The objective of the work reported in this thesis is to study the behaviour of stiffened compression flanges of steel box girder bridges. Various collapse modes and many different parameters that effect the behaviour of the stiffened panels which make up the flanges have been considered. In order to achieve this, a series of three parametric studies have been carried out using a finite element package (LUSAS), which allows for both material and geometric non-linearities. The aim of the work was, in the main, to provide a datum for assessing design recommendations being prepared for the ECCS (European Convention for Constructional Steelwork), and to help in their development. The recommendations were developed as part of this research programme. The first parametric study looked at a range of isolated stiffened panels subjected to uniform uniaxial compression, representing the compression flange of a box girder subjected to pure moment. This validated the basic requirements within the recommendations for the strength of longitudinally stiffened flange panels. The second study was aimed at examining the effect of the shear flexibility of the flange of a girder loaded by vertical shear. In order to study the influence of this flexibility which results in a lag in stresses across the box width relative to the edges (shear lag), finite element results were generated for panels loaded along their longitudinal edges by in-plane uniform shear stress. A new model has been established from these results to predict the effect of shear lag. The model consists of two equations. The first is concerned with the prediction of the elastic shear lag effective breadth ratio while the second is concerned with the effect of shear lag at collapse. The latter is substantially different because of the ability for plastic redistribution of direct stress to occur across the flange prior to collapse. Finally, a third study looked at the forces on, and the behaviour of the cross-frames in orthogonally stiffened flanges. The results of the study showed that the flange applied a more complex lateral load distribution to these stiffeners than currently considered in design practice with, for some parameters, substantially higher load levels than required in the strength requirement of the British code for the design of bridges. A modification is proposed to the rules to provide transverse stiffeners which satisfy both stiffness and strength considerations.

The real-estate faced serious recession recently in Taiwan, it caused several famous listed constructional investment companies to result in financial crisis. The constructional investment companies made high profit due to real-estate¡¦s prosperity in the past. Currently, it, however, faces heavy pressure on business operation due to recession in the real-estate. The auto-makers in Japan accepts target costing, because it helps companies to combine the cost management and strategic goals to enhance the companies¡¦ competition. The key point of this thesis, therefore, tries to analyze the target costing that applies to constructional investment companies; and ultimately attempts to provide a conceptual system that helps the companies to make decision. The research makes some propositions based on literatures, and other sources. Secondly, the difference between the current operations and target costing is understood. The final step attempts to modify the propositions according to company interviews; and as a result, contributions are made when the constructional investment companies evaluate and implement the target costing.

Closing-in Behaviour (CIB) is the tendency observed in copying tasks, both graphic and gestural, in which the copy is made inappropriately close to or on top of the model. It is classically considered as a manifestation of Constructional Apraxia (CA) and it is often observed in patients with dementia. CIB is not only a symptom of pathology, but it is also observed in children’s first attempts at graphic copying. However, CIB shows an inverse pattern in development and dementia: while its frequency increases in severe dementia, CIB progressively decreases with development. The cognitive origins of CIB are still unclear. Two main interpretations dominate CIB literature: the compensation and the attraction hypotheses. The first hypothesis interprets CIB as a strategy specific to copying tasks that the patient adopts to overcome visuospatial and working memory deficits. In contrast, the attraction hypothesis considers CIB as a primitive behaviour, not specific to copying, and characterized by the default tendency to perform an action toward the focus of attention. This thesis aimed to study the characteristics and the cognitive origins of CIB in dementia, development and healthy adulthood. It has three main sections. The first and second sections explore CIB in patients (with Alzheimer’s disease- AD and Frontotemporal dementia) and in pre-school children, using survey and experimental studies, to investigate if CIB might have common characteristics and cognitive substrates in these different populations. The results provided converging evidence for the similar nature of CIB in development and dementia. For instance, survey studies in patients with dementia (Chapter 3) and preschool children (Chapter 6) showed that performance in attentional tasks predicted the appearance of CIB. In a similar vein, experimental studies showed support for the attraction hypothesis of CIB in a single patient with AD (Chapter 4) and pre-school children (Chapter 7 and 8). These results were not, however, replicated in a larger cohort of patients with AD due to practical reasons (Chapter 5). The last section was devoted to modelling CIB in normal participants, using complex graphic copying (Chapter 9) and dual task paradigms (Chapter 10). The results showed further support for the attraction hypothesis of CIB and underlined the difficulties of eliciting this default bias in normal adults. To conclude, this thesis radically changes the classical consideration of CIB as a manifestation of CA and demonstrates that CIB is a general default tendency, not specific to copying tasks. This work indicates avenues for new studies, which might consider the possible expression and consequences of this behaviour in patients’ daily lives.

<p>Functional morphology analyzes the relationships between form and function in organisms. However, a comprehensive analysis of any organic structure requires an integrated approach to morphology. For this purpose constructional morphology was developed, where function, phylogeny and construction together explain form. This thesis investigates functional and constructional aspects of gastropods and bivalves; two groups of molluscs which are among the most common shell-bearing invertebrates. Their shell protects the soft parts and different morphologic specializations enhance this function. Morphology and mode of life are often closely coupled. </p><p>Comparison of the distantly related cardiid bivalves <i>Cardium</i> <i>costatum</i> and <i>Budmania</i> spp. reveals similar shell modifications. Both have prominent keels functional in anchoring the shell within the sediment. The straight keels in <i>C. costatum</i> indicate an additional strengthening function, whereas the keels in <i>Budmania</i> spp. often are deformed and do not. Other shell modifications include secondary resorption of shell material and hollow keel interiors, reducing shell weight. These similarities are explained by parallel evolution and a common cardiid <i>Bauplan</i>.</p><p>Morphological shell characters in cerithiform gastropods have evolved independently in different taxonomic groups and multiple times within the same group. Shell characters are adaptive within five functional areas: defence from shell-peeling predators, burrowing and infaunal life, clamping, stabilization, and righting of the shell. Most characters are made feasible by determinate growth and a count-down programme.</p><p>In most environments predators that crush, peel and bore shells are present. As bivalves and gastropods grow by marginal accretion, and are able to replace lost shell material, traces of unsuccessful predation are preserved as scars. Experiments on the snail <i>Nucella lamellosa</i> show that repaired shells are just as strong as shells without damage. However, new scars follow old scar lines in 43% of tested specimens. This might be due to a higher organic content in this area.</p>

Functional morphology analyzes the relationships between form and function in organisms. However, a comprehensive analysis of any organic structure requires an integrated approach to morphology. For this purpose constructional morphology was developed, where function, phylogeny and construction together explain form. This thesis investigates functional and constructional aspects of gastropods and bivalves; two groups of molluscs which are among the most common shell-bearing invertebrates. Their shell protects the soft parts and different morphologic specializations enhance this function. Morphology and mode of life are often closely coupled. Comparison of the distantly related cardiid bivalves Cardium costatum and Budmania spp. reveals similar shell modifications. Both have prominent keels functional in anchoring the shell within the sediment. The straight keels in C. costatum indicate an additional strengthening function, whereas the keels in Budmania spp. often are deformed and do not. Other shell modifications include secondary resorption of shell material and hollow keel interiors, reducing shell weight. These similarities are explained by parallel evolution and a common cardiid Bauplan. Morphological shell characters in cerithiform gastropods have evolved independently in different taxonomic groups and multiple times within the same group. Shell characters are adaptive within five functional areas: defence from shell-peeling predators, burrowing and infaunal life, clamping, stabilization, and righting of the shell. Most characters are made feasible by determinate growth and a count-down programme. In most environments predators that crush, peel and bore shells are present. As bivalves and gastropods grow by marginal accretion, and are able to replace lost shell material, traces of unsuccessful predation are preserved as scars. Experiments on the snail Nucella lamellosa show that repaired shells are just as strong as shells without damage. However, new scars follow old scar lines in 43% of tested specimens. This might be due to a higher organic content in this area.

Bakalauro darbe projektuojamas uniforminis švarkas. Darbe grindžiami ir analizuojami gaminio konstrukciniai ir technologiniai sprendimai projektavimo etapuose. Svarbiu aspektu tampa gimnazistų švarko mados krypties analizė tam, kad būtų sukurtas gaminio techninis eskizas ir parinktos medžiagos. Gaminio konstrukcija sudaroma lenkų autoriaus Zbigniew Parafianowicz vyriško švarko konstravimo metodika. Švarko konstrukcija sumodeliuojama siekiant funkcionalumo, komforto dėvint ir patogumo prižiūrint. Iš konstrukcinio brėžinio sudaromi lekalai, taip pat gaminys projektuojamas COMTENS programos aplinkoje. Sudaromas pagrindo medžiagos detalių dauginimas dydžiais. Sudaromos išklotinės vieno ir dviejų detalių komplektų, įvertinat jų medžiagos sunaudojimo normą. Gaminio technologiniam procesui parinkti pagrįsti įrengimai. Sudaryta gaminio operacinė technologija, grafiškai pavaizduojant technologines schemas. Aprašomi gaminio kokybės reikalavimai. Nustatomas siuvimo srauto taktas, galia. Analizuojama sudaryta darbo padala. Suplanuojami siuvimo srauto įrengimai. Darbo brėžiniuose pateikiami grafiniai brėžiniai. / In the bachelor’s paper students’ jacket is designed. The paper bases and analyses constructional and technological solutions in the article design stages. In order to create technical sketch and to select materials, students’ jacket vogue analysis becomes an important aspect. Jacket construction is made using Polish author’s Zbigniew Parafianowicz men’s jacket designing method. Jacket construction is modelled seeking for functionality, wearing comfort and easy care. Using a construction drawing, templets are made, also the article is designed under COMTENS software environment. Basic material part multiplication is made by sizes. Layouts for single and two-part sets are made, taking into attention their material consumption rate. Suitable equipment is selected for the technology process. Operation technology for the article is made, by graphic representation of technology schemes. Quality requirements are described. Sewing flow stroke and power are set. Formed work step is analysed. Equipment for sewing flow is planned. Graphical drawings are includes as annexes.

Orientador: Edson Rosa Francisco de Souza / Resumo: A intensificação é um processo rotineiro na vida de todos nós falantes de uma língua, uma vez que é a partir dela que tentamos convencer, reforçar, persuadir, isto é, mudar a informação pragmática do nosso interlocutor acerca daquilo que temos em mente e do que estamos vivenciando. Como afirma Costa (2010, p. 62), as experiências e as ações que o indivíduo vivencia em seu cotidiano não são sempre iguais, elas se diferenciam por diversos motivos, e um deles é a intensidade com que ocorrem, podendo variar entre maior ou menor força. Logo, as microconstruções intensificadoras do português, do tipo morto de fome, podre de rico, cansado pra caramba, entre outras, são utilizadas na língua com a função de exprimir uma noção superelevada acerca de algo, que ultrapassa os limites do que é concebido como relativamente normal pelo falante. Assim, tais construções intensificadoras funcionam como estratégias discursivas que lançam mão do recurso da metaforização, isto é, não carregam consigo somente o sentido literal, mas também outros significados (construídos via metáfora ou metonímia). Apresentam um pareamento direto de forma-sentido (CROFT, 2001; GOLDBERG, 2006), com uma estrutura sequencial, que inclui tanto posições fixas quanto posições abertas e apresentam diferentes graus de esquematicidade, composicionalidade e analisabilidade. Sendo assim, com base nos pressupostos teóricos da abordagem construcional (TRAUGOTT e TROUSDALE, 2013; BYBEE, 2010), o objetivo deste trabalho é analisa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Intensification is a routine process in all of our lives' who speaks a language, since it is from there we try to convince, reinforce, persuade, it means, change the pragmatic information of our interlocutor about what we have in mind and what we are experiencing. As Costa (2010, p. 62) states, the experiences and actions that individuals experience in their daily lives are not always the same, they differ for different reasons and one of them is the intensity with which they occur, which may vary between greater or lesser strength. Therefore, the peripheral intensifying microconstructions of Brazilian Portuguese, of the type “morto de fome”, “podre de rico”, “cansado pra caramba”, among others, are used in the language with the function of expressing a superelevated notion about something, which goes beyond the limits of what is conceived to be relatively normal by the speaker. thus, such intensifying constructions function as discursive strategies that use the resource of metaphorization, wich means, they carry not only the literal meaning, but also other meanings (constructed via metaphor or metonymy). They present a direct pairing in a meaningful way (CROFT, 2001; Goldberg, 2006), with a sequential structure, which includes both fixed and open positions and show different degrees of schematicity, compositionality and analyzability. Therefore, based on the theoretical assumptions of the constructional approach (Traugott and Trousdale, 2013; Bybee 2010), this study's object... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-11T20:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelazambolimdemoura.pdf: 1517569 bytes, checksum: c9a6836aa681e51ba066ec04a14198c9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T15:23:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelazambolimdemoura.pdf: 1517569 bytes, checksum: c9a6836aa681e51ba066ec04a14198c9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T15:23:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcelazambolimdemoura.pdf: 1517569 bytes, checksum: c9a6836aa681e51ba066ec04a14198c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-20 / Nesta tese, dedicamo-nos a investigar orações matrizes, compostas por verbo ser e predicativo, e suas orações encaixadas, que funcionam sintaticamente como sujeito, sob a luz da abordagem construcional da mudança, proposta por Traugott (2008a, 2008b) e Traugott e Trousdale (2013). Objetivamos compreender como o complexo oracional subjetivo composto por verbo ser e predicativo na matriz se organiza e se desenvolve na língua portuguesa. Nesse cenário, intentamos, mais especificamente: (a) identificar níveis esquemáticos, a saber, macroconstrução, mesoconstrução, microconstrução e construto (TRAUGOTT 2008a, 2008b); (b) descrever, pontualmente, as microconstruções do complexo oracional subjetivo na língua portuguesa; (c) propor uma rede construcional para o complexo oracional subjetivo composto por verbo ser e predicativo na matriz. Trabalhamos com ocorrências do século XIII ao século XXI, em uma abordagem pancrônica (NEVES, 1997), através de um estudo sincrônico com comprovação diacrônica. Os corpora sincrônicos são constituídos por textos da modalidade escrita e oral da língua. A modalidade escrita é composta por textos retirados de blogs e de revistas online de circulação nacional, a saber, "Revista Veja", "Revista Isto é", "Revista Época", "Revista Caras", "Revista Cláudia" e "Revista Ana Maria". A oralidade é composta por entrevistas selecionadas em três corpora distintos: " Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto", projeto "PEUL – Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua" e projeto "NURC/RJ – Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro". Os dados diacrônicos foram coletados do projeto " CIPM – Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval" e projeto "TychoBrahe". A partir da análise de dados, identificamos 9 padrões microconstrucionais do complexo oracional subjetivo composto por verbo ser e predicativo na matriz, que apresentam características funcionais e formais específicas e, ao mesmo tempo, similaridades que permitem agrupá-las em níveis construcionais intermediários. Além disso, identificamos um nível hierárquico, altamente esquemático, que abarca todas as construções observadas. Nesse sentido, a análise realizada, conduzida por uma metodologia qualitativa e quantitativa, nos permite defender que o complexo oracional subjetivo composto por verbo ser e predicativo na matriz apresenta padrões construcionais que atendem a propósitos comunicativos distintos. / In this thesis, based on the constructional approach to language change, proposed by Traugott (2008a, 2008b) and Traugott and Trousdale (2013), we are dedicated to investigate main clauses, composed of the verb to be and predicative, and its embedded clauses, which work syntactically as a subject. We aim to understand how the subjective clausal complex consisting of verb be and predicate in the matrix is organized and developed in the Portuguese language. In this scenario, we undertake, specifically: (a) to identify schematic levels, namely macroconstruction, mesoconstruction, microconstruction and construct (TRAUGOTT 2008a, 2008b); (b) to describe, accurately, the microconstructions of the subjective sentence complex in the Portuguese language; (c) propose a constructional network for the subjective sentence complex consisting of the verb be and predicative in the matrix in the Portuguese language. We work with data from the thirteenth century to the twenty-first century, in a panchronic approach (NEVES, 1997), by means of a synchronic study with diachronic evidence. The synchronic corpora are constituted by texts of the written and oral modality of the language. The written modality consists of texts taken from blogs and online magazines of national circulation, namely "Revista Veja", "Revista Isto é", "Revista Época", "Revista Caras", "Revista Cláudia" and "Revista Ana Maria". The orality is composed of interviews selected from three distinct corpora: "Projeto Mineirês: a construção de um dialeto", project "PEUL - Programa de Estudos sobre o Uso da Língua" and project "NURC / RJ - Projeto da Norma Urbana Oral Culta do Rio de Janeiro". The diachronic data were collected from the project "CIPM - Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval" and project "Tycho Brahe". From the data analysis, we identified 9 microconstructional patterns of the subjective sentence complex composed by the verb to be and predicate in the matrix, which present specific functional and formal characteristics and, at the same time, similarities that allow them to be grouped in intermediate constructional levels. In addition, we have identified a hierarchical, highly schematic level that encompasses all observed constructs. In this sense, the accomplished analysis, conducted by a qualitative and quantitative methodology, allows us to defend that the subjective sentence complex composed by the verb to be and predicative in the matrix presents constructional patterns that serve different communicative purposes.

Os aços de construção mecânica, estão sujeitos a bandeamento microestrutural. Microestruturas bandeadas em aços ao carbono e aços de baixa liga são consequência da microssegregação de elementos de liga gue ocorreu durante a solidificação do lingote original. O tratamento mecânico a quente subsequente, alinha a dendrita primária e após resfriamento, os produtos de transformação, guardarão o mesmo alinhamento. Esta microestrutura é prejudicial quando presente em barras laminadas a quente. Para o aço estudado, SAE 8620 laminado, apresentando uma microestrutura bandeada, foi desenvolvido um ciclo de tratamento de homogeneização com a finalidade de remover esta estrutura e após, as amostras homogeneizadas foram normalizadas para eliminar o superaquecimento consequente. É possivel, eliminar o bandeamento em aços ao carbono e aços de baixa liga mediante ciclos usuais de tratamento térmico. / The mechanical construational steels, are subject microstuctural banding. Banding microstructure in wrought carbon and low alloy steels is consequence of the microsegregation of alloying elements which occurred during the solidification of the original lingot. Subsequent hot work process aligns the former dendrite and after cooling, the transformed products will keep the same tipical alignment. This microstructure is deletérias when present in the hot rolled bars. The steel tipe studied was, SAE 8620, hot rolled and showing a banded structure. A homogenization treatment cicie was developed, to remove this banding. Normalizing heat treatment carried ou t to eliminate the resultant overheating in the homogenized samples. It! s possible to eliminate the banding in low alloy steel and carbon steel finished by means of usually heat treatment.

Food selectivity exhibited by children with autism creates a myriad of barriers for families and children, ranging from social to nutritional. The typical approach to food selectivity is pathological. The pathological approach attempts to eliminate food selectivity through the use of techniques such as escape extinction. While successful in decreasing aspects of food challenges, such as food refusals, the pathological approach does not necessarily establish desired responses to foods or mealtimes (e.g., favorable affect, approach, generalized sampling, etc.). The purpose of the current study was to explore an alternative, constructional approach to food challenges presented by two children diagnosed with autism. This approach focuses on the development of favorable responses to food through the use of shaping. Furthermore, the shaping process involved a conceptual and procedural widening of the stimulus and response classes selected. The results of a non-concurrent multiple baseline experiment, suggest this approach was successful in expanding the number of food the children tasted and ate while maintaining favorable or neutral affect and child assent.