According to the literal interpretation, the crime of genocide is characterized by an individualistic intent to destroy a group, unlike other international crimes where contextual elements such as the need for plan or policy, or pattern of similar acts, or collective campaign and magnitude are explicitly required as constitutive elements. This thesis, therefore, examines whether ‘contextual elements’ are constitutive elements of the crime of genocide. In particular, it will examine the evolution and the current state of the definition of genocide, to determine the extent to which an individual génocidaire is required to act within a particular genocidal context. This thesis will examine and trace the historical development of the crime of genocide from its inception as an academic concept to the attainment of an autonomous legal character as a crime. It is argued that, during this period, the concept of genocide was akin to the current definition of crime as used in the social sciences. Hence, contextual elements were tacitly perceived and considered as a constitutive part of the concept; therefore, any reference to this period is of little help in the determination of the current status of the contextual element. In addition, it is found that upon codification of the notion of genocide, deliberate efforts were made to depart from the old concept by putting the subjective side of the crime at the centre. Thus, the thesis finds, on the basis of prevailing case law, that today’s dilemma over the crime of genocide originates from the difficulty to separate the concept from its past. This has led, in turn, to the existence of a vague and unsound legal stance on the contextual elements of genocide when the definition is applied to specific cases; therefore, the legal examination of the definition has produced an inconsistent approach bordering on illegitimate law making, especially in the cases of the ad hoc tribunals, by failing to balance the interpretation requirements on the one hand and the requirements of legality and consistency on the other. The thesis also establishes that the protracted debate for inclusion of the contextual elements as legal ingredients of the crime is sustained by this inconsistency. The thesis further evaluates the contextual elements in the light of the new regime of the Rome Statute and its ‘Element of Crimes’ which explicitly require the accused to act in a ‘context of manifested pattern of similar conduct’, but analysis of this requirement reveals that this is only a jurisdictional element to limit the case flow to the International Criminal Court. This research critiques the ‘contextual elements’ and the need for them and concludes with a new case for the assessment of this context as, first, a jurisdictional element and second, necessary on two other occasions: when alleging the existence of the crime of genocide in general and in cases of liability for participation and inchoate offences.

This thesis is a user study within library and information science on participatory practices of a professional group in work activity. This has been investigated only to a minor extent in previous library and information science research. The qualitative empirical focus alternates between physicians‟ engagements in work practice and workplace learning within patient care. The overall research problem was to learn how people in workplaces interacted with information that was embedded, intricately intertwined, and tightly bound to the ongoing routines of their everyday work. This thesis aims at understanding information practices of professionals in occupational settings as exemplified by a team of physicians in a Nigerian teaching hospital. In this thesis, the focus was on the collective work activity, and the specific goals identified include how physicians interact and make meaning in the context of the social activities in the workplace, how professionals individually or collectively gather, understand, produce, share and use information, and how workplace learning influences information practices. Information practices are viewed as sociocultural practices that occur inside other practices. The thesis focuses on a nuanced, contextualized understanding of the interplay between the participating actors in activity, the activity per se, and the intermediary role of tools and artefacts. The epistemological point of departure is the sociocultural perspective that emphasizes the dynamic interdependence of the individual with the social and collective development focusing on mediation through tools and artefacts in cultural, institutional, and historical situations. I have chosen cultural-historical activity theory and the practice theories to analyse the dynamic processes in the context of patient care. Their underlying principles guided the empirical study, facilitating extrapolations and illustrations in the analysis. The cultural-historical activity theory was used to understand contextual issues that influence information practices in work activity: the object and subject of activity, division of labour, rules and norms, community, tools and artefacts, as well as the activity system itself and the hierarchical structure of the activity. Theories and concepts employed from a practice perspective on learning were considered useful for understanding the participatory modes in workplace and the influence of social learning communities on diverse information processes. In so doing, the study strives to provide a holistic understanding of information practices, workplace learning, and the relationships between them.The empirical data was gathered through a qualitative case study that lasted over a period of two years. Direct observation was the dominant data collection technique 5 used throughout the preliminary and main empirical studies to capture physicians‟ information practices and experiences. The observation focused on the Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (CPT) team‟s encounters with patients; the interactions they had amongst themselves, and events and situations surrounding patient care. During the main study, other data collection techniques were employed alongside the observation method. In-depth open-ended interviews were conducted with 17 physicians and 9 non-physicians who were selected to provide rich and varied descriptions of the phenomena under study. The interview time totalled at 1,535 minutes. Physical artefacts were another data collection technique employed: 30 patients‟ medical records were assessed during the empirical study. Finally, informal interactions in the research setting were an additional data collection technique used continuously throughout the two empirical periods. The results were analyzed through a combination of inductive and deductive methods of analysis. There are four parts to the empirical results in this thesis. In the first, contextual elements that showed how work environment can be an influencing factor in the information practices of a professional group are described from the perspective of cultural historical activity theory. In the second part, the nature of information access in the real-world information environment was portrayed. It was found that information sources and strategies contributed to the overarching goal of restoring patient health to normalcy. The information sources and strategies were also found useful for mediating the information environment both subjectively and intersubjectively. An equally important result concerns the authority issues related to information sources and strategies. In the third part, available tools and artefacts were presented as useful information aids that also played a mediating role. Tools were categorised into physical tools and language. Language was categorized according to the social situations or classes of speakers. The case notes were seen as useful artefact and occupied a central niche in the studied work activity. These tools and artefacts enabled affordances around which social practices were built on in the work activities. In the last part of the results, various information practices that mirror the participatory practices rather than those of isolated individuals are highlighted. Six dimensions made up and covered the most vital spectrum of the information processing: information gathering, meaning making, information sharing, information use, reading, and documentation. Furthermore, the study revealed that learning took place simultaneously with the work activity and that it influenced information practices at the same time. / <p>Academic dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Library and Information Science at the University of Borås to be publicly defended on Friday 19 October 2012 at 13.00 in lecture room D 211, University of Borås, Allégatan 1, Borås.</p>

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-11-19T12:32:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lenitamartinsambrosio.pdf: 4678886 bytes, checksum: a6f09cd96620242b7eeda9443a48e1a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-11-23T13:09:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lenitamartinsambrosio.pdf: 4678886 bytes, checksum: a6f09cd96620242b7eeda9443a48e1a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-23T13:09:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lenitamartinsambrosio.pdf: 4678886 bytes, checksum: a6f09cd96620242b7eeda9443a48e1a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-14 / Considerando o cenário de experimentação científica atual e o crescente uso de aplicações em larga escala, o gerenciamento de dados de experimentação está se tornando cada vez mais complexo. O processo de experimentação científica requer suporte para atividades colaborativas e distribuídas. O gerenciamento de informações contextuais e de proveniência desempenha um papel fundamental no domínio neste domínio. O registro detalhado das etapas para produzir resultados, bem como as informações contextuais do ambiente de experimentação, pode permitir que os cientistas reutilizem esses resultados em experimentos futuros e reutilizem o experimento ou partes dele em outro contexto. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma abordagem de gerenciamento de informações de proveniência e contexto que apoie pesquisadores no reúso de conhecimento sobre experimentos científicos conduzidos em uma plataforma colaborativa e distribuída. Primeiramente, as fases do ciclo de vida do gerenciamento de contexto e proveniência foram analisadas, considerando os modelos existentes. Em seguida, foi proposto um framework conceitual para apoiar a análise de elementos contextuais e dados de proveniência de experimentos científicos. Uma ontologia capaz de extrair conhecimento implícito neste domínio foi especificada. Essa abordagem foi implementada em uma plataforma de ecossistema científico. Uma avaliação realizada por meio de estudos de caso evidenciou que essa arquitetura é capaz de auxiliar os pesquisadores durante a reutilização e reprodução de experimentos científicos. Elementos de contexto e proveniência de dados, associados a mecanismos de inferência, podem ser utilizados para apoiar a reutilização no processo de experimentação científica. / Considering the current experimentation scenario and the increasing use of large-scale applications, the experiment data management is growing complex. The scientific experimentation process requires support for collaborative and distributed activities. Managing contextual and provenance information plays a key role in the scientific domain. Detailed logging of the steps to produce results, as well as the environment context information could allow scientists to reuse these results in future experiments and reuse the experiment or parts of it in another context. The goal of this work is to present a provenance and context metadata management approach that support researchers in the reuse of knowledge about scientific experiments conducted in a collaborative and distributed platform. First, the context and provenance management life cycle phases were analyzed, considering existing models. Then it was proposed a conceptual framework to support the analysis of contextual elements and provenance data of scientific experiments. An ontology capable of extracting implicit knowledge in this domain was specified. This approach was implemented in a scientific ecosystem platform. An evaluation conducted through case studies shown evidences that this architecture is able to help researchers during the reuse and reproduction of scientific experiments. Context elements and data provenance, associated with inference mechanisms, can be used to support the reuse in scientific experimentation process.