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Os cuidados com a contracepção na adolescência são fundamentais para vivenciar a sexualidade de forma plena, evitando uma gravidez não planejada ou não desejada, bem como a transmissão de doenças. Em meio a uma realidade global de elevados índices de gravidez na adolescência e aumento na incidência de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, é necessário pensar em uma opção contraceptiva que proporcione a dupla proteção. Neste sentido, o presente estudo propôs-se a analisar o conhecimento das adolescentes, cadastradas em um Núcleo do Programa de Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto-SP, em relação aos métodos anticoncepcionais, especialmente aqueles voltados para a prevenção de gravidez e doenças sexualmente ao mesmo tempo. A amostra foi composta por 90 adolescentes, do sexo feminino, na faixa etária compreendida entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistadas domiciliares, com apoio de um questionário estruturado. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que as adolescentes eram predominantemente brancas, solteiras, estudavam e pertenciam à categoria sócio-econômica C e D. A maioria das entrevistadas conhecia métodos de dupla proteção (54,4%) sendo o preservativo masculino o mais citado (91,8%). Quanto ao uso de métodos de dupla proteção em algum momento da vida, 58,9% das adolescentes referiram ter feito uso, o que indica que 98,5% das que iniciaram a vida sexual, já se protegeram de gravidez e doenças simultaneamente alguma vez na vida. Quanto às atitudes em relação ao uso dos métodos, a maioria teve atitude liberal (43,3%), seguida de 28,9% que tiveram atitude neutra e 27,7% atitude conservadora, o que evidenciou que as atitudes não se configuram como obstáculos para o uso dos métodos. O estudo indicou que o conhecimento sobre os métodos anticoncepcionais não garante o seu uso e as atitudes não são barreiras que impedem práticas efetivas de proteção. Assim, questões de gênero e os diversos contextos devem ser considerados para um melhor entendimento das questões que envolvem a saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes, bem como para a concepção de ações efetivas no âmbito das políticas públicas. / Cautions against contraception during adolescence are fundamental to live sexuality in its plenitude, avoiding a not planed or desired pregnancy, as well as the transmission of some diseases. Considering the actual global reality of high levels of undesired pregnancy during adolescence and the increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases, it is necessary to think about a contraceptive option that could offer dual protection. The aim of this study is to analyze a group of adolescents, registered in the Family Health Program (Nucleus IV) located in Ribeirão Preto, SP State, regarding their knowledge about contraceptive methods, especially those which are able to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease at the same time. The sample was composed of 90 female adolescents, at age range of 15 to 19 years old. The data were collected by domiciliary interview, supported by a structured questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the adolescents were predominantly, white (Caucasoid), single, still studying and classified as C and D in economic status. The majority of the interviewed adolescents already knew the methods of dual protection (54.4%), being the condoms the most cited (91.8%). Also according to the results, 58.9% of the interviewed reported that they had used the dual protection methods at least in one moment in life, indicating that 98.5% of the adolescents, which had initiated their sexual lives, had protected themselves simultaneously from pregnancy and IST. Regarding their position related to the usage of contraceptive methods, the results revealed that the majority (43.3%) showed to be quite liberal, whereas 28.9% of the interviewed expressed a neutral position and a conservative attitude was adopted by 27.7% of the adolescents, demonstrating that independently of their position, it did not figured as an obstacle to the use of the contraceptive methods. This study revealed that the knowledge level of the adolescents, in relation to the contraceptive methods, does not guarantee their use; and their position does not act as a barrier to the effective protection. To sum up, gender questions and several contexts must be considered to provide a better understanding of these subjects which evolve the adolescent’s sexual and reproductive health, as well as the conception of effective actions in the sphere of public health politics.

Os cuidados com a contracepção na adolescência são fundamentais para vivenciar a sexualidade de forma plena, evitando uma gravidez não planejada ou não desejada, bem como a transmissão de doenças. Em meio a uma realidade global de elevados índices de gravidez na adolescência e aumento na incidência de doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, é necessário pensar em uma opção contraceptiva que proporcione a dupla proteção. Neste sentido, o presente estudo propôs-se a analisar o conhecimento das adolescentes, cadastradas em um Núcleo do Programa de Saúde da Família de Ribeirão Preto-SP, em relação aos métodos anticoncepcionais, especialmente aqueles voltados para a prevenção de gravidez e doenças sexualmente ao mesmo tempo. A amostra foi composta por 90 adolescentes, do sexo feminino, na faixa etária compreendida entre 15 e 19 anos de idade. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistadas domiciliares, com apoio de um questionário estruturado. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstraram que as adolescentes eram predominantemente brancas, solteiras, estudavam e pertenciam à categoria sócio-econômica C e D. A maioria das entrevistadas conhecia métodos de dupla proteção (54,4%) sendo o preservativo masculino o mais citado (91,8%). Quanto ao uso de métodos de dupla proteção em algum momento da vida, 58,9% das adolescentes referiram ter feito uso, o que indica que 98,5% das que iniciaram a vida sexual, já se protegeram de gravidez e doenças simultaneamente alguma vez na vida. Quanto às atitudes em relação ao uso dos métodos, a maioria teve atitude liberal (43,3%), seguida de 28,9% que tiveram atitude neutra e 27,7% atitude conservadora, o que evidenciou que as atitudes não se configuram como obstáculos para o uso dos métodos. O estudo indicou que o conhecimento sobre os métodos anticoncepcionais não garante o seu uso e as atitudes não são barreiras que impedem práticas efetivas de proteção. Assim, questões de gênero e os diversos contextos devem ser considerados para um melhor entendimento das questões que envolvem a saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos adolescentes, bem como para a concepção de ações efetivas no âmbito das políticas públicas. / Cautions against contraception during adolescence are fundamental to live sexuality in its plenitude, avoiding a not planed or desired pregnancy, as well as the transmission of some diseases. Considering the actual global reality of high levels of undesired pregnancy during adolescence and the increasing rates of sexually transmitted diseases, it is necessary to think about a contraceptive option that could offer dual protection. The aim of this study is to analyze a group of adolescents, registered in the Family Health Program (Nucleus IV) located in Ribeirão Preto, SP State, regarding their knowledge about contraceptive methods, especially those which are able to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease at the same time. The sample was composed of 90 female adolescents, at age range of 15 to 19 years old. The data were collected by domiciliary interview, supported by a structured questionnaire. The results demonstrated that the adolescents were predominantly, white (Caucasoid), single, still studying and classified as C and D in economic status. The majority of the interviewed adolescents already knew the methods of dual protection (54.4%), being the condoms the most cited (91.8%). Also according to the results, 58.9% of the interviewed reported that they had used the dual protection methods at least in one moment in life, indicating that 98.5% of the adolescents, which had initiated their sexual lives, had protected themselves simultaneously from pregnancy and IST. Regarding their position related to the usage of contraceptive methods, the results revealed that the majority (43.3%) showed to be quite liberal, whereas 28.9% of the interviewed expressed a neutral position and a conservative attitude was adopted by 27.7% of the adolescents, demonstrating that independently of their position, it did not figured as an obstacle to the use of the contraceptive methods. This study revealed that the knowledge level of the adolescents, in relation to the contraceptive methods, does not guarantee their use; and their position does not act as a barrier to the effective protection. To sum up, gender questions and several contexts must be considered to provide a better understanding of these subjects which evolve the adolescent’s sexual and reproductive health, as well as the conception of effective actions in the sphere of public health politics.

<div> <div> <div> <p>The following study used a liberal feminist lens to address a gap in the literature on contraceptive method use and romantic relationships by examining the association between contraceptive method use and both relationship satisfaction and balance of power. Specifically, it surveyed married women between the ages of 20-49 using either oral contraceptives (OCs) or natural family planning (NFP). Relationship satisfaction was measured using the Couple Satisfaction Index (CSI-4). Balance of power in the relationship was measured using the Relationship Balance Assessment (RBA). It was hypothesized that women using NFP would report higher relationship satisfaction and greater balance of power than women using OCs. Instead, results of the multiple regression analyses indicated that women using NFP experienced significantly lower rates of balance of power in their relationship. There was no significant difference in relationship satisfaction between groups. Additionally, control variables of religious importance and number of children were found to be associated with balance of power. Controls of age and religious importance were found to be associated with relationship satisfaction. Clinical implications, strengths and limitations, and future directions for research were discussed. </p> </div> </div> </div>

Jordan has a higher fertility rate (3.8) than the averages of countries similar in income to Jordan (2.2) and compared to the Middle East and North Africa region as a whole (2.8) (WHO, WB, UNICEF, & DHS, 2011). The findings of the 2009 Jordanian Population and Family Health Survey demonstrated that the total fertility rate (TFR) has stopped declining in the country since 2002 (DOS, 2010b; USAID, 2010). The prevalence of contraceptive use has also shown little change in Jordan over the last decade (DOS, 2010b; USAID, 2010). Given that contraception is one of the proximate determinants of fertility (Rahayu et al., 2009), the main purpose of this study was to investigate which factors are contributing to women's current contraceptive behavior and intention for future contraceptive use. Research questions were developed in a comprehensive framework that considers women's intention and actual behavior as outcomes of various interactive factors within a socio-cultural context. In particular, the study's framework was directed by a theoretical basis adapted from Ajzen and Fishbein's Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and an extensive review of the available literature in the research area. Obviously, the social set-up and cultural norms in the study setting, together with attitudes toward children and family, represent a traditional scenario that could help explain the consistency of fertility and contraceptive use in the country. Further, the influences of background characteristics on women's contraceptive behaviors and intentions provide another scenario that could help assess the current situation of family planning (FP) in Jordan. In this study, demographic factors, spousal communication variables and healthcare system-related factors are all defined as background characteristics. Attitudes and social norms reflect the women's behavioral determinants and represent the main constructs of the TRA. In fact, involving a set of factors related to women's beliefs and social norms in the study's framework provided an opportunity to explore how these factors might promote or inhibit a woman's intentions and behaviors in respect to contraceptive use. In a three-manuscript format, this research was designed to achieve a number of objectives. The first manuscript aimed at identifying the major factors associated with the current use of contraception among women of childbearing age in northern Jordan. The second manuscript focused on investigating the main factors that are associated with women's contraceptive method preference (e.g. the choice of modern contraceptives as effective methods in preventing pregnancy versus the choice of traditional contraceptives as methods with high failure rates). The third manuscript attempted to explore the key factors associated with women's intention for future contraceptive use since the existence of such an intention would consequently translate into an actual behavior later. In 2010, original cross-section data were collected by means of a face-to-face interview using a structured pre-tested survey. The study sample included women who were currently married and were between 18 and 49 years old. Applying a systematic random sampling procedure, all respondents were recruited from the waiting rooms of five randomly selected Maternal and Child Health (MCH) centers in the Governorate of Irbid, northern Jordan. Using a list provided by the Ministry of Health, all centers in the Governorate were stratified according to the region (urban vs. rural) and randomly selected in proportion to their number in each region. The final sample size for this research consisted of 536 women surveyed, giving a response rate of 92.4 percent. Utilizing logistic regression analyses, the results of the dissertation manuscripts indicate that women's behaviors and intentions toward the use of contraception are affected by a number of factors at the individual, familial and institutional levels. The findings that emerged from the three manuscripts provide health professionals and policy makers with important information to assist in the design of FP programs and campaigns aimed at increasing current contraceptive use, enhancing the adoption of modern contraception and motivating the intention for future contraceptive use. This research strongly suggests that health professionals develop health policies that both expand the availability of MCH centers and strengthen the role of healthcare providers to dispel the numerous rumors and misconceptions surrounding the use of contraceptives, particularly modern ones. Health workers at the MCH centers need to ensure that women have sufficient information about the benefits and side effects of different types of contraception by offering proper FP counseling. The messages that religious leaders can use in advocating for FP would also help make contraceptive use socially acceptable since their opinions are often followed by the majority. This would be a key step toward removing the barriers to contraceptive use. Moreover, to design effective FP interventions, planners should take into account women's attitudes toward the use of contraceptive methods and the components of those attitudes (e.g. women's approval of contraceptive use for birth spacing and perceptions regarding the value of large family sizes and the importance of having male children in Jordanian families). / Graduation date: 2012 / Access restricted to the OSU Community at author's request from May 9, 2012 - May 9, 2013