The purpose of this study is to present an historical account of the Liberal Republican movement during the Reconstruction period. The Liberal movement was chosen for investigation because it was the first prominent third party movement in the post-Civil War years. The Liberal Republican movement was less important in shaping the policies of the two major policies than later third party movements, and, in fact, its long range results are almost impossible to trace. By gaining national prominence, however, and by accepting the Democrats in a coalition, the movement did provide a much needed stimulus to the Democratic party and caused the Republicans to reconsider their policies. It also provided an example to later movements that a third party could gain a great deal of support by advocating and working for general political reform.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2015-12-16T18:31:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilapereiramartins.pdf: 952213 bytes, checksum: 0d5392ec392264a2d63712b0f8c6674b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2015-12-17T11:08:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camilapereiramartins.pdf: 952213 bytes, checksum: 0d5392ec392264a2d63712b0f8c6674b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-17T11:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camilapereiramartins.pdf: 952213 bytes, checksum: 0d5392ec392264a2d63712b0f8c6674b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na presente dissertação, comparamos os republicanismos português e brasileiro em Lisboa e no Rio de Janeiro, sedes de suas respectivas Cortes. Impulsionados pela efervescência política e influenciados pelas novas escolas de pensamento, os republicanos estabeleceram suas bases a partir de 1870 e tiveram destacada atuação política até a proclamação da república em 1889 no Brasil, e a malsucedida revolução republicana em 1891 em Portugal. A comparação entre os dois republicanismos fez-se no sentido de analisar a atuação política dos movimentos republicanos diante dos conflitos políticos em que estavam envolvidos e observar o sistema de valores, normas e crenças que os republicanos compartilhavam, tendo em vista a leitura que faziam do passado, assim como as suas aspirações para o futuro. Também analisamos as relações que os republicanos de ambos os países estabeleceram entre si. Para empreender a pesquisa utilizamos a imprensa republicana como objeto e fonte de análise, sendo que a observação dos jornais, manifestos e programas republicanos foi subsidiada pela consulta a dicionários de época e a historiografia de maneira geral. Na análise do material utilizamos a história dos conceitos como método especializado de críticas de fonte, ao observarmos o emprego de conceitos-chave e o significado que república, democracia, federação, entre outros termos adquiriram no discurso republicano. A pesquisa demonstrou que as relações entre os republicanos brasileiros e portugueses era de solidariedade entre os “povos irmãos” e que os mesmos compartilhavam valores democráticos e visões sobre o passado, mas tinham projetos políticos distintos. / This Master’s thesis aims at comparing Portuguese and Brazilian republican movements through an analysis of its capitals, Lisboa and Rio de Janeiro. Driven by political effervescence and guided by new schools of thought, the republicans have established themselves as a respectful force from 1870 onwards, and have had a highlighted political participation until Brazil’s Proclamation of the Republic in 1889 and the unsuccessful republican revolution in 1891 Portugal. The aforementioned comparison is proposed as a close observation of republican movements when faced with difficult political conflicts, which could provide a fresh view of their shared system of values, standards and beliefs, major channels for their perceptions of the past and aspirations for the future. Moreover, we analysed the ties that linked both movements. Our research was chiefly conducted with a cautious read of the republican press, understood as a source and as an object. On the whole, we also paid attention to republican programs, manifestos, XIX century dictionaries, always in contrast to the current historiography. We defined that the best method of reading and critique would be the history of concepts, which is used when we take a look at key concepts and therefore the meaning that words such as “república”, “democracia”, “federação”, among others, conveyed in the republican discourse. In conclusion, the research shows that Brazilian and Portuguese republicans reinforced mutual solidarity, considering themselves “brotherly peoples”, even though this sharing of democratic values and visions of the past did not result in identical political projects.

The Irish peace process is heralded as a success among insurgencies that attempt transitions toward peaceful resolution of conflict. After thirty years of armed struggle, pitting Irish republicans against their loyalist counterparts and the British State, the North of Ireland has a reconfigured political landscape with a consociational governing body where power is shared among several parties that hold divergent political objectives. The Irish Republican Movement, whose main components are the Provisional Irish Republican Army, a covert guerilla armed organization, and Sinn Fein, the political party of Irish republicans, initiated peace that led to all-inclusive talks in the 1990s and that culminated in the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998, setting out the parameters for a non-violent way forward. Given the traditional intransigence of the IRA to consider any route other than armed conflict, how did the leadership of the Irish Republican Movement secure the support of a majority of republicans for a peace initiative that has held now for more than fifteen years? This dissertation explores the dynamics of leadership in this group, and in particular, focuses on the prisoner resistance waged by its incarcerated activists and volunteers. It is the contention here, that various prisoner resistance tactics enabled a wide-ranging group of captives to develop the skill set necessary to persuade their community to back the peace initiative, engage in electoral politics, mobilize their supporters to invest in attaining a united Ireland by peaceful negotiations, and put down their arms in a permanent and unequivocal manner. In this dissertation, the work of Paulo Freire is explored in order to capture the processes inherent the resistance-leadership continuum.

The Irish peace process is heralded as a success among insurgencies that attempt transitions toward peaceful resolution of conflict. After thirty years of armed struggle, pitting Irish republicans against their loyalist counterparts and the British State, the North of Ireland has a reconfigured political landscape with a consociational governing body where power is shared among several parties that hold divergent political objectives. The Irish Republican Movement, whose main components are the Provisional Irish Republican Army, a covert guerilla armed organization, and Sinn Fein, the political party of Irish republicans, initiated peace that led to all-inclusive talks in the 1990s and that culminated in the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998, setting out the parameters for a non-violent way forward. Given the traditional intransigence of the IRA to consider any route other than armed conflict, how did the leadership of the Irish Republican Movement secure the support of a majority of republicans for a peace initiative that has held now for more than fifteen years? This dissertation explores the dynamics of leadership in this group, and in particular, focuses on the prisoner resistance waged by its incarcerated activists and volunteers. It is the contention here, that various prisoner resistance tactics enabled a wide-ranging group of captives to develop the skill set necessary to persuade their community to back the peace initiative, engage in electoral politics, mobilize their supporters to invest in attaining a united Ireland by peaceful negotiations, and put down their arms in a permanent and unequivocal manner. In this dissertation, the work of Paulo Freire is explored in order to capture the processes inherent the resistance-leadership continuum.

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.

Cette étude analyse le processus de construction de l´État républicain de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul de manière comparative, entre 1889 et 1930. L´objet central de l´analyse est le profil de l´élite républicaine de la première et de la deuxième génération dans les deux états fédéraux à partir des variables suivantes : l´âge moyen, la durée d´engagement au sein des partis politiques, le lieu de naissance, les mandats législatifs, la profession, l´instruction, la défense des politiques publiques spécifiques, la capacité à maintenir les accords politiques et les consensus. Le processus de ''state building'' et les profils ont été analysés dans les contextes politiques, économiques et sociaux de la Nouvelle République. Le texte est divisé en trois parties. Dans la première, nous avons étudié plusieurs modèles d´États, à partir de l´idée que la construction d´un État est un phénomène variable dans l´espace et le temps et que les élites politiques sont des acteurs autonomes par rapport aux secteurs économiques et sociaux avec des rôles politiques privilégiés dans le processus de construction d´un État. Nous faisons, également, une analyse rétrospective du processus politique pendant la période coloniale, monarchique et républicaine, en situant les élites politiques comme des acteurs privilégiés. La deuxième partie analyse l´origine et la configuration sociale, politique et économique de l´élite de l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande do Sul, de la première et de la seconde génération; le contexte politique, économique et social au début du mouvement républicain avant le coup d´État de la République au Brésil en 1889 dans ces mêmes États et enfin l´homogénéité ou hétérogénéité de l´élite. Finalement, la dernière partie, analyse la configuration de l´élite paulista et gaucha , de la première et seconde génération, dans la perspective de sa capacité à construire des mouvements d´unités et de scissions dans la construction de l´État fédéral, à partir des réformes institutionnelles et des politiques publiques. L´analyse de ces éléments a permis la compréhension de l ´apport du profil des élites régionales, de la première et de la seconde génération dans le processus de ''statebuilding'' dans l´État de São Paulo et du Rio Grande Do Sul, entre 1889 et 1930. / O presente estudo propõe-se a analisar, de forma comparada, o processo de construção dos Estados republicanos federais, no período de gestação da República federativa brasileira, tomando como referência empírica São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul. Seu objeto é a configuração desses Estados em articulação com o perfil das respectivas elites da primeira e segunda geração, comparando-as, a partir de um conjunto de variáveis políticas, sociais, geracionais e demográficas. A construção desses dois Estados subnacionais foi analisada dentro do contexto político, econômico e social da nova ordem republicana. O estudo está estruturado em três partes. Na primeira foram analisados diferentes enfoques sobre a construção do Estado em geral onde se constata que esses processos variam no tempo e no espaço. No caso brasileiro, as instituições monárquicas persistiram após a independência com a mesma família real, cuja tardia proclamação da República e elaboração da nova Constituição, após o fracasso do projeto positivista, possibilitou a adoção do presidencialismo americano. Este modelo federalista atribuiu grande autonomia às oligarquias regionais, o que permitiu que os Estados-federados fossem construídos como Estados autônomos, admitindo-se, inclusive, um Estado positivista no Rio Grande do Sul. Aborda-se, também, de forma retrospectiva, o processo de construção do Estado no período da Colônia, Império e República, considerando como atores privilegiados as elites políticas nos respectivos períodos. Na segunda parte foi analisado o contexto do surgimento do movimento e da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, a origem da elite e do movimento republicano em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul e o contexto e atuação política da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense. Finalmente, na terceira parte, foi analisado o perfil da elite republicana paulista e rio-grandense, da primeira e segunda geração em articulação com a construção do respectivo aparelho de Estado em São Paulo e no Rio Grande do Sul, por meio de reformas institucionais e políticas públicas. Além das complexas relações e estratégias adotadas pelas elites que contribuem para uma melhor compreensão do impacto que essas questões tiveram no processo de construção desses Estados subnacionais. / This study aims to analyze, in a comparative way, the construction process of the federal republican states, the gestation period of the Brazilian federal republic, taking as empirical reference Sao Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul. Its object is the configuration of these States in conjunction with the profile of its elite of first and second generation, comparing them, from a set of political variables, social, generational and demographic. The construction of these two sub-states were analyzed within the political, economic and social context of the new republican order. The study is structured in three parts. The first examined different approaches to state-building in general where it is found that these processes vary in time and space. In Brazil, the monarchical institutions persisted after independence with the same royal family, whose late proclamation of the Republic and drafting of the new constitution, after the failure of the positivist project, made possible the adoption of the American presidential system. This federalist model attached great autonomy to regional oligarchies, which allowed the Federated States were built as autonomous states, assuming even a positivist State of Rio Grande do Sul. It addresses is also retrospectively, the state-building process in the period of the Colony, Empire and Republic, considering how privileged actors political elites in the respective periods. In the second part we analyzed the emergence of the movement of the context and the paulista republican elite and Rio Grande, the origin of the elite and the republican movement in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul and the policy context and performance of São Paulo Republican elite and rio-grandense. Finally, in the third part, we analyzed the profile of the Sao Paulo Republican elite and Rio Grande, the first and second generation in conjunction with the construction of the State apparatus in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, through institutional reforms and public policies. In addition to the complex relationships and strategies adopted by the elites that contribute to a better understanding of the impact these issues have on the construction of these subnational States process.

The Irish peace process is heralded as a success among insurgencies that attempt transitions toward peaceful resolution of conflict. After thirty years of armed struggle, pitting Irish republicans against their loyalist counterparts and the British State, the North of Ireland has a reconfigured political landscape with a consociational governing body where power is shared among several parties that hold divergent political objectives. The Irish Republican Movement, whose main components are the Provisional Irish Republican Army, a covert guerilla armed organization, and Sinn Fein, the political party of Irish republicans, initiated peace that led to all-inclusive talks in the 1990s and that culminated in the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998, setting out the parameters for a non-violent way forward. Given the traditional intransigence of the IRA to consider any route other than armed conflict, how did the leadership of the Irish Republican Movement secure the support of a majority of republicans for a peace initiative that has held now for more than fifteen years? This dissertation explores the dynamics of leadership in this group, and in particular, focuses on the prisoner resistance waged by its incarcerated activists and volunteers. It is the contention here, that various prisoner resistance tactics enabled a wide-ranging group of captives to develop the skill set necessary to persuade their community to back the peace initiative, engage in electoral politics, mobilize their supporters to invest in attaining a united Ireland by peaceful negotiations, and put down their arms in a permanent and unequivocal manner. In this dissertation, the work of Paulo Freire is explored in order to capture the processes inherent the resistance-leadership continuum.