Cyclitols have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years because of diverse biological activities exhibited by them and also synthetic usefulness in the synthesis of other natural compounds or pharmaceuticals. The presence of hydroxymethyl groups in many cyclitols units building natural products is also attracting a remarkable attention. In this study, novel synthetic strategies leading to cyclitol derivatives including hydroxymethyl groups were investigated and the syntheses of bis-homoinositol derivative 127 and hydroxymethyl containing conduritol derivative 137 were achieved successfully. For the synthesis of bishomo-chiro-inositol (127), lactone derivative 132 was synthesized as key compound. The molecule was functionalized with the use of photooxygenation and epoxidation reactions to get target stereochemistry. For the synthesis of hydroxymethyl containing conduritol 137, hydroxymethyl substituted p-benzoquinone derivative 136 was synthesized as a key compound. Bromination of related double bond, reduction of carbonyl groups and the following substitution of bromine atoms form the basis of our strategy. As a result we enabled to synthesize novel cyclitol derivatives stereoselectively by using commercially available starting compounds and well known reactions.

SeaWiFS was collecting ocean color data since 1997. This means chlorophyll-a data for more than ten years. Since, SeaWiFS Chl-a data is validated for Black Sea this data set can be used for analysis. Nevertheless, the data is not gap free due to cloud effect. One of the main objectives of this work is to obtain a gap free, complete Chl-a data set for the Black Sea. For this purpose DINEOF method will be used.

No description available.

Block copolymers demonstrate potential in next-generation lithography as a solution for overcoming the limitations of conventional lithographic techniques. Ideal block copolymer materials for this application can be synthesized on a commercial scale, have high [chi]-parameters promoting self-assembly into sub-20 nm pitch domains, have controllable alignment and orientation, and have high etch contrast between the domains for facilitating pattern transfer into the underlying substrate. Block copolymers that contain silicon in one domain are attractive for nanopatterning since they often fulfill at least three of these requirements. However, silicon-containing materials are notoriously difficult to orient in thin films due to the low surface energy of the silicon-containing block, which typically wets the free surface interface. In this work, the methodology behind material choice and the synthesis of new silicon-containing block copolymers by a variety of polymerization techniques will be described. Thin film self-assembly of the block copolymers with domains oriented perpendicular to the plane of the substrate is achieved using different solvent annealing and neutral surface treatments with thermal annealing conditions. Block copolymer patterns are transferred to the underlying substrate by reactive ion etching and directed self-assembly of the polymers is demonstrated using chemical contrast patterns. Interesting thermodynamics governing the self-assembly of block copolymers with solvent annealing will also be discussed. Finally, new amphiphilic block copolymers will be described that were created with lithographic applications in mind but that are most useful for biological applications in drug delivery. / text

Simple organometallic molecules, especially those with a single ligand, are the desired model systems to investigate the metal-ligand interactions. For such a molecule, a quantitative relationship between the geometry and the electronic configuration would be instructive to test the existing theories and to access more complicated systems as well. As a matter of fact, microwave spectroscopy could be the best approach to address this issue by measuring the pure rotational spectrum of a metal-containing molecule. By doing so, microwave spectroscopy can provide the most reliable bond lengths and bond angles for the molecule based on the rotational constants of a set of isotopologues. On the other hand, from the fine-structure and hyperfine-structure of the spectrum, microwave spectroscopy can also describe the electronic manifold, charge distribution and bonding nature of the molecule in a quantitative way.Fourier transform microwave spectrometers have been the most popular equipment to measure the pure rotational spectrum for three decades owing to the high resolution and super sensitivity. With the advances in digital electronics and the molecular production techniques, hyperfine structures of metal-containing molecules can be easily resolved even for the rare isotopologues in their nature abundance by this type of spectrometers.In this dissertation, molecules bearing metals in a wide range covering both the main group and transition metals were studied. By taking advantage of both the traditional and newly developed molecular production techniques in the gas phase (for example, metal pin-electrodes and discharged assisted laser ablation spectroscopy), we obtained spectra of molecules containing magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, copper and zinc. Our subjects include metal acetylides (MgCCH, AlCCH and CuCCH), metal dicarbides (CCAs), metal cyanides (CuCN, ZnCN) as well as other metal mono-ligand molecules. For the zinc metal, complexes with two simple ligands were also investigated, such as HZnCl and HZnCN. We strongly believe that researchers in different disciplines would benefit from our laboratory studies: theoretical chemists can use our experimental results for calibration; astrophysicists would interpret their telescope observations by matching our precisely measured frequencies; material scientists could find new functional materials by linking the bulky properties of certain materials with our spectroscopic results of the monomers.

A mutation (CTG to TTG) of FeSOD gene was found in Escherichia coli. Since they both encode leucine, it is a silent mutation. Site-­‐directed mutagenesis was applied to correct the mutation, and the mutant FeSOD (before gene correction) and wild type FeSOD (after gene correction) were purified. The FeSODs from the two genes were Characterized using different assays and spectroscopic methods including EPR and CD. The requirement for the rare codon TTG may result in slowed translation and heavy demand on a scarce tRNA. Cultures expressing wild type FeSOD are better able to grow for long times after addition of IPTG and more mature to incorporate Fe atoms to the active sites than are cultures expressing the mutant gene. Moreover, the wild type FeSOD has more activity than the mutant. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a silent mutation has been demonstrated to affect metal incorporation into a metalloenzyme.

Syftet med studien var att testa ett nykonstruerat instrument för att beskriva grad av självtillit till att avstå från sockerhaltiga livsmedel i olika situationer. Syftet var även att beskriva vuxna individers intag av sockerhaltiga livsmedel samt att beskriva skillnaden mellan sockerintag och självtillit. Urvalet bestod av 62 patienter som kommit för undersökning eller behandling till privata och folktandvårdskliniker. Data samlades in via enkät. Resultatet visade att 16 (26,2 %) individer åt sockerhaltiga livsmedel minst en gång per dag och 45 (73,8 %) åt sockerhaltiga livsmedel mer sällan än en gång per dag. Det mest förekommande sockerhaltiga livsmedlet var bullar, sockerkaka och andra mjuka kakor, 5 (8,7 %) individer intog dessa typer av livsmedel minst en gång per dag. Det minst förekommande sockerhaltiga livsmedlet var fruktsoppa och kräm, 40 (67,8 %) individer intog aldrig detta livsmedel. Medelvärdet för graden av självtillit till att avstå från sockerhaltiga livsmedel i olika situationer var 6,4 (SD 2,2) av 10 på en 11-gradig Likertskala. En signifikant skillnad kunde ses i graden av självtillit bland de som intog sockerhaltiga livsmedel minst en gång per dag jämfört med de som mer sällan intog sockerhaltiga livsmedel (t=3.036; p=0.004). Instrumentet hade ett Cronbach´s Alpha värde på 0.94, vilket visar en god reliabilitet. Utifrån de resultat som framkommit tycks individer med lägre grad av självtillit inta sockerhaltiga livsmedel oftare än individer med högre grad av självtillit. Instrumentet visade sig användbart.

No description available.

Thesis (M.Sc.). / Written for the Dept. of Biochemistry. Title from title page of PDF (viewed 2008/12/10). Includes bibliographical references.

Chalcogen-containing materials are an area of increasing interest for spintronic applications. The synthesis, structures and reactivity of these novel compounds are normally studied by solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In this thesis, a range of chalcogen-containing heterocycles has been explored, focussing on the solid-state nature and exploring the bulk samples. Therefore, all materials were studied by powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR, in addition to conventional solution-state NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. DFT calculations were also used to interpret the solid-state NMR spectra and to gain insight into the NMR parameters. In the first chapter of results, a series of mixed Te, Se acenaphthenes is investigated. 77Se and 125Te NMR parameters are explored to determine whether changes in the Te aryl-group have an impact on the local environments of both nuclei. Dynamics and the requirement to consider relativistic effects for calculations of NMR parameters of heavy atoms is discussed. In the second results chapter, a series of novel P-S and P-Se six-membered heterocycles are described in terms of their synthesis, reactivity, and 31P and 77Se local environments. We observed and measured some unusual “through-space” couplings that occur between molecules and which mechanism and pathways are supported by DFT calculations. In the third results chapter, these heterocycles are oxidised with O, S and Se and the NMR parameters are discussed in terms of the structure. Polymorphism, phase transitions and weak interactions are some of the phenomena present in these novel compounds. This thesis demonstrated that solid-state NMR is a very good probe to study Se- and Te-containing materials.