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Conflict is a component of interpersonal interactions, neither inevitable nor innately bad, but often commonplace (Deutsch & Coleman, 2000; Schellenberg, 1996). Conflict interactions that occur in the workplace can impact individuals, relationships, and the organization as a whole. This experimental study was framed from a contingency perspective to examine the extent to which specific contextual variables of a workplace conflict would influence participant responses in that interaction. During the study, 389 individuals responded to an online questionnaire containing a description of a hypothetical workplace conflict interaction with one level of three manipulated context variables (i.e., conflict type, verb abstraction level, and sex of parties). The context variables were hypothesized to influence participants' responses that included attitudes toward the interaction, subjective norms, appraisals of personal control and external control, and attributions of the locus of causality. This cognitive set of variables was hypothesized to explain respondents' behavioral intentions in that conflict. The four conflict behavioral intentions used in this study were control, nonconfrontation, compromise, and integrate. Analyses of the data included multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), canonical correlation analysis, and hierarchical multiple regression. The results of MANOVA were that context had modest effects on cognition and behavioral intention, examined in separate analyses. The conflict type, using a task versus relationship categorization, appeared to be the most salient of the context variables having effects on many of the cognitive measures in this study. Two other contextual variables, sex of conflict initiator and abstraction level of the verbs used to describe the conflict scenario had statistically significant results, but much lesser effects. The sex of the respondent played a minimal role in a statistically significant 3-way interaction with abstraction-level and sex of initiator. The cognitive variables together explained 29% of the variance in the set of conflict behavioral intentions using canonical correlation analysis. When the data were analyzed with hierarchical multiple regression, the context and cognitive variables explained statistically significant proportions of the variance in each behavioral intention that ranged from 7% (of control), 15% (of nonconfrontation), 19% (of compromise), to 20% (of integrate). Different patterns of context and cognitive variables influenced each of the conflict behavioral intentions. These findings present a challenge to hold two ideas together, the context and the individual, in future research and current practice. The results of this study lend support to a contingency perspective that aspects of the context, when salient to a party in the conflict, will have effects on participant responses in that interaction. / Ph. D.

Denna uppsats behandlar fastighetsbolags investeringsprocess vid nybyggnation av hyresrätter i flerbostadshus. Genom komparativ undersökningsdesign och kvalitativ forskningsmetod har tre fastighetsbolags intervjuats. Deras svar har analyserats utifrån det teoretiska ramverket som utgått ifrån contingency teori och tidigare forskning av investeringsprocessen. Forskargruppens slutsats är att flera faktorer i den omgivande kontexten påverkar investeringsprocessen, särskilt tydlig är bristen på byggbar mark i storstadsregionerna som försvårar initiering av investeringsprocess. Forskargruppens slutsats innehåller även en contingency modell vid nybyggnation av flerbostadshus av hyresrätter: Identifiering av alternativ → Utvärdering av alternativ → Beslut → Genomförande med löpande uppföljning → Långsiktig uppföljning.

Kwok Kin On. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 49-51). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Collapsibility of the multidimensional table --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Bootstrap Method --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Scope of the thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 2 --- Testing Collapsibility using traditional asymptotic testing procedure --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Dimensional reduction in R x C x K contingency table --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Odd ratio --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Three types of collapsibility --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Strict Collapsibility --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Strong Collapsibility --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Pseudo Collapsibility --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4 --- Setup of the testing procedure of collapsibility --- p.15 / Chapter 2.5 --- Asymptotic testing procedure of strict collapsibility --- p.16 / Chapter 2.6 --- Asymptotic testing procedure of pseudo collapsibility --- p.18 / Chapter 3 --- Testing Collapsibility using bootstrapping method --- p.20 / Chapter 3.1 --- Motivation of using bootstrap method --- p.20 / Chapter 3.2 --- Bootstrapping method --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Bootstrapping test procedure --- p.24 / Chapter 3.4 --- Test statistics --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Test statistics for strict collapsibility --- p.27 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Test statistics for pseudo collapsibility --- p.29 / Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.31 / Chapter 4.1 --- Type I error rate of two tests --- p.31 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Type I error rate of two tests for strict collapsibility --- p.31 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Type I error rate of two tests for pseudo collapsibility --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2 --- Power of the two tests --- p.37 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Power of two tests for strict collapsibility --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Power of two tests for pseudo collapsibility --- p.41 / Chapter 4.3 --- Application to Simpson's Paradox data --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison of two tests for strict collapsibility on Simpson's Paradox data --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Comparison of two tests for strict collapsibility on Simpson's Paradox data --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusion --- p.47 / Reference --- p.49-51

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No description available.

The purpose of the present study was to compare their (avoidance contingency and positive-reinforcement contingency) relative effectiveness in producing a desired behavior.

Det finns många faktorer och omständigheter runt en organisation som påverkar hur man väljer att utforma organisationen i fråga. Syftet med detta arbete är att finna faktorer som påverkar utformningen av ideella föreningars näringsverksamhet för att bidra till den teoretiska förståelsen av beslutsfattande inom ideella föreningar samt att ge ett kunskapsbidrag till beslutsfattare i mindre ideella föreningar som bedriver näringsverksamhet om relevanta faktorer att beakta. För att finna dessa används contingency-teorin, som den presenteras av Donaldson (2001), och de faktorer och omständigheter som söks kallas contingencies. Föreningarnas organisation delas in i två delar: (1) organisatorisk utformning samt (2) juridisk form och skattemässigt upplägg. Tre kristna församlingar har undersökts och enligt studien kan ideellt aktivas ekonomiska kunnande (där arbetsdelningen mellan ideella och anställda förändras) och näringsverksamhetens omfattning (där större omfattning påverkar avståndet mellan näringsverksamhet och huvudverksamhet) urskiljas som contingencies för den organisatoriska utformningen. För juridisk form och det skattemässiga upplägget kan också de ideellt aktivas ekonomiska kompetens men även medlemmarnas attityd till näringsverksamheten räknas som contingencies. De ideellt aktivas ekonomiska kompetens kan påverka redovisningens komplexitet och val av juridisk form medan attityden hos medlemmarna indirekt kan ha betydelse för val av juridisk form.

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