This is a final year project considering constructional techniques for joining cavity walls. The project is related to an ongoing scientific programme about the restoration of The City wall of Visby located on Gotland. The programme was set by Riksantikvarieämbetet as a reaction to a collapse of the outer masonry wall shell which took place in February 2012. The City wall of Visby is a medieval fortification built out of limestone during the 13th century. The wall is constructed as a cavity wall with two separate masonry shells connected to each other through an intermediate core. During the 14th century the wall was heightened which lead to a higher stress, especially in the outer wall face. This occurrence in combination with repeated frost bursts is most likely two of the reasons to why a part of the wall collapsed in 2012. The investigated techniques in this report are reconstructional masonry work using “through-stones”, wall ties out of steel and supportive buttresses. These techniques are investigated regarding their constructive actions and suitability for The City wall of Visby. Masonry work using “through-stones” consists of placing occasional masonry stones perpendicular to the remaining stones. In this way the two wall faces can be joined together. As well as “through-stones”, wall ties also provide a binding between the two wall faces. These ties can be made out of steel bars which ends are connected to each wall face. In this report wall ties are calculated considering tension in interaction with bending moment. A desirable quality for wall ties in this case is that they have the ability to follow the natural movements of the masonry wall without losing their binding capacity. Finally masonry buttresses are investigated, these are masonry units placed against the wall to support horizontal loadings. Buttresses vary in appearance; in this case they consist of limestone blocks laid against the wall face in a certain angle. Considering the state of equilibrium, adequate dimensions of the buttresses are defined. Calculations in this report are based on a number of assumptions regarding loading conditions of the wall combined with the specific constructional technique. Existing theories based on Eurocode’s are not always possible to apply on medieval constructions such as The City wall of Visby. The results in this report show that all mentioned techniques could be applied on The City wall of Visby if they are constructed with the right dimensions in combination with other preventive measures against problems due to water and frost. However, considering the fact that The City wall of Visby is a cultural heritage the suitability differs between the constructional techniques. / Detta examensarbete behandlar byggnadstekniska metoder med syftet att sammanbinda skalmurar. Arbetet utförs i samband med ett pågående forsknings- och utvecklingsprojekt rörande restaureringen av Visby ringmur på Gotland. Forskningsprojektet startades på uppdrag av Riksantikvarieämbetet efter ett murras i februari 2012. Visby ringmur är en medeltida befästning av gotländsk kalksten som till huvudsaklig del uppfördes under åren 1250-1288. Muren är konstruerad som en skalmur vilket innebär en icke homogen mur bestående av två murskal med mellanliggande kärna. Senare på 1300-talet förhöjdes muren vilket bidrog till en överbelastning av främst det yttre murskalet. Detta i kombination med upprepad frostsprängning är sannolikt två av orsakerna till murraset 2012. Metoderna som undersökts är ommurning med bindstenar, sammanbindning med kramlor och dragjärn samt uppstöttning med kontreforter. Dessa metoder studeras i fråga om verkningssätt samt lämplighet för Visby ringmur. Murning med bindstenar innebär att stenar med regelbundet mellanrum i ett murskift placeras tvärgående med kortsidan utåt, detta för att skapa en sammanbindning mellan murskalen i en skalmur. Kramlor och dragjärn ska även de verkar som förbindare mellan murskalen, de kan exempelvis utgöras av ett rundstål som infästs i vardera murskal. I rapporten undersöks dessa utifrån dragkraft i kombination med dess böjmoment. Önskvärt är att såväl kramlor som dragjärn ska kunna följa murens naturliga rörelser samtidigt som de ska sammanbinda murskalen. Slutligen undersöks kontreforter vilka muras mot skalmuren med syftet att ge stöd och uppta horisontala krafter. Kontreforter kan variera i utseende, i detta fall studeras kontreforter som muras av kalksten i vinkel mot murväggen. Med hjälp av ett jämviktsförhållande undersöks lämpliga dimensioner för kontreforterna. Alla beräkningar i denna rapport baseras på ett antal antaganden om lastförhållanden för muren i samverkan med vald byggnadsteknisk metod. Teorier enligt Eurokoderna inte är utformade för äldre murverkskonstruktioner och därav inte alltid tillämpbara. Resultaten visar att alla nämnda metoder skulle kunna tillämpas på muren om de utförs med lämpliga dimensioner i kombination med andra förebyggande åtgärder mot fukt- och frostproblemen. Dock skiljer sig lämpligheten för de olika metoderna åt med tanke på bevarandet av ringmurens kulturhistoriska värde.

The regulatory framework for constructional calculations in Sweden did expire In January the 1.st, 2011.Since then the constructional regulatory that originally were composed by Boverket (BKR) has been replaced by new common range (Eurocodes) for the entire European Union. This transition has led to changes in existing rules and standards regarding dimensioning area in Grids and has forced a need for updating to structural Engineers. The new calculation system has caused time-consuming studies of the new rules and a proper understanding of all the advice and regulations for the entire profession. This study has been carried out in cooperation with the firm "Knut Jönson Ingenjörs AB i Stockholm”, that has been affected by this transition as all other consulting firms. The firm has requested for a calculation method of wall beams according to Eurocodes. The study's focus is therefore to clarify the rules and guidelines regarding the design of wall beams according to the new regulation. The calculation model describes step by step how the dimensioning has been carried out. The result indicates the amount of reinforcement, required for s a solid construction. Two different cases has been reviewed regarding reinforcement arrangement .In one case calculates the amount of reinforcement in the joist meanwhile in the other case calculate the reinforcement in the wall. To comprehend the process of dimensioning according to those different norms compares theirs calculations. Illustration of both of those calculations according to their norm has been enclosed as appendix 1-2 in the report. An Excel program has been elaborated for dimensioning of wall beams according to EK3. The firm's existing Excel-page according to BBK 044 has been applied as basis. The difference in those two dimensioning methods has been analyzed with consideration to obtained results of calculation illustration. In the analyze appears the result based on those two cases of reinforcement arrangements. It shows that tension condition in frameworks model is runes by core details and board’s height. The differences in these two calculation methods were fractional. It seems difficult to decide which method provides a more secure result but Ek seems to be more substantial. / Regelsystemet för konstruktionsberäkningar i Sverige har upphört att gälla från och med den första januari 2011. Boverkets konstruktionsregler (BKR) har därmed ersatts av ett nytt gemensamt regelsystem (Eurokoder) för hela Europa unionen. Övergången har medfört förändringar gällande både regler och normer vid dimensionering av bärverk . Dessa förändringar har mest påtvingat byggnadskonstruktörer att uppdateras. Det nya beräkningssystemet har orsakat tidskrävande studier av de nya reglerna samt en korrekt uppfattning av alla råd och föreskrifter för alla konstruktörer. Detta arbete har genomförts i samarbete med företaget Knut Jönson Ingenjörs AB i Stockholm vilket är ett bland de alla konsultföretag som har påverkats av denna övergång . Företaget har önskat sig en beräkningsgång för väggskivor enligt Eurokoder. Rapportens tyngdpunkt ligger därför i att tydliggöra vilka regler samt anvisningar gäller vid dimensionering av väggskivor enligt den nya normen. Beräkningsmallen redogör stegvis om hur dimensioneringen genomförs. Resultatet anger armeringsmängd som erfordras för att konstruktionen ska få tillräcklig hållfasthet. Två olika fall har betraktats när det gäller anordning av armeringar. I det ena fallet beräknas armeringsmängden med anordning av armering inom en anslutande bjälklagstjocklek medan i det andra fallet utförs beräkningar med anordning av armeringar inom väggtjockleken. För att få en ingående förståelse av dimensioneringsprocessen enligt de olika normerna har en beräkningsjämförelse utförts. Beräkningsexemplet enligt både normerna är bifogad som bilaga 1-2 i rapporten. Ett Excel-blad har även utvecklats för dimensionering av väggskivor enligt EK 1. Företagets befintliga Excel-blad enligt BBK 042har tillämpats som underlag. 1 Eurokoder Skillnaden mellan de två dimensioneringsmetoderna har analyserats med hänsyn till erhållna resultat från beräkningsexemplet. I analysen framgår resultatet utifrån beräkningsexemplet för de två fall av armeringsanordningar. Det har visat sig att spänningstillståndet i fackverksmodellen styrs av upplagsdetaljer samt skivans höjd. Skillnaden mellan de två olika beräkningsmetoderna var marginella. Det är väldigt svårt att avgöra om vilken metod ger ett säkrare resultat men EK uppfattas som en mer omfattande metod .

The aim of a master's thesis is to work out a constructional technology project of Moravian regional archive in Brno. The building consists of two parts. First one, the administrative part, is formed by steel main structure and the second one, the depot, which will be used for storage of archivals is formed by reinforced concrete monolithic skeleton. The whole construction is based on bored reinforced concrete piles and located in the undeveloped area at sloping terrain. This thesis will include a progress of realization this object, design machine group, technological rule of the selected phase, financial and timetable plan of realization.

Es una aplicación del método de los elementos finitos (M.E.F) al cálculo de losas delgadas isotrópicas. Es pues un desarrollo de la función solución en suma de funciones a trozos. Dentro del M.E.F se utilizan como funciones interpolantes polinomios (integración numérica sencilla). La continuidad conseguida es C elevado a 1 (para el caso planteado representa convergencia monotónica ). Son elementos simples (de fácil extensión a láminas) y que forman una familia jerárquica (distintos grados de aproximación sin cambiar la malla). El primer elemento de la familia es el clough- felippa. Al final se dan resultados comparativos de algunas placas con otro tipo de elementos y la solución exacta. / It is an application of the Finite Element Method (F.E.M.) for Isotropic Thin Plates calculation. The Deformation is developed as polynomial piecewise functions, which have easy integration. The continuity demanded to de functions is C^1. With the chosen functions we have monotonic convergence. These simple elements constitute a Hierarchical Family, which allow several degree of approximation with the same mesh. The first element of the family is the Clough-Felippa one. The elements are of easy extension to shells. It is given comparative results between plates with other elements and the exact solution.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T10:57:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:06:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:06:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 laurieferreiramartinsdallorto.pdf: 1905791 bytes, checksum: 907b1d7709c448dd60f4fb54abdd1d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Na presente tese, dedicamo-nos à compreensão de como construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” se instanciam e se convencionalizam na língua portuguesa. Assumimos, dessa maneira, o aporte teórico da Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso (BYBEE, 2010; MARTELOTTA, 2011; FURTADO DA CUNHA et al., 2013; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; ROSÁRIO & OLIVEIRA, 2016; BISPO & SILVA, 2016), partindo do pressuposto de que tais construções avaliativas teriam sido moldadas no e pelo contexto de uso, passando a integrar a gramática da língua. Logo, nossas hipóteses de investigação são as seguintes: (a) “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” cumprem novos propósitos comunicativos na língua que diferem de seus usos como prefixos; (b) os usos das construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” constituem um pareamento forma-função, embora recente, na língua portuguesa. Diante das hipóteses apresentadas, nossos objetivos mais específicos são, nesse sentido, (i) descrever os padrões construcionais, ou pareamentos forma-função, das construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra”, de maneira a identificar os três níveis de esquematicidade propostos por Traugott e Trousdale (2013) – esquema, subesquema e microconstrução – e (ii) propor uma rede construcional que relacione as construções analisadas de maneira hierárquica em torno de um esquema abstrato comum. A fim de cumprirmos os objetivos propostos neste trabalho, constituímos um corpus para a análise dos dados, com a distribuição dos textos, retirados de blogs e de revistas disponíveis na internet, em três níveis de formalidade – que se estabelecem em um continuum – e em três diferentes sincronias. Nossa análise se realiza a partir do equacionamento entre a análise qualitativa e o cálculo da frequência de uso, uma vez que objetivamos identificar e descrever os pareamentos forma-função vinculados a cada nível de esquematicidade, os quais se convencionalizam na língua a partir do aumento da frequência de uso. Os resultados obtidos apontam que “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra”, mediante um processo analógico com o esquema {[advérbio de intensidade] + [adjetivo/advérbio]} – que tem como principal representante o advérbio de intensidade canônico “muito” anteposto a adjetivo ou a advérbio – e a partir de suas acepções de origem e de seus usos como prefixos, instanciam na língua um esquema mais abstrato e mais geral para a indexação do posicionamento avaliativo do locutor no discurso por meio da intensificação e da focalização. Além disso, identificamos treze microconstruções que se distribuem, por similaridades e por especificidades no que tange às suas propriedades formais e funcionais, em três subesquemas que se diferenciam semanticamente em função do escopo da intensificação e da focalização e, consequentemente, do papel morfossintático exercido por “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” nas construções. Nesse contexto, demonstramos como esquema, subesquemas e microconstruções são responsáveis pela emergência de novas construções avaliativas com “super”, “mega”, “hiper” e “ultra” na língua, bem como pelo estabelecimento de uma rede construcional disponível para o acesso do locutor para a produção de um discurso coerente. / In this thesis, we dedicated ouselves to understanding how evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” are instantiated and conventionalized in the Portuguese language. In this way, we take on the theoretical contribution of Usage-based Functional Linguistics (BYBEE, 2010; MARTELOTTA, 2011; FURTADO DA CUNHA et al., 2013; TRAUGOTT & TROUSDALE, 2013; ROSÁRIO & OLIVEIRA, 2016; BISPO & SILVA, 2016), starting from the assumption that such evaluative constructions would have been shaped in and by the context of use, and so being integrated in the grammar structure of the language. Our research hypothesis are the following: (a) “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” fulfill new communicative purposes constructions that differ from their uses as prefixes; (b) the uses of evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” constitute a form-function pairing which is recent within the Portuguese language though. In view of such a hypothesis, our most specific aims, in this sense, are (i) to describe the constructional patterns, or form-function pairings, of evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” to identify the three schematic levels proposed by Traugott and Trousdale (2013) – scheme, subscheme and microconstruction – and (ii) propose a constructional network that would be able to relate the analysed constructions in a hierarchical way around a common abstract scheme. In order to fulfill the objectives proposed in this paper, we have constituted a corpus for the analysis of data, with the distribution of texts, taken from blogs and magazines available on the Internet, in three levels of formality – established within a continuum – and in three different synchronies. Our analysis is based on the equation between the qualitative analysis and on the frequency calculation of use, since we aim at identifying and describing the form-function pairings linked to each level of schematicity, which are conventionalized in the language through the increasement of their frequency in the use of the language.The obtained results point out that “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra”, through an analogical process with the scheme {[adverb of intensity] + [adjective/adverb]} – which has as its main representative the adverb of canonical intensity “muito” before an adjective or an adverb – and from their original meanings and their uses as prefixes, they instantiate in the language a more abstract and more general scheme for the indexation of the evaluative speaker’s positioning within the discourse by means of intensification and focus. In addition, we identified thirteen microconstructions which are distributed, by similarities and specificities regarding their formal and functional properties, in three subschemes that differ semantically because of the scope intensification and the focusing and as a consequence the morphosyntactic role played by “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” in the constructions they appear. In this context, we demonstrate how the scheme, subschemes and microconstructions are responsible for the emergence of new evaluative constructions with “super”, “mega”, “hiper” and “ultra” in the language as well as the establishment of a constructional network available to the speaker access in the production of a coherent discourse.

This master´s thesis deals with the issue of the building from a clay. It is focused on defects and rehabilitations of these constructions. The introductory parts concerns with probable defects especially of clay buildings, furthermore with causes of the creation of defects, its depictions and the relevance. In the following part the methods of rehabilitation not only of clay buildings are presented. In this part the rehabilitative methods of foundation, vertical and wood constructions, which create mainly the structural support of the buildings, are described. In the second part, the structural and technical research of the current structure with farm part – barn is executed. The part of research is creation of the drawing documentation, description of disposition and structural and constructional solution of building, structural calculation of a part of construction, assessment of actual state of structure and prospective plan of proceeding and rehabilitation.

Thesis deals with proposal lay – out assembly for pneumatic cylinder. Assembly is proposed into separate workplace. Single step are described in those work according to which workplace assembly are put together, division pneumatic cylinder to single constructional insider division and operation on single workplace and description these workplace. Analysis proposal is implementation in the end.

The master thesis solves construction technological´s planning of construction multifunctional building in Zlín in the Partyzánská street. The thesis contains concomitant report, technical report, technological regulations of foundational construction, control and test plans, mechanical assembly, project of constructional plant with technical report, safety of operation, calculation and time schelude.

This thesis focuses on constructional - technological project of realization Ace Trade corp. premises in Hylváty near Ústí nad Orlicí. Constructional – technological project consist mainly of time and financing plan, construction site design, machinery draft, detailed time plan and budget for the main building, technological manual for foundation, quality control plan for foundation and health and safety plan.

Thesis deals with proposal lay – out assembly for pneumatic cylinder. Assembly is proposed into separate workplace. Single step are described in those work according to which workplace assembly are put together, division pneumatic cylinder to single constructional insider division and operation on single workplace and description these workplace. Analysis proposal is implementation in the end.