O controle da ferrugem asiática é altamente dependente do tratamento com fungicidas. A decisão do momento correto da aplicação é fundamental para a eficiência do tratamento, visto que atrasos na efetuação do controle podem torná-lo tão ineficaz quanto à ausência de aplicações. O dano provocado pela ferrugem asiática é decorrente da redução da área foliar, devido à destruição do tecido vegetal e desfolha precoce. Tendo em vista a influência que o atraso no controle tem sobre a ferrugem asiática, e esta sobre a folhagem das plantas de soja, o dano pode ser melhor compreendido com o uso de variáveis que captem modificações na área foliar do hospedeiro. Com os objetivos de avaliar o efeito do atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática sobre o rendimento e os componentes do rendimento, a duração (HAD), a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA) de plantas de soja e sobre a severidade da doença e examinar as relações entre o rendimento de soja com a duração, absorção da área foliar sadia e severidade da ferrugem asiática, foram conduzidos cinco experimentos no Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Arysta LifeScience, em Pereiras-SP. Os experimentos envolveram um tratamento preventivo e tratamentos que corresponderam a atrasos crescentes na efetuação do controle químico. As relações entre os parâmetros citados acima foram avaliadas por meio de testes de comparação de médias (LSD) e regressões lineares e não lineares (p<=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que nas situações em que o início da ferrugem asiática da soja ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, o rendimento cai à taxa de -31 kg ha-1 a -15 kg ha-1 por cada dia de atraso no controle, sendo o dano maior nos estádios mais jovens e menor nos estádios mais avançados. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAA, 10 MJ m-2 deixam de ser absorvidos por cada dia de atraso no controle. Na relação entre o atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e HAD, a duração da área foliar sadia diminui 2,4 a 1,4 dias por cada dia em que o controle é atrasado. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAA, são ganhos 2 kg ha-1 para cada MJ m-2 absorvido pela área foliar sadia. Na relação entre o rendimento de soja e HAD, são ganhos de 13 a 9 kg ha-1 para cada dia de duração da área foliar sadia. A relação entre atraso no controle da ferrugem asiática da soja e severidade da doença é de 0,25% ponto percentual para cada dia de atraso no controle. A relação entre o rendimento de soja e severidade da ferrugem asiática é de -36 kg ha-1 por cada ponto percentual de severidade. A variável que melhor se relaciona com o rendimento de soja é a absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA). Tanto HAA quanto HAD são variáveis melhores do que a severidade para serem usadas na quantificação de danos provocados pela ferrugem asiática na soja. Nas situações em que o início da doença ocorre próximo à fase reprodutiva, atrasos no controle da ferrugem asiática superiores a 28 dias apresentam o mesmo resultado que a ausência de controle. Não há redução no rendimento de soja se o início da ferrugem asiática ocorrer a partir do estádio R5. / The control of the asian soybean rust is highly dependent of fungicides treatment. The decision of the correct moment of application is critical for the efficiency of the treatment, since delays in the control can become it so inefficacious as the absence of applications. The damage caused by asian soybean rust is decurrent of the reduction of the leaf area, due to vegetal tissue destruction and early defoliation. In view, the influence that the control delay has on the asian rust, and this on the foliage of the soybean plants, the yield loss can be better understood with the use of variable that catch modifications in the leaf area of the host plant. With the objectives to evaluate the effect of the delay in the asian soybean control on the yield and the yield components, the duration (HAD) and absorption of the healthy leaf area (HAA) of soybean plants and on the disease severity, and to examine the relationship between the soybean yield with the healthy leaf area duration, healthy leaf area absorption and asian soybean rust severity, were conducted five field experiments in Agricultural Research and Development Center of the Arysta LifeScience, in Pereiras-SP. The experiments had involved a preventive treatment and treatments that had corresponded the increasing delays in the chemical control. The relationship between the cited parameters above had been evaluated by averages comparison test (LSD) and linear and non linear regressions (p<=0,05). The results had shown that in the situations where the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs next to the reproductive phase, the yield fall -31 kg ha-1 to -15 kg ha-1 per each day of control delay, being the loss bigger in youngest stadiums and lesser in oldier stadiums. In the relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAA, 10MJ m-2 does not absorbed per each day of control delay. In the relationship of the control delay of the asian soybean rust and HAD, the duration of the healthy leaf area reduced 2,4 to 1,4 days per each day where the control is delayed. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAA, were obtained 2 kg ha-1 for each MJ m-2 absorbed by the healthy leaf area. In the relationship between soybean yield and HAD, were obtained 9 to 13 kg ha-1 for each day of healthy leaf area duration. The relationship between control delay of the asian soybean rust and disease severity was of 0,25% percentile point for each day of delay in the control. The relationship between soybean yield and severity of the asian soybean rust were of -36 kg ha-1 for each percentile point of severity. The variable that better becomes related with the yield soybean was the healthy leaf area absorption (HAA). Even HAA as HAD are better variables than severity to be used in the yield losses quantification of the asian soybean rust. In the situations that the beginning of the disease occurs next to reproductive phase, control delay of asian soybean rust higher than 28 days show the same result that the control absence. It does not have reduction in the soybean yield if the beginning of the asian soybean rust occurs after the R5 stadium.

Freight deliveries on signalized urban streets are known to cause lane blockages during delivery. Traffic congestion associated with urban freight deliveries has gained increasing attention recently as traffic engineers and planners are tasked with finding solutions to manage increasing demand more sustainably with limited road capacity. The goal of this research is to evaluate two models for quantifying the capacity and signalized control delay effects of a lane-blocking freight delivery on an urban arterial. The two methods are: an All-or-Nothing model similar to methodology used in the Highway Capacity Manual 6th Edition, and a Detailed model consistent with kinematic wave theory. The purpose is to provide insight on the use of these tools for analysis of urban freight delivery. The signalized control delay results of the two models are compared with observed video data of urban deliveries from one city block of 8th Ave in New York City. Empirical confirmation of double-parked delivery impact on signalized controlled delay remains elusive due to an inability to isolate the effects of the deliveries from other traffic perturbations in the video sample. Instead, microscopic simulation using Aimsun is used for comparison to the theoretical models and the results lend credibility to the Detailed model. The simulation results show a similar trend of delay impact from double-parked deliveries located at a range distances from the intersection and more closely resembled the Detailed model. The All-or-Nothing model would provide only a coarse representation of the capacity and delay effects. The more detailed approach that accounts for the dynamics of queuing in front of the delivery vehicle provides closed form analytical formulas for capacity and signalized control delay that can account for varying locations of deliveries as well as analysis periods with some blocked cycles and others unblocked. Two policy implications are proposed: 1) that double-parked deliveries located mid-block likely result in less signalized control delay impact, and 2) freight receivers that attract double-parked deliveries near an intersection stop line should be prioritized in urban freight delivery mitigation policies such as off-hour delivery.

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