Current revolutions in biotechnology and neuroscience are changing military technologies, necessitating dramatic re-evaluations in arms regulatory regimes. This study assesses how these new technologies can be used in weapons systems - by governments and terrorists alike - and whether this frightening development can be brought under effective international control. Malcolm Dando begins by surveying the existing (and arguably inadequate) control mechanisms for chemical and biological weapons. He then discusses how earlier generations of toxin and bioregulatory weapons have been used by such states as Iraq, the Soviet Union and the USA, and explains, in non-technical terms, the implications for new weapons technology. Considering how international law might be applied to constrain undesirable military developments without restricting technological developments for peaceful purposes, Dando concludes with a proposal for an integrated control regime that would link international agreements, national legislation, and trade regulations.

Bakgrund: Under 1980-talet uppdagades en problematik kring att den offentliga sjukvårdens verksamhetsstyrning var för kostsam och där förtroendet för professionella yrkesgrupper gavs för stort utrymme. Detta resulterade i en ny verksamhetsstyrning i form av New Public Management som bidrog till ökad kontroll inom den offentliga sjukvården där målstyrning och ekonomisk granskning fick större utrymme. Innan New Public Management byggde kontroll- och arbetsregimer på ett förtroende men genom den nya verksamhetsstyrningen förändrades kontrollregimerna i syfte att styra och kontrollera de professionella.  Syfte: Studiens syfte är att få en djupare förståelse för hur offentligt anställda sjuksköterskor upplever att en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management påverkar deras profession och yrkesidentitet i den vardagliga praktiken.  Metod: Studiens tillvägagångssätt har varit en kvalitativ fallstudie. Det empiriska materialet har inhämtats genom fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med sjuksköterskor inom den offentliga sjukvården på Gotland. Slutsatser: Studien visar att införandet av en verksamhetsstyrning byggd på New Public Management förändrat kontrollregimen genom olika kontrollsystem vilket har medfört en förändring i sjuksköterskornas arbetsregim. Vi kan se att kontrollregimer påverkar och organiserar arbetsregimerna och därmed sätter ramarna och villkoren för sjuksköterskornas profession och yrkesidentitet i det vardagliga arbetet. / Background: During the 1980s a problem was discovered that the public healthcare operations management was too costly and where the trust for the professionals was given too much space. This resulted in a new form of governance in the form of New Public Management, which contributed to increased control in the public healthcare where goal management and financial auditing were given more space. Before New Public Management control and work regimes were based on trust, but through the new operations management, the control regimes were changed in order to regulate and control the professionals. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to gain a deeper understanding of how public sector nurses experience that operations management based on New Public Management affects their profession and professional identity in everyday practice. Methodology: The study's approach has been a qualitative case study. The empirical material has been obtained through five semi-structured interviews with nurses in public healthcare in Gotland. Conclusions: The study shows that the introduction of an operations management based on New Public Management changed the control regime through different control systems, which has changed the nurses work regime. The study's result shows that control regimes influence and organize the work regimes, thereby setting the framework and conditions for the nurses profession and professional identity in everyday work.

THE 1977 UNITED STATES ARMS EMBARGO AGAINST SOUTH AFRICA: INSTITUTION AND IMPLEMENTATION TO 1997 The institution and implementation of the 1977 mandatory United States arms embargo against South Africa and the impact thereof on relations between the United States and South Africa is investigated in this study. The investigation centers around the objectives of the United States in instituting the arms embargo, whether these objectives were met through the implementation and enforcement of the arms embargo, and whether the South African reaction to the embargo indicates the failure of the embargo to meet its objectives. The relation of the arms embargo to the foreign policy of the United States Government of the day, as well as the impact of the embargo on the South African military industry is discussed. The basis on which the problem statement is built is that close scrutiny of the implementation of the arms embargo would allow one to judge the seriousness that the United States assigned to the objectives of the arms embargo. The main objective of the embargo was to force the South African Government to abandon apartheid. Full compliance with the embargo would demonstrate the commitment of the United States to this objective, while non-compliance would be regarded by critics as a retreat from that objective. The United States’ implementation of the arms embargo would furthermore demonstrate the ability of major arms producers like the United States to reduce the threat of global violence by putting measures in place to successfully block arms and related items from being exported to potential belligerents. In conclusion to the study, it was found that the implementation of the embargo was linked to external objectives of the United States Government of the day. Thus, the strengthening or weakening of arms embargo regulations occurred according to the objectives that the Government of the day wanted to achieve. Nonetheless, the United States’ implementation of the arms embargo was generally very effective. It was also concluded that the arms embargo indeed acted as the main stimulant for the development of the world-renowned South African arms industry. This industry developed out of the determination of the white South African minority Government to remain in power, which in turn resulted in a defiant disregard for the arms embargo. Clandestine activities became the order of the day. These activities later had a major impact on the first democratically elected black government in South Africa. This government inherited a legacy of embargo violations, which led to much tension in relations with the United States in the first few years after the 1994 South African elections. The research therefore also paints a picture of the inherited struggles that the new South African Government had to face as a result of the arms embargo, and the resultant difficulties in normalizing relations with the United States. / Thesis (DPhil (History))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted