Contact between rough surfaces occurs in numerous engineering systems and in many instances influences the macro behavior of the system. In many instances, the interaction between rough surfaces, affect the macro behavior of the system. Effective treatment of systems containing rough surface contact requires multiscale modeling and analysis approach. It is the goal of this research to develop simple methods for treating contact of rough surfaces so as to facilitate multiscale analysis of systems containing rough surface contact and friction. This dissertation considers a multi-scale approach that includes interaction at nano-scale, micron-scale and accounting for their cumulative effect as to what we normally perceive to be the influence of contact surfaces and friction. In linking each scale to a higher scale this study employs statistical means to obtain cumulative effect of smaller-scale features. A mixed interactive/optimization technique is used to derive, in approximate closed form, equations for the contact load and real area of contact dependence on approach and parameters of rough surfaces. The equations so derived relate the normal and tangential components of contact load to displacement and surface parameters for three types of contact. The nature of contact interaction that include elastic, elastic-plastic, visco-elastic, and visco-elasto-adhesive behavior are considered and equations relating the normal and tangential contact load to approach and relative sliding are obtained in approximate closed form. The approximate equations provide a tool for efficient calculation of contact force components, especially in surface optimization efforts where repetitive calculation of contact force components may be needed. The approximate equations also facilitate a multi-scale dynamic analysis wherein the effect of contact interaction can be readily included in a mechanical system model. Several dynamical problems involving mechanical systems with friction contact are presented and nonlinear dynamic analyses are employed to link the micron-scale properties of surface to the macro-scale properties of the mechanical system. These lead to, perhaps, the first derivation of contact frequency and damping in rough surface contact.

Contact mechanics of rough surfaces and surface wear will be considered. Two types of failures are considered. The first involving rapidly growing failure and the second fatigue type surface failure as a result of repetitive application of load cycle. The first type of failure will be identified based on surface hysteresis energy loss in a load/unload cycle or examination of fracture toughness of the material near its rough surface. The above approach will be used to examine both types of failure in joint implants in the human body. These include consideration of implants for hip, ankle, spine and knee. In this case rapid and/or fatigue failures will be considered and related to anticipated implant life cycle based on implant recipient's tolerance level. Hence surface fidelity in terms of the biological host's tolerance of toxicity level due to wear will be used to develop life cycle prediction of an implant. The second application, rapid and fatigue wear will be examined in commonly used mechanical systems that include spur and helical gearing and rolling element bearings.

This study aims to gain a fundamental understanding of the physics of triboelectri- cal charging of solid particles and the separation of the charged particles under an exter- nal DC electric field by computer simulations. A condenser model is used to implement charging mechanism and a soft sphere model is used to account for the Hertzian contact mechanics. The governing nondimensional parameters of the problem are identified and a parametric study is performed to investigate their effects on the charging efficiency and separation. The study finds relevance in a host of technologically important processes, such as recycling of plastic wastes, seed cleaning in agricultural industry and separation of coal from impurities in mining.

O meio corporativo, principalmente quando se trata de montadoras automotivas, é carente de conhecimento dos fatores que podem influenciar o processo de união entre pares tribológicos. Quando há um fim específico, como o tema deste trabalho: assegurar níveis de controle capazes de eliminar os riscos de uma vedação deficiente na câmara de combustão com custo mínimo, tal carência é ainda maior. O estudo da tribologia inerente à união entre cabeçote e bloco do motor diesel é fundamental para se compreender a que ponto é possível garantir a melhor estanqueidade possível, especialmente no que esteja relacionado ao processo rotineiro de aperto na linha de produção. Nesse sentido, a investigação proposta neste trabalho tem o claro objetivo de propor melhores condições técnicas de vedação ao caso particular da união entre cabeçote e bloco do motor de forma a eliminar / minimizar qualquer influência externa durante o aparafusamento do par supracitado. Adicionalmente, o conhecimento aqui exposto poderá ser difundido a muitas outras aplicações similares nas quais a fixação aparafusada está atrelada a funções que não apenas de fixação, podendo estas estarem inclusive em outros universos do produto, tais como motores, cabinas, eixos e transmissão. / The automobile corporate field has a lack of knowledge when the subject is related to tightening specific issues, especially regarding tribological studies. When there is a specific goal as this thesis theme: ensure all the control levels to eliminate sealing deficiency risks inside combustion chamber in a low investment cost, the needs are even higher. The tribological study between diesel engine block and its cylinder heads assembly is essential to comprehend what is necessary to have the best possible sealing, mostly when it\'s related to the routine on the assembly tightening process. Thinking on that, this work has the goal to propose the best condition on fastening technique that guarantees the sealing to any superficial topography roughness. Additionally, the acquired knowledge will be spread to other similar applications that are not unequally associated to bolted joints, but also in other vehicle universes, such as engines, cabs, axles and transmissions.

Abstract Despite the large amount of research work in condition based maintenance and condition monitoring methods, there is still a need for more reliable and accurate methods. The clear evidence of that need is the continued dependence on time based maintenance, especially for critical applications such as turbomachinery and airplane engines. The lack of accurate condition monitoring systems could lead to not only the unexpected failures as well as the resulting hazards and repair costs, but also a huge waste of material and time because of unnecessary replacement due to false alarms and unnecessary repair and maintenance. Temperature change is a phenomenon that accompanies every dynamic activity in the universe. However, it has not been adequately exploited for mechanical system condition monitoring. The reason is the slow response of current temperature monitoring systems compared to other condition monitoring methods such as vibration analysis. Many references inferred that the change in temperature is not sensible until approaching the end of the monitored component life and even the whole system life (Kurfess, et al., 2006; Randall, 2011; Patrick, et al., March 7-14, 2009). On the other hand, the most commonly used condition monitoring method, i.e., vibration analysis, is not free from pitfalls. Although vibration analysis has shown success in detecting some bearing faults, for other faults like lubrication problems and gradual wear it is much less effective. Also, it does not give a reliable indication of fault severity for many types of bearing faults. The advancement of thermography as a temperature monitoring tool encourages the reconsideration of temperature monitoring for mechanical system fault detection. In addition to the improved accuracy and responsiveness, it has the advantage of non-contact monitoring which eliminates the need for complex sensor mounting and wiring especially for rotating components. Therefore, in current studies the thermography-based monitoring method is often used either as a distinct method or as a complementary tool to vibration analysis in an integrated condition monitoring system. The main objectives of this study are hence to: 1. Define heat sources in the rolling element bearings and overview two of the most famous bearing temperature calculation methods. 2. Setup a bearing test rig that is equipped with both vibration and temperature monitoring systems. 3. Develop a temperature calculation analytical model for rolling element bearing that include both friction calculation and heat transfer models. The friction calculated by the model will be compared to that calculated using the pre-defined empirical methods. The heat transfer model is used for bearing temperature calculation that will be compared to the experimental measurement using different temperature monitoring devices. 4. Propose a new in-band signal enhancement technique, based on the synchronous averaging technique, Autonomous Time Synchronous Averaging (ATSA) that does not need an angular position measuring device. The proposed method, in addition to the Spectral Kurtosis based band selection, will be used to enhance the bearing envelope analysis. 5. Propose a new method for classification of the bearing faults based on the fault severity and the strength of impulsiveness in vibration signals. It will be used for planning different types of tests using both temperature and vibration methods. 6. Develop and experimentally test a new technique to stimulate the bearing temperature transient condition. The technique is supported by the results of finite element modeling and is used for bearing temperature condition monitoring when the bearing is already running at thermal equilibrium condition.

Nanoindentation is a widely used technique to measure the mechanical properties of films with thickness ranging from nanometers to micrometers. A much better understanding of the contact mechanics is obtained mostly through finite element modeling. The experiments were modeled using the software package Nano SP1 that is based on COSMOSM™ (Structural Research & Analysis Corp, www.cosmosm.com), a finite element code. The fundamental material properties affecting pile-up are the ratio of the effective modulus to yield stress Eeff/σ and the work hardening behavior. Two separate cases of work hardening rates were considered; one with no work hardening rate and other with a linear work hardening rate. Specifically, it is observed that pile up is large only when hf/hmax is close to one and degree of work hardening rate is small. It should also be noted that when hf/hmax < 0.7 very little pile-up is observed no matter what the work-hardening behavior of the material. When pile-up occurs the contact area is greater than that predicted by the experimental methods and both the hardness and modulus are overestimated. In this report the amount by which these properties are overestimated are studied and got to be around 22% approx. Bluntness of the tip often leads to the misinterpretation of the load-displacement data. Further analysis was done in order to find out the amount of deviation from the ideal tip due to tip bluntness. Radius of the tips were also calculated for cubecorner (41.35 nm) and conical indenter (986.05 nm).

Orientador: Katia Lucchesi Cavalca / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T16:47:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nonato_Fabio_M.pdf: 2576321 bytes, checksum: 620be5d1e8be22816a88e01fd2596425 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Com a necessidade da diminuição do tempo de projeto, a utilização de modelos computacionais para simulação de componentes mecânicos se torna rota obrigatória para se evitar excessivos testes físicos. Com base nesta premissa, se torna necessário estudar a dinâmica de componentes anteriormente considerados rígidos, como mancais de elementos rolantes, e assim conhecer sua influência sobre o sistema completo. Assim, utilizando um modelo por diferenças finitas em múltiplos níveis, foi avaliada a condição de lubrificação no contato em rolamentos sujeitos a lubrificação Elastohidrodinâmica (EHD) transiente. Desta forma foi possível caracterizar dinamicamente o contato, aproximando o filme de óleo a um conjunto de mola e amortecedor não lineares. Portanto introduz-se um elo flexível ao mancal, possibilitando a sua análise dinâmica como parte do sistema. / Abstract: With the need of time reduction on mechanical projects, the use of computational models for the analysis of mechanical components becomes mandatory in order to avoid excessive physical tests. Based on this assumption, is necessary to study the dynamic of previously assumed rigid components, as the rolling elements bearings, and thus knowing its influence on the complete system. Utilizing a multi-level finite difference method, the lubrication condition on the contact in bearings under Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) transient lubrication was evaluated. Therefore the dynamic characterization of the contact was possible, adjusting the oil film to a nonlinear spring-damper set. Hence a flexible joint is introduced in the bearing, making it possible its dynamic analyses as part of the system. / Mestrado / Mecanica dos Sólidos e Projeto Mecanico / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

No description available.

No description available.

Adhesion between solid bodies plays a prominent role in a wide variety of situations ranging from tribological applications to dust coagulation initiating the formation of planets. It can be due to various reasons like capillary, electrostatic, van der Waals, and hydrophobic forces. Among these, adhesion due to van der Waals force| which has its origin in permanent or instantaneous electric dipoles present in all atoms and molecules|is of special significance as it is present in all cases. Computational studies on adhesion due to van der Waals force commonly assume it as a surface force due to its short effective range, which is about a few tens of nanometers, in comparison to the length-scales commonly encountered. However, such restrictions are often violated in various important problems. For example, the characteristic dimensions of asperities| which are the smallest roughness elements interacting to cause friction and wear| are usually of nanometer length-scale. In addition, the assumptions inherent in development of surface force model are exact only when the deformations are small. In all such situations, the van der Waals force must be assumed as distributed over the volume. In this work, a computational model is developed by incorporating van der Waals force and short-range repulsion (steric repulsion or Pauli repulsion) as body forces distributed over the volume in a large deformation, static/transient, finite element framework. First the development of the general formulation is discussed, and then it is specialized for various considerations like handling symmetry and interaction between an elastic body and a rigid half-space, which offer significant computational advantages over the general formulation. The applicability of the model is illustrated by using a number of benchmark and practical problems. The comparison of the analysis results and well-established analytical models are provided, which validates our method. As a specific example, the smooth change of interaction force from a thin-rod model to a at-plate model on increasing the cross-sectional areas of two interacting elastic rods is demonstrated. The impact of elastic bodies in presence adhesion, and the associated energy loss is an important concern in studies regarding the origin of friction. Therefore, adhesive impact of elastic rods and spheres is studied using our formulation. Emphasis of the study is on finding the apparent energy loss during impact, which represents the part of energy lost to elastic stress waves remaining in the body after the impact, and hence not available for rebound motion. In case of impact of elastic rods on a rigid half-space, it is shown that the apparent energy loss is a unique function of the tensile strain energy developed in the rod due to van der Waals attraction. A one-dimensional model is developed for this case to determine the energy loss based on the specified problem parameters, which can be used to predict practically relevant phenomena like capture. In case of impact of elastic spheres, which is often correlated with asperity interactions, the energy loss is found to be significant only if adhesion-induced instabilities occur. The behavior shown by rods and spheres are probably at the two extremes with regards to energy loss during impact of elastic bodies in presence of adhesion. Practical use of the formulation is demonstrated by applying it to the study of amplitude variation and phase shifts in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. Specifically, the advantage of operating the AFM cantilever just below its natural frequency as compared to operating it just above the natural frequency is demonstrated. Bistable behavior, which is the coexistence of two stable vibration modes under exactly same operating conditions, is shown to be severe when the driving frequency is higher than the natural frequency of AFM cantilever even in the absence of adhesion, which can result in spurious contrast-reversal artifacts during imaging. The hysteresis loop associated with the bistable behavior may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding presence of adhesion. Since this model overcomes the limitations of lumped parameter models and the computational models based on surface force approximation, the results can be used for much more realistic interpretation of experimental data. Computational framework developed in this study achieves the capability for analysis of adhesive contact problems directly from van der Waals interaction and steric repulsion. Such a model can be used for revisiting the fundamental problems in contact mechanics, as well as for providing better insights into experimental observations.