The Creation of employment Abstract (in English) The topic of this dissertation is the creation of employment. Employment is undoubtedly by far the most important, and in practice, the most widely used employment relationship. Therefore, the topic of employment creation is still current, socially important and piques the interest not only of the professional but also of the general public. Employment is the basic and also the most common employment relationship (labour relationship). It is the means through which the employer hires manpower for the execution of particular tasks, and for the employee, it is then a source of income to provide for his needs. Thus, an employment relationship represents a contractual and binding relationship in which one participant (employee) undertakes to perform paid work for the other participant (employer). The main goal of this dissertation is a detailed analysis of the Characteristics of issues related to employment in an effort to determine whether the legislation on employment meets the current needs of this legal issue. In addition it analyzes shortcomings and formulates amendments or proposals de lege ferenda. The structure of this dissertation also corresponds to the above stated goal. This dissertation characterizes the position of labor law in the legal system and...

Background:  Leader member exchange (LMX) theory focuses on the different associations established by the leaders with their followers through a system of exchanges (high quality and low exchanges), whereas a psychological contract is a tacit agreement between the employer and employee and comprises of employee's beliefs regarding the mutual obligations between the employee and an employer. Since an organization communicates and negotiates through its representatives which indicates people in managerial positions, it is meaningful to draw that the relationship quality between employee and their supervisors may affect the tacit agreement between the employee and organization. Though prior integration of Leader Member Exchange theory and Psychological contract has established the link between these two area of literature, as well as LMX dimensions to Psychological contract fulfilment, there is no empirical study taken place in Asia where Anand, Hu, Liden and Vidyarthi (2011) once observed that LMX and its dimensions may operate differently in more collectivistic and higher power distance cultures. Therefore, this research aims to examine the two main aspects of literature in one of the leading construction management of Asia located in Vietnam.   Research questions: Does LMX improve psychological contracts between the organization and the employees? Sub-research question: What is the effect of LMX dimensions on psychological contract fulfilment? Is there any right mix of LMX dimensions in the organization that positively affects the psychological contract?   Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the interaction effects of leader-member exchange (LMX) and its dimensions on psychological contracts in one specific organization, in other words, it investigates to answer if the different quality exchanges between the leaders/managers with employees support to enhance better mutual obligations between them and give negative or positive effects to the psychological contracts. Secondly, it figures out what exactly is the effect of LMX dimensions on psychological contract fulfilment. Practically, it is to help the researchers and practitioners recognize the increasingly important role of psychological contract which is normally unwritten in formal contract but otherwise gives huge negative influence which results in losing employee’s retention and loyalty. Accordingly, by generating “leader-member exchange” more effectively, the leaders will distribute and/or exchange resources toward the employees better which results in better employee retention and talent management strategies, directly contributing to the organization’s long term sustainable development.   Theoretical framework:  Articles were used for this thesis were meticulously chosen, focusing on reliable sources and quality content that cover the theoretical background of both main research area of Psychological contracts and Leader-Member Exchange during their historical research until recent. Particular information of the empirical organization and the related industry were brought from the organization and related reports and professional analysis from industry experts.   Method: This is a cross-sectional study whose methodology choice is a Mixed methods research which inquires the involvement of both quantitative and qualitative data, integrating these two forms of data with narrative analysis. The data was collected from a construction management organization consists of 385 employees. It adopted interpretivism philosophy in order to create new, richer understandings and interpretations of issues related to social worlds and context, in particular exploring the issue of whether LMX theory have an influence on psychological contracts fulfilment. It follows a deductive reasoning as its main approach.   Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of respondents’ surveys and the interpretation of the attendants from Focus Group, the discussion was structured and analyzed in line with the structure of the theoretical framework. The study reveals that the psychological contract fulfillment depends not only on the right combination of LMX dimensions and the concern of those most important dimensions but also the distinct characteristics of the organization which concern about their organization behavior and industry features. The study also provides solutions to leaders in order to overcome the problems associated with LMX that can lead to psychological contract breach.   Originality/Value – This is the first study that focuses on examining the effect of LMX and its dimensions on psychological contract fulfilment in an Asian country.

A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma análise do contrato de trabalho atual e de como a crise da pós-modernidade e os modos de produção adotados pela sociedade pós-industrial o afetaram. Será realizada uma revisão histórica do contrato de trabalho, bem como, uma investigação das teorias acerca de sua natureza jurídica, dedicando-se especial atenção à teoria comunitário-pessoal da relação de trabalho. O contrato de trabalho e suas características serão objeto de estudo, com especial atenção às críticas atuais ao instituto, a partir das quais será realizada uma comparação entre ele e os contratos civilistas e consumeristas. Analisadas as particularidades dos chamados contratos pós-modernos e a proposta de reconstrução dogmática elaborada por Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, será sugerida uma configuração diferente do contrato de trabalho clássico apoiada na boa-fé e a partir das concepções existencial, relacional e fraterna do contrato. A aplicação da boa-fé, sob a ótica da função social, será estudada como forma de viabilizar a noção comunitária do vínculo laboral. Analisar-se-á o conceito e a aplicabilidade das categorias contratuais existenciais e relacionais à relação de trabalho, destacando-se a possibilidade de agregá-las às características clássicas do contrato laboral. A fraternidade será estudada como elemento indispensável à concepção comunitária das relações de trabalho. / This dissertation aims make an analysis of the current labor agreement and how it is affected by the post-modern crisis and the production methods adopted by the post-industrial society. A historical review of the employment contract will be carried out and an investigation of the theories about its legal nature, devoting particular attention to community-personal theory of the employment relationship. The employment contract and its characteristics will be studied, with special attention to the current criticism of the institute, from which will be compared to civil law contract and consumer. Analyzed the characteristics of so-called postmodern contracts and the proposed dogmatic reconstruction drafted by Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, will be a suggested different configuration of the standard employment contract with emphasis on good faith and from the existential concepts, relational and fraternal contract. The application of good faith from the perspective of social function, will be studied as a way to enable the community concept of employment. It will analyze the concept and applicability of existential and relational categories contractual employment relationship, especially the ability to aggregate them to the classic characteristics of the labor contract. It will examine the fraternity as an essential element to the community conception of labor relations.

A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma análise do contrato de trabalho atual e de como a crise da pós-modernidade e os modos de produção adotados pela sociedade pós-industrial o afetaram. Será realizada uma revisão histórica do contrato de trabalho, bem como, uma investigação das teorias acerca de sua natureza jurídica, dedicando-se especial atenção à teoria comunitário-pessoal da relação de trabalho. O contrato de trabalho e suas características serão objeto de estudo, com especial atenção às críticas atuais ao instituto, a partir das quais será realizada uma comparação entre ele e os contratos civilistas e consumeristas. Analisadas as particularidades dos chamados contratos pós-modernos e a proposta de reconstrução dogmática elaborada por Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, será sugerida uma configuração diferente do contrato de trabalho clássico apoiada na boa-fé e a partir das concepções existencial, relacional e fraterna do contrato. A aplicação da boa-fé, sob a ótica da função social, será estudada como forma de viabilizar a noção comunitária do vínculo laboral. Analisar-se-á o conceito e a aplicabilidade das categorias contratuais existenciais e relacionais à relação de trabalho, destacando-se a possibilidade de agregá-las às características clássicas do contrato laboral. A fraternidade será estudada como elemento indispensável à concepção comunitária das relações de trabalho. / This dissertation aims make an analysis of the current labor agreement and how it is affected by the post-modern crisis and the production methods adopted by the post-industrial society. A historical review of the employment contract will be carried out and an investigation of the theories about its legal nature, devoting particular attention to community-personal theory of the employment relationship. The employment contract and its characteristics will be studied, with special attention to the current criticism of the institute, from which will be compared to civil law contract and consumer. Analyzed the characteristics of so-called postmodern contracts and the proposed dogmatic reconstruction drafted by Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, will be a suggested different configuration of the standard employment contract with emphasis on good faith and from the existential concepts, relational and fraternal contract. The application of good faith from the perspective of social function, will be studied as a way to enable the community concept of employment. It will analyze the concept and applicability of existential and relational categories contractual employment relationship, especially the ability to aggregate them to the classic characteristics of the labor contract. It will examine the fraternity as an essential element to the community conception of labor relations.

A presente dissertação se propõe a fazer uma análise do contrato de trabalho atual e de como a crise da pós-modernidade e os modos de produção adotados pela sociedade pós-industrial o afetaram. Será realizada uma revisão histórica do contrato de trabalho, bem como, uma investigação das teorias acerca de sua natureza jurídica, dedicando-se especial atenção à teoria comunitário-pessoal da relação de trabalho. O contrato de trabalho e suas características serão objeto de estudo, com especial atenção às críticas atuais ao instituto, a partir das quais será realizada uma comparação entre ele e os contratos civilistas e consumeristas. Analisadas as particularidades dos chamados contratos pós-modernos e a proposta de reconstrução dogmática elaborada por Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, será sugerida uma configuração diferente do contrato de trabalho clássico apoiada na boa-fé e a partir das concepções existencial, relacional e fraterna do contrato. A aplicação da boa-fé, sob a ótica da função social, será estudada como forma de viabilizar a noção comunitária do vínculo laboral. Analisar-se-á o conceito e a aplicabilidade das categorias contratuais existenciais e relacionais à relação de trabalho, destacando-se a possibilidade de agregá-las às características clássicas do contrato laboral. A fraternidade será estudada como elemento indispensável à concepção comunitária das relações de trabalho. / This dissertation aims make an analysis of the current labor agreement and how it is affected by the post-modern crisis and the production methods adopted by the post-industrial society. A historical review of the employment contract will be carried out and an investigation of the theories about its legal nature, devoting particular attention to community-personal theory of the employment relationship. The employment contract and its characteristics will be studied, with special attention to the current criticism of the institute, from which will be compared to civil law contract and consumer. Analyzed the characteristics of so-called postmodern contracts and the proposed dogmatic reconstruction drafted by Maria do Rosário Palma Ramalho, will be a suggested different configuration of the standard employment contract with emphasis on good faith and from the existential concepts, relational and fraternal contract. The application of good faith from the perspective of social function, will be studied as a way to enable the community concept of employment. It will analyze the concept and applicability of existential and relational categories contractual employment relationship, especially the ability to aggregate them to the classic characteristics of the labor contract. It will examine the fraternity as an essential element to the community conception of labor relations.

<p>This thesis identifies and systematizes two categories ofpractical problems that stem from work and working environmentcontexts: workplace privacy and occupational health risks. Thefocus of the discussion is on ethical justification. Do we havereason to accept a certain level of (potential) harm toemployees by virtue of the fact that they are employees, and ifso, under what circumstances? The thesis consists of a briefintroduction and three essays.</p><p>In<i>Essay</i>I, it is argued that employees have a prima facieright to privacy, but that this right can be overridden bycompeting moral principles that follow, explicitly orimplicitly, from the contract of employment. Three types ofjustification are specified: those that refer to the employer'sinterests, those that refer to the interests of the employee,and those that refer to the interests of third parties. A setof ethical criteria is developed and used in the subsequentessay to determine the moral status of infringement ofworkplace privacy.</p><p>In<i>Essay</i>II, these criteria are applied to three broadcategories of intrusive workplace practices: (1) monitoring andsurveillance, (2) genetic testing, and (3) drug testing.Scenarios are used to show that such practical ethical problemscan be handled systematically using proposed guidelines. It isalso shown that some practices are dubious and at least some ofthem can be replaced by less intrusive means of ensuring thedesired outcome, for instance efficiency or safety in aworkplace.</p><p><i>Essay</i>III deals with the fact that health and safetystandards for employees are less protective than those thatapply to the public. Emphasis is put on the distinction betweenexposure and risk, and this distinction is claimed to be a keyfactor in the relevance of arguments in favour of such doublestandards. The analysis of 'double standards' for public andoccupational exposure to risk aims to show that a justificationof such standards is closely linked to two separate types ofissues, namely empirical and normative issues. It is claimedthat this kind of differentiation seems to be supported neitherby a reasonable conception of the contract of employment nor byany obvious ethical principle that is applicable to workplacesor work situations in general.</p><p><b>Key words:</b>Contract of employment, double standards,drug testing, ethics, ethical justification, exposure, genetictesting, health and safety standards, privacy, surveillance,risks, work, work environment</p>

Les sportifs professionnels, salariés de clubs par des contrats de travail à durée déterminée, dits d'usage, pour exercer une activité ludique, sont progressivement devenus une originalité juridique par le recours à la pratique des transferts. L'application du droit européen, des principes de libre circulation ou de libre concurrence, ont bouleversé l'ordre juridique sportif. D'abord titulaires d'une licence sportive, ils sont devenus salariés, pour se transformer en de véritables éléments d'actif incorporel. Les droits contractuels détenus par les clubs à l'égard de leurs sportifs peuvent aujourd'hui recevoir la qualification de biens meubles incorporels, avec le risque d'aboutir à une réification de la personne du sportif professionnel. L'indemnité de transfert perçue par les clubs, qui constituait la réparation du préjudice subi du fait de la rupture anticipée du contrat de travail, est aujourd'hui devenue le prix de cession d'un élément d'actif. L'objet de cette thèse est de démontré que cette nouvelle qualification, à l'origine de nombreux maux dont souffre l'activité sportive, dont l'endettement des clubs, la disparition de l'aléa sportif, le déséquilibre des compétitions, la remise en cause de la formation des jeunes sportifs ou la commission d'infractions pénales, est inexacte. Les droits contractuels détenus par un club sur un sportif ne sauraient être qualifiés d'élément d'actif incorporel, une telle qualification portant une atteinte grave aux principaux droits et libertés dont celui de rompre unilatéralement son contrat de travail en indemnisant son employeur du fait de cette rupture prématurée. / The professional sportsmen, employees of clubs by fixed-term contracts, said of use, to exercise a recreational activity, gradually became a legal originality by the appeal to the practice of transfers. The application of the European law, principles of free circulation or free-market economy, upset the sports legal order. At first holders of a sports license, they became salaried, to be transformed into real elements of immaterial asset. The right contract employees held by clubs towards their sportsmen can receive the qualification of immaterial movables today, with the risk of ending in a reification of the person of the professional sportsman. The relocation allowance was perceived by clubs, which constituted the repair of damage undergone because of the early break of the contract of employment, became today the sale price of an element of asset. The object of this thesis is of demonstrated that this new qualification, at the origin of numerous troubles from which suffers the sports activity, among which the debt of clubs, the disappearance of the sports chance, the imbalance of the competitions, the questioning of the formation of the young sportsmen or the committee of penal breaches, is inaccurate. The right contract employees held by a club on a sportsman would not know how to be qualified as element of immaterial asset, such a qualification carrying an infringement engraves in the main rights and the liberties of which that to break one-sidedly its contract of employment by indemnifying his employer because of this premature break.

In this article, the author analyses whether Peruvian labor law permit the incorporation of a resolutive condition in undetermined contracts of employment. To do so, the author annotates a particular case of Peru, as well as some judgments of the Spanish Court of Justice. / En el presente artículo, la autora analiza si a la luz de las normas laborales que regulan las causales de extinción de los contratos de trabajo, es posible que las partes puedan incorporar válidamente una condición resolutoria en contratos a plazo indeterminado. Para ello, comenta un caso particular peruano, así como algunos pronunciamientos del Tribunal Supremo español.

La biométrie regroupe l'ensemble des techniques informatiques qui permettent de reconnaître un individu sur ses caractères biologiques, physiques ou comportementaux. D'abord réservée au domaine judiciaire, elle se démocratise dans toutes les sphères de la vie des individus. Depuis quelque temps, la biométrie est employée dans les entreprises toujours réceptives aux nouvelles technologies. Ainsi, l'insertion de tels dispositifs en entreprise doit faire l'objet d'un dialogue social entre le chef d'entreprise et les représentants du personnel car il s'agit d'une technologie dite de surveillance, souvent comparée à la vidéosurveillance, aux puces RFID, aux données GPS et peut aboutir à l'espionnage des salariés s'ils ne sont pas encadrés. A défaut de législation spécifique, le législateur a confié à la CNIL le soin d'établir les critères d'admissibilité de cette technologie au sein des entreprises. La législation Informatique et libertés se mêle alors à celle du droit du travail, pour faire appliquer des principes communs tels la finalité, la proportionnalité, la loyauté, la transparence de l'information et le consentement des salariés. / Biometry brings together computing techniques that enable the identification of individuals on the basis of their biological, physical appearance and/or behavioral characteristics. Although firstly reserved for the legal system/judiciary domain, biometry tends to be generalized in all spheres of people life. Recently, biometry has also been used in companies who are always receptive to new technologies. Thus, the introduction of identifying devices such as these into a company life has to be the subject of corporate discussions between the managing teams and staff representatives. Indeed, such technologies are often compared to video surveillance, RFID chips, GPS data … and they can lead to the spying of employees if their uses are not well supervised. In the absence of specific laws, the legislator has given the CNIL the abilities to establish the requirements of eligibility of this technology usage within the companies. The "liberty and computing" legislation is then combined with the labor laws in order to apply common principles such as the finality, the proportionality, the loyalty, the transparency of information and employee consents.

Occupant une place essentielle dans la société, le sport ne pouvait échapper plus longtemps au droit, en particulier le sportif professionnel. Le statut social du sportif, acteur central du spectacle sportif, fait l'objet d'une construction de plus en plus élaborée, car nécessaire. Le régime du salariat sportif, qui se limite aux contrats conclus entre les sportifs professionnels et les clubs sportifs, sans que l'on puisse les assimiler à des artistes, obéit à la fois aux droits étatique et communautaire, mais également aux pouvoirs sportifs, que ce soit la réglementation ou la justice sportive. La spécificité du salariat sportif repose sur ce pluralisme juridique, de sources et d'organes de justice, avec l'intégration dans le régime social du sportif de la norme sportive. Le droit du travail est particulièrement propice à une telle intégration, notamment la place qu'il fait à la négociation collective et au principe de faveur. Le juge y participe également en reconnaissant cette spécificité. Cette spécificité s'exprime tant au niveau de la formation du contrat, que de son exécution ou de sa rupture. Les pratiques des transferts, des prêts, de l'homologation des contrats ou des réglementations contre le dopage attestent de celle-ci. / Occupying an essential place in the society, the sport could escape no longer the law, in particular the sportsman become professional. The social status of the sportsman, the central actor of the sports show, is the object of a more and more elaborated construction, because necessary. The regime of the sports wage-earner, who limits himself to the contract between the professional sportsmen and the sports clubs, without that we can assimilate them to artists, obeys at once the state and community rights, but also the sports powers, whether it is the regulations and the sports justice. The specificity of the sports wage-earner bases on this legal pluralism, in sources and in organs of justice, with the integration in the social diet of the sportsman of the sports standard. The labor law is particularly convenient to such an integration, in particular the place which it makes for the collective bargaining and for the principle of favour. The judge also participates in it by recognizing this specificity. This specificity expresses himself both at the level of the formation of the contract, and of its execution or of its break. The practices of transfers, loans, ratification of contracts or regulations against the doping give evidence of this one.