The main thesis of this study is that since 1990 South Africa has conducted its nuclear diplomacy by constructing certain norms and its identity in a particular way to serve its national interests. A constructivist analysis of South Africa’s nuclear diplomacy concerning the nuclear non-proliferation export control regimes; the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA); the Pelindaba Treaty; and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) suggests that South Africa’s application of three typical middle power diplomatic strategies, namely confrontation, cooperation and parallelism have enabled the country to secure a niche role for itself that has provided the country with some material and non-material rewards. South Africa’s membership of some of the major nuclear export control regimes reflects its socialisation of the norms of non-proliferation, disarmament, and the peaceful uses of nuclear energy. South Africa has incorporated aspects of this regime in its nuclear export trade policies and national nuclear-related institutions. Despite this, the South African government’s efforts were undermined by a series of contentious nuclear proliferation-related incidents, most notably the involvement of South Africans in the AQ Khan network. South Africa was a founder member of the IAEA in 1957. Despite this early role in norm construction, South Africa’s relations with the IAEA deteriorated as international opposition to its apartheid policies escalated. Defying international isolation, the country embarked on a nuclear weapons programme that produced six atomic devices. South Africa returned to its designated seat for Africa on the IAEA Board of Governors in 1995. A vocal opponent of the discriminatory nature of the IAEA Statute and supporter of all countries’ right to the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, South Africa’s influence in the Agency expanded. Despite this, the country’s candidate for the position of IAEA Director General was not elected. Africa’s position on nuclear non-proliferation originated in the 1960s. Once South Africa’s domestic policies became known and suspicions of its nuclear weapons programme grew, the Organisation for African Unity (OAU) turned its focus to condemnation of South Africa. As a result of the political transition in South Africa; its ratification of the NPT; and the IAEA’s verification process, South Africa joined Africa to establish the African nuclear weapons free zone in terms of the Pelindaba Treaty. As a result the country was elected to chair and host the AFCONE. Despite its historical opposition to the NPT, the country ratified the Treaty in 1991 and has constructed its niche role in the NPT regime through its problem-solving and bridge building roles at various NPT conferences. Therefore, this study concludes that South Africa’s post-1990 nuclear diplomacy has maintained a normative foundation; employed various diplomatic strategies; and was conducted in compliance with the set objectives of the country’s foreign policy. In this, the analysis of the nuclear diplomacy of a state such as South Africa, which discontinued its nuclear weapons programme, provided insights into nuclear diplomacy in general and the nuclear diplomacy of states similar to the South African situation. / Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.