do modelo. As mesorregiões selecionadas foram as de São José do Rio Preto, Bauru, Araçatuba, Campinas e Piracicaba. Em seguida, foi definido o modelo de cálculo de custo de produção, com base na Teoria Econômica. Foram então acompanhados os preços dos insumos e calculados mensalmente os custos de produção para as propriedades representativas, permitindo a elaboração dos índices de custo. Realizou-se então a análise das elasticidades dos preços dos insumos e dos coeficientes zootécnicos. Por fim, foi conduzida a validação do ICPC junto a produtores e técnicos. Ficou nítido que a atividade enfrenta muitos desafios, em sua maioria técnicos, que necessitam ser trabalhados para permitir a viabilidade econômica da criação de cordeiros. A aplicação da Teoria Econômica ao cálculo dos custos de produção é imprescindível para o desenvolvimento de modelos de cálculo de custos. O modelo desenvolvido possui potencial de gerar informações importantes para a tomada de decisões na propriedade, como foi exemplificado através dos estudos das composições dos custos e das elasticidades. O ICPC foi validado e tem potencial para colaborar com a organização do setor. / One of the main challenges for the sheep industry in Brazil is to verify its competitiveness in terms of costs and prices, and to have resources and tools that allow indicating which conditions should be satisfied for its viability. This research had the aim of developing a model for calculation and analysis of production costs of lamb and, from that, elaborating a production cost index (ICPC) to follow its evolution over time. The regions assessed were São José do Rio Preto, Bauru, Araçatuba, Campinas and Piracicaba. Panel meetings were performed in these regions to define representative farms of sheep raising, which were taken as basis for the construction of the cost calculation model. Afterwards, the elasticities of input prices and technical coefficients were analyzed. Finally, the validation of the ICPC was conducted with the participation of sheep producers and professionals. It was clear that the activity faces many challenges, mostly technical, that need to be solved to allow economic feasibility of sheep raising. The application of Economic Theory to the calculation of production costs is essential for the development of cost calculation models. The developed model has potential to generate important information, that can help producers on decision making, as exemplified by the analyzes of cost compositions and elasticities. ICPC was approved and can collaborate with the organization of the sheep industry.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-17T00:21:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscilaBordin.pdf: 691594 bytes, checksum: e121a178f4802438e3f96145b8935b41 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T00:21:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscilaBordin.pdf: 691594 bytes, checksum: e121a178f4802438e3f96145b8935b41 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / FAPERGS - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o custo unitário, em litro por hectare, de produção de biodiesel no Rio Grande do Sul a partir das culturas de soja, de girassol e de canola, partindo do custo de produção agrícola até o custo por litro de biodiesel destas culturas. Para o custo de produção agrícola realizou-se uma comparação entre as estruturas de custos de diversas instituições, comparando suas quantidades para a determinação da proposta de estrutura de custos, e foi realizada a posterior precificação no mercado, com base nas quantidades definidas. O cálculo do custo por litro de biodiesel iniciou com o cálculo de extração do óleo vegetal através de dois processos, extração por solvente e por prensagem, encontrando uma distinção de valores em relação aos processos. Já para os custos de produção do biodiesel, foram considerados os custos calculados nesta pesquisa e além destes, os custos com insumos, mão-de-obra, depreciação e energia elétrica que foram calculados e cedidos pela AFUBRA para a realização deste estudo. Os resultados apontam para os valores de R$ 1,73 para o biodiesel de girassol e de R$ 1,59 para o biodiesel de soja pelo método de extração por solventes; e de R$ 1,64 para biodiesel de girassol e de R$ 1,72 para biodiesel de soja pelo método de extração por prensagem. Observa-se que em alguns momentos o biodiesel de girassol é mais vantajoso em relação ao biodiesel de soja e, em outros, o biodiesel de soja tem esta vantagem. / The objective of this study is determining the unitary cost, in liters per hectare, of biodiesel production in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, from soy, sunflower and canola cultures, since the cost of the agricultural production to the per liter cost of biodiesel of these cultures. To obtain the agricultural production costs we performed a comparison between the cost structures of several organizations, comparing their quantities to determine the cost structure proposal; and we performed the subsequent pricing in the market based on defined quantities. The estimation of biodiesel per liter costs started by calculating the vegetal oil extraction through two processes, extraction by solvent and extraction by pressing, finding the difference in values of both processes. For biodiesel production costs we considered those costs estimated in this research and also the expenses with raw materials, labor, depreciation and electric energy, which where estimated and granted by AFUBRA for the development of this study. The results show values of R$ 1.73 for sunflower biodiesel and R$ 1.59 for soy biodiesel by the solvent extraction method; and R$ 1.64 for sunflower biodiesel and R$ 1.72 for soy biodiesel by the extraction by pressing method. It is possible to observe that in some moments sunflower biodiesel is more advantageous in relation to soy biodiesel and, in others, soy biodiesel is more advantageous.