李敬國. / "2001年9月" / 論文 (哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2001. / 參考文獻 (leaves 133-140) / 附中英文摘要. / "2001 nian 9 yue" / Li Jingguo. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2001. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 133-140) / Fu Zhong Ying wen zhai yao. / 凡例 --- p.1 / 前言 --- p.4 / Chapter 第一章 --- 康德的前驅：希臘及代關於「自由」的學說 --- p.8 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 導言 --- p.8 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 自由意志與自由槪念的發展 --- p.9 / Chapter 〔I〕 --- 多德 --- p.9 / Chapter 〔II〕 --- 笛卡爾 --- p.13 / Chapter 〔III〕 --- 斯賓諾莎 --- p.16 / Chapter 〔IV〕 --- 休謨 --- p.21 / Chapter 〔V〕 --- 萊布尼茲 --- p.25 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 小結 --- p.30 / Chapter 第二章 --- 康德的自由槪念 --- p.32 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 自由槪念底價値與意義 --- p.32 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 自由槪念 --- p.39 / Chapter 〔I〕 --- 《純粹理性之批判》中的自由槪念 --- p.39 / Chapter (A) --- <超驗辯證論> 〉 --- p.39 / Chapter (1) --- 「二律背反」底推述 --- p.39 / Chapter (2) --- 「超驗自由」與兩重世界之界分 --- p.45 / Chapter (B) --- <純粹理性底法規> 〉 --- p.47 / Chapter (C) --- 自由底任意與天然自由之關係 --- p.51 / Chapter 〔II〕 --- 《道德底形而上學之基礎》中的自由槪念 --- p.53 / Chapter (1) --- 從《純粹理性之批判》到「實踐理性之批判 」 --- p.54 / Chapter (2) --- 自由槪念底發現 --- p.56 / Chapter (3) --- 自由槪念底兩種意義 --- p.61 / Chapter (4) --- 「自由」與有理性者底關係 --- p.63 / Chapter (5) --- 關於循環論證底問題 --- p.65 / Chapter 〔III〕 --- （實踐理性之批判》中的自由槪念 --- p.67 / Chapter (1) --- 自由與道德底關係 --- p.67 / Chapter (2) --- 「自由」理念一作爲實踐理念底公設 --- p.72 / Chapter 〔IV〕 --- （判斷力之批判》中的自由槪念 --- p.74 / Chapter (1) --- 從「自由」至「自然」之過 渡 --- p.74 / Chapter (2) --- 「自由」與「合目的性」槪念 --- p.77 / Chapter 第三章 --- 康德哲學中的自由意志 --- p.81 / Chapter 〈一〉 --- 引言 --- p.81 / Chapter 〈二〉 --- 意志概念 --- p.81 / Chapter 〔I〕 --- 意志槪念底基本義 --- p.81 / Chapter 〔II〕 --- 意志與理性 --- p.85 / Chapter 〔III〕 --- "“Wille´ح 與""Willkur´ح 之意義" --- p.87 / Chapter (1) --- 《純粹理性之批判》中的「意志 」 --- p.87 / Chapter (2) --- 《道德底形而上學之基礎》中的「意志 」 --- p.89 / Chapter (3) --- 《實踐理性之批判》中的「意志」 --- p.91 / Chapter (4) --- 《道德底形而上學》中的/意志 」 --- p.92 / Chapter (5) --- 「意願」與「意念」之區分 --- p.96 / Chapter (6) --- 「意念」與「意志」之區 分 --- p.98 / Chapter 〔IV〕 --- 善的意志 --- p.100 / Chapter 〈三〉 --- 義務槪念 --- p.103 / Chapter 〔I〕 --- 義務槪念乃唯有理性者所專屬 --- p.103 / Chapter 〔II〕 --- 「出於義務」與「合乎義務」 --- p.104 / Chapter 〔III〕 --- 「義務」與「愛好」 --- p.106 / Chapter 〔IV〕 --- 善的意志與義務間底關係 --- p.108 / Chapter 〈四〉 --- 定言令式 --- p.117 / Chapter 〔I〕 --- 道德律則僅唯一定言令式 --- p.118 / Chapter 〔II〕 --- 定言令式底原則 --- p.121 / Chapter 〔III〕 --- 目的王國與意志自律 --- p.122 / Chapter 〔IV〕 --- 意志自律爲一切道德律則所依據底惟一原則 --- p.125 / 結語 --- p.128 / 參考書目 --- p.133

This dissertation studies social incentives in pro-social behavior and its various implications, including but not limited to disclosure policies, fundraising strategies and geographic polarization. / Economics

This study presents a comparative analytical investigation of two divergent yet parallel doctrines of self-realization. John Dewey, a distinguished American thinker, represents a naturalist pragmatist conception of self-realization on the one hand, and 'Allama Tabataba'i, a renowned Muslim philosopher, an Islamic perception on the other. While Dewey is considered a spokesperson for modern American pragmatist and humanist thought, 'Allama may be seen as typical of Islamic Shi'i thinking. In dealing with their conceptualizations of self-realization, the intention in this study is to focus on some significant aspects of the human self, to rediscover its potentiality and to determine the wisdom behind self-realization from a comparative perspective. After outlining the two thinkers' scholarly backgrounds, instructional contexts, sources, methods, works and purposes, the study examines certain specific issues. It investigates their understandings of human nature, and explores their positions on moral experience and human character, as well as on the arts and sciences as vehicles for self-realization. As its final chapter, the study elaborates the basic elements and manifestations of self-realization as depicted in Dewey's and 'Allama's systems of thought. This research aims at clarifying the parallels, similarities and differences that exist between the two scholars, through an in-depth comparison of their respective naturalist and Islamic approaches and attitudes.

Two texts by Nishitani, written ten years apart, reflect a very different position on the nietzschean question of the overcoming of nihilism. Although a student of Heidegger's at Freiburg between 1936 and 1939, Nishitani shows no evidence of a heideggerian influence in The Self-Overcoming of Nihilism. In this period (1949), he considers, contrary to Heidegger, that the affirmative aspects of nietzschean philosophy constitute a radical overcoming of nihilism. It is only in What is Religion? (1961) which appears in 1982 as Religion and Nothingness (English translation) that his view changes, reflecting more closely a heideggerian position. Nietzsche's concept of the Will to Power is evidence for Nishitani that Nietzsche enmeshed still in a philosophy of "Being", remains within traditional Western metaphysics. Because in Nishitani's view, Western metaphysics is nihilist, he finally concludes that Nietzsche did not overcome nihilism. / This development in Nishitani's thought is considered, in a concluding perspective of the present text, as evidence of the markedly more profound influence of Heidegger on the later, more mature work of Nishitani.

Different types of ambiguous student contributions occur in mathematics classrooms. In this study I identified (1) different types of ambiguous student contributions and (2) the different ways teachers respond to one particular kind of ambiguous contribution, clarifiable ambiguity. Note that clarifiable ambiguity is ambiguity that stems from a student who uses an unclear referent in their contribution and can be clarified in the moment by the particular student. Literature has focused only on ambiguity that has the potential to further the development of mathematical concepts and has only theorized about teacher responses to this specific type of ambiguity. This study identified an additional three types of ambiguous student contributions: Student Appropriation of Teacher Ambiguity, Irrelevant Ambiguity, and General Ambiguity. It was important to identify all the different types of ambiguous student contributions because teacher responses should likely be different to the different types of ambiguity. In addition, through analyzing the teacher responses to the clarifiably ambiguous student contributions, this study found that teachers addressed the clarifiably ambiguous student contributions about half the time. When the teachers did address the clarifiable ambiguity, the majority of the time the teacher clarified the ambiguity themselves with the most common response being the teacher honed in on the clarifiably ambiguity and asked for confirmation from the student on the accuracy of the clarification.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The study of the nonprofit sector has traditionally focused on nonprofit organizations as recipients of charity. A perspective that has been relatively neglected is that of nonprofit organizations as not only recipients but also as donors of charitable resources. This dissertation explores the phenomenon of philanthropic behavior of nonprofit organizations, using studies of the contributions and community health programs of nonprofit hospitals in Indiana as an example. Philanthropic behavior is defined as actions and programs initiated by a nonprofit organization to meet additional community needs – beyond its primary mission or services. It presents the hypothesis that such activities are undertaken for reasons similar to for-profit organizations – and have comparable organizational benefits. The studies reported in the dissertation show a wide variation in reporting such activities as well as of the organizational structures in place to manage such behavior. This variation is seen even in seemingly similar hospitals such as religious hospitals within an identified system. The dissertation discovers that while nonprofit organizations may engage in philanthropic behavior, these practices go largely unrecognized. Because the actions are not systematically noted or recorded, some very significant residual benefits that nonprofits provide for their defined communities are also unrecognized. It also finds that when these activities are evident, they are driven more by the professional values and actions of individual employees than by organizational policies. The dissertation concludes that drawing conclusions from this study of the data on Indiana hospitals – both from state reports and the IRS Form 990s – is difficult. There is an inconsistency between the two databases as well as within each of the datasets that makes any specific conclusions as to the relative values of different hospitals or to standards is suspect. It notes that while the revised Form 990 should help in overall transparency, the reporting of areas such as health education and donations will most probably continue to be inconsistent. This inconsistency makes the information difficult to use as either an evaluation tool or as policy to encourage community-serving behavior.

No description available.

In this thesis I have retrieved the modern language of the law of nature between the period 1625--1672. I have reconstructed this language as a response to the seventeenth century breakdown of society in Europe. / In Chapters 1, 2 and 3, I lay out Hugo Grotius' moral and political theory grounded in three irreducible principles of self-preservation, the primacy of society and consent. These principles lead Grotius to develop a rich and pluralistic theory. / Thomas Hobbes's theory calls into question the complex Grotian social and political arrangement and in its place provides an absolutist and homogeneous conception of the state. This is treated in Chapter 4. / In Chapters 5 and 6, I lay out Samuel Pufendorf's moral and political theory. Pufendorf accepts Grotius's and Hobbes' initial premises but argues for a 'regular' or homogeneous state. / The retrieval of the law of nature proposed in this thesis is important, for it radically calls into question the conventional manner in which we understand the seventeenth century. Among other things, this work illuminates the common foundation shared by contemporary liberals, communitarians and more radical theories.

No description available.