I Sverige användes det år 2010 ca 907 miljoner kubikmeter dricksvatten från kommunala uttag. Allt detta vatten måste kunna transporteras, vilket görs genom vattenledningar. För att dimensionera dessa krävs att man vet hur mycket vatten som skall distribueras och hur det varierar bl.a. beroende på när under dygnet, veckan och året som uttag sker. Vid dagens tillvägagångssätt för dimensionering av vattenledningar till nya områden använder man bland annat typexempel på förbrukningsvariationer under dygnet för ett liknande område. Dessutom används erfarenhetsbaserade värden på maxtim- och maxdygnsfaktorer. Dagens dimensioneringsätt har ej kunnat säkerställas på grund av otillräcklig och bristfälligt detaljerad data över förbrukningsmängd. Syftet med detta arbete är att säkerställa eller motbevisa dagens dimensioneringssätt. För att kontrollera dagens dimensioneringssätt har vi använt mätdata från Norrvatten och tagit fram nya dimensioneringsfaktorer. Genom att mäta vattenförbrukningen för 13 kommuner och jämföra mot varandra med hänsyn till invånarantal och fördelning över förbrukarkategorier har vi kunnat få ut olika dimensioneringsfaktorer. Examensarbetet har påvisat ett behov av en uppdatering vad gäller maxtim- och maxdygnsfaktorer. För att vidare studera faktorerna bör ett system införas för att kontrollera hur stor del av vattenförbrukningen som förbrukas av respektive förbrukarkategori på ett mer detaljerat sätt. / In Sweden, 2010, approximately 907 million cubic meters of drinking water was withdrawn from municipalities. All of this water must be transported, which is done through water pipes. To dimension these it requires that we know how much water that is to be distributed and it varies among others depending on the time of the day, week and year that the withdrawals occur. In today’s approach of designing new water pipes, amongst other ways, we use typical examples of consumption variations during the day of a similar area. In addition, arbitrary and experiential values of ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’ are used. Unfortunately today’s way of dimensioning water pipes has not been ensured due to inadequate detailed data on consumption quantity. The main purpose of this study is to confirm or refute today’s way of dimensioning water pipes. To verify this we have with detailed data from Norrvatten been able to see consumption quantity on an hourly basis which helps us assess today’s dimensioning process. By measuring the flow into 13 municipalities and then comparing them against each other regarding population size, distribution over categories of users and more, we have been able to get different dimensioning factors. In this report we can conclude that there is a need to update the factors regarding ‘ratio of peak hour to average day’ and ‘ratio of peak hour to average hour’. In order to further study the dimensioning factors, a system must be developed that can measure the precise consumer flow for different consumer categories on a more detailed level.

Eating fish and seafood is integral to the Baltic Sea region's food culture. Overfishing, pollution, and seabed destruction have made the Baltic Sea one of the world's most overexploited and polluted seas. The governments of the nine surrounding countries are collaborating to minimize all forms of impact to ensure the equitable management of this nurturing ecosystem, now vulnerable. However, it will take more than restoration and preservation projects to ensure its health. Indeed, institutions need to understand and integrate into their action plans the factors influencing seafood consumers to steer their choices towards more sustainable, environmentally-friendly fishing and recreate a link between the consumer and his or her plate. Based on a holistic approach, the study aimed to determine preferences and factors influencing consumer behavior. The study was carried out via an online survey in the winter of 2023. The following aspects were collected: socio-demographic characteristics, frequency of consumption, species consumed, most important factors at the time of purchase, and the importance of the environment and traditions in their consumption choices. The survey was shared with universities, youth networks, associations, and personal and professional circles in all Baltic Sea countries. Descriptive statistics in tables and graphs were used to analyze the responses. Text analysis was used to summarize participants' comments. The median was calculated to establish the distribution and central value of participants' responses, who ranked 12 factors according to their degree of importance when making a purchase. Taste, product origin, and sustainable labels are the factors most participants consider when making a purchase. Tradition and local production ranked last. In conclusion, this study has covered the factors and preferences influencing consumer choice regarding fish and seafood. The patterns observed in the sample were similar to other larger-scale studies or European reports. Participants' age influenced their consumption frequency. Regarding taste, the product's origin and sustainable labels were the most often considered when purchasing. Traditions, although not considered at the time of purchase, influenced respondents’ fish and seafood consumption. Social factors often explain the sensory-affective motivational dimension or beliefs linked to consumption. A global understanding of consumers could guide institutions to strengthen their communication strategies. With more precise, practical, and consumer-targeted strategies, the Baltic Sea countries will ensure a collective sense of sustainable purchasing and eating and achieve the UN SDGs 12 and 14. / The Blue Food project

The aim of this thesis is to describe the course of consumption of electricity. One of the feasible ways of description is statistical analysis, which enables to calculate statistically significant factors and their combinations that contributed to the course of consumption of electricity. These factors may be used for modulation of future electricity consumption, and therefore also for long-time prediction. The second chapter discusses the expansion of electricity usage in the Czech Republic from the turn of the 19th century until nowadays. The chapter describes the development of transmission system, development of electricity consumption in the sectors of the national economy, possibilities of using electric energy, and overall balance of electricity and sources of energy. The third chapter presents an overview of usage and consumption of electrical energy in the neighboring European countries as well as in the most interesting countries of the World. The fourth chapter contains statistical analysis. The first part of the chapter details a list of the analyzed quantities of individual consumptions, of the investigated factors, and the analyzed countries. Further, the chapter explains the method of statistical analysis via using simple and multiple regression and its subsequent application and evaluation for the Czech Republic and the others European countries. According to the result, it is GDP that has the main impact on the trends in the course of consumption of electricity. However, it is necessary to consider other factors influencing the consumption of electricity, too, and not rely solely on GDP in terms of long-time prediction of electricity consumption. The fifth chapter discusses the reduction of electricity consumption and savings, which can be both political and macroeconomic result. Quantification of savings is not always unequivocal and any cost-saving actions can lead to an increase in electricity consumption, which can, in effect, be bigger than any possible savings.