Goal of the dissertation work: to identify steps in the implementation proces of the Hazard Analysis Critical and Control Point by micro and small entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic in the bakery and pastryfields. This is based on scientific research results in order to create a suggestion for the introduction of the changes which follow the consumer policy in the European Union do they apply the production of the abovementioned entrepreneurs

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system was used as a basis for describing a methodology for the management of reproduction in small ruminant flocks. The seven principles of the HACCP system are: <ul> 1. Conduct a hazard analysis 2. Identify critical control points 3. Establish critical limits for each control point 4. Establish monitoring procedure 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Establish a record keeping procedure 7. Establish verification procedures. </ul> The first principle of HACCP requires a description of the production system. The small ruminant reproduction process was subdivided into four sub-processes with a total of 33 phases. The ewe management cycle consists of 12 phases and the ram management cycle, replacement ewe cycle and replacement ram cycle each consists of seven phases. The reproductive process was described by a flow diagram. The hazards were categorized as management, environmental, nutritional, genetic, predatory, physiological and disease factors that could affect reproductive performance. The second principle requires the establishment of Critical Control Points (CCP). Seventeen CCPs in the reproductive process were established and monitoring and diagnostic procedures for each of the critical control points was described together with suggested corrective actions. The resulting HACCP plan formed the basis of consultations with 30 commercial small stock enterprises. Each of the Critical Control Points was applied to at least three and up to 30 of the flocks over the period of the trial to establish the practicality and validity of the procedures which were described as standard operating procedures. Data forms were designed for the structured collection of data regarding the process as well as the CCPs. The Critical Control Points and forms that were selected in this project were as follows: <ul> <li> CC1. Ewe selection. Prior to Ewe preparation. Ewe selection data form</li> <li> CC2.Ram selection. Prior to Phase two of ram preparation. Ram selection data form</li> <li> CC3. Ewe preparation. Prior to start of mating (end of flushing period). Ewe preparation data form</li> <li> CC4. Ram preparation. Prior start of mating (end of flushing period). Ram preparation data form</li> <li> CC5. Joining. Start of mating period. Joining data form</li> <li> CC6. Mating. End of mating period. Mating data form</li> <li> CC7. Scan. >35 days after mating. Scan data form</li> <li> CC8. Rescan. ≥ 30 days after initial scanning. Rescan data form</li> <li> CC9. Pregnant. Prior to start of lambing. Pregnancy management data form</li> <li> CC10. Lambing. End of lambing period. Lambing data form</li> <li> CC11. Marking. After neonatal period. Marking data form</li> <li> CC12. Weaning. Separation of lambs from ewes. Weaning data form</li> <li> CC13. Ewe replacement. At ewe selection. Replacement maiden data form</li> <li> CC14. Ram replacement. At ram selection. Replacement ram data form</li> <li> CC15. Genital soundness. Prior to ram selection. Ram genital soundness data form</li> <li> CC16. Ram recovery. About 8 weeks after mating. Ram recovery data form</li> <li> CC17. Last day of lambing. About 146 days after end of joining. Last day of lambing data form.</li> </ul> In addition to the specific procedures described in the seventeen CCP's three CCP's were described that can be performed to assist in monitoring the general health and welfare of the flock at strategic points in the management cycle: <ul> <li> CC 18 Body condition score</li> <li> CC 19 Helminthic status</li> <li> CC 20 Nutritional status.</li> </ul> Qualitative aspects of the critical control point as well as certain quality control questions were described as a generic quality control form. This generic form is modified annually to reflect hazard issues that need to be followed up the following year. Specific questions are entered on the form which is diarised for the next year. The use of these generic forms assisted in the process of continuous improvement by ensuring that adjustments to the Flock Health and Production Plan are made to prevent repeating management failures. Examples of the use of the CCP's are described on the basis of data that was collected from the flocks that participated in the project. Upon conclusion a questionnaire was completed by 12/25 of the flock managers who participated. The results of the survey indicated that there was general acceptance of a HACCP – based management system for the management of reproduction in the small ruminant enterprises by the flock managers that responded to the questionnaire. Flock managers agreed that the program must be adapted to their individual needs, would not be a problem to implement but needed to be simple and many would need assistance. Training and information was considered important aspects. There was general consensus that financial results should form part of the program and that comparisons within the group on an anonymous basis is accepted. The two responses that showed the least variance were the needs to reduce production risk and to be informed of potential hazards. Flock managers disagreed the most in their response about the range of control points they would implement. This correlates with the expressed need to have individually adapted programs. Flock managers were not very positive about the benefits of a quality control and certification system. Predation proved to be the most important hazard followed by parasites and stock theft, all three being highly variable as indicated by a large variance. The HACCP-based methodology should be applied in and extended form to all aspects of the flock production system to assist in improving sustainability. Copyright / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fish and shellfish are, with very few exceptions, generally considered safe. Food safety laws in many parts of the world are, however, requiring companies to implement programs such as Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as a means of assuring food safety from harvest to consumption. In South Africa, fishing companies wishing to export products to countries such as the European Union (EU), the United Sates (US), et cetera have, over the past number of years, been required to implement HACCP. Various issues are, however at stake with regards to the successful implementation of HACCP and thus this study project is primarily focused on the application of the HACCP system to the white fish industry. The method of study involved consultation with various local authorities in order to highlight existing HACCP problems within the South African White Fish Industry. A literature survey was conducted to ascertain the requirements of various countries and international organisations and iii addition to gain an in-depth knowledge as to theworking requirements of HACCP. Prior to setting in place a HACCP system, the model reviews in detail the HACCP manual requirements and prerequisite programs required. The prerequisite programs are not limited to but include good manufacturing practices, operation and sanitation, pest control, traceability and recall procedures, customer complaint procedures, chemical control program and training. Process flow diagrams need to be developed and verified for each process and product. Once completed an analysis of the various biological, chemical and physical hazards that are likely to affect the safety of the product is conducted. The seven principles of HACCP are clarified together with how they may best be implemented and monitored, taking in to consideration the various parameters of each fish processing establishment. A brief introduction about the relationship between the HACCP system, ISO 9000 and total quality management (TOM) and the advantages and disadvantages of each system is included. The study project is completed with recommendations for further study in other food processing industries. Recommendations include, but are not limited to ensuring that current and new legislation be regularly monitored, HACCP models be developed for industries such as the shellfish industry, et cetera and that, where possible, harmonisation of the requirements be internationally agreed upon. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Oor die algemeen word vis en skulpvis, met 'n paar uitsonderings, as veilig beskou. Internasionaal word daar deur die voedsel veiligheidswette vereis dat maatskappye aan 'n standaard naamlik HACCP ( Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) voldoen wat verseker dat die voedsel vanaf sy oorspronklike bron tot en met by die verbruiker veilig is vir gebruik. In Suid Afrika, word oor die laaste aantal jare van alle vismaatskappye wat vis wil uitvoer na Europeuse lande of die Verenigde state, verwag om HACCP te implimenteer. Verskeie kwessies is op die spel met betrekking tot die suksesvolle implimentering van HACCP en daarom word hierdie projek gefokus op die suksesvolle implimenteering van die HACCP beginsel in die witvis bedryf. Vir die studie is plaaslike owerhede genader om vas te stel waar bestaande probleme met betrekking tot die witvis bedryf is. 'n Literatuur studie is uitgevoer om te bepaal wat die behoeftes is van verskillende lande en internationale instansies en ook om 'n indiepte kennis te bekom vir die funksionerings vereistes van HACCP. Die model beskryf volledig wat vereis word om 'n HACCP handleiding saam te stel en die voorvereiste programme wat benodig word alvorens 'n HACCP plan inwerking gestel kan word. Daar is geen beperkings ten opsigte van die voorvereiste programme nie maar dit sluit die volgende in: goeie vervaardigings praktyke, higiëne bestuur, plaagbeheer, identifiseering en produk ontrekking prosedure, verbruikersklagtes, chemikalië beheer en opleiding. Vir elke proses en produk moet daar 'n vloei diagram opgestel word. Daarna moet 'n ontleding gedoen word van alle moontlike biologiese, chemiese en fisiese gevare wat die veiligheid van 'n produk kan benadeel. Verder bespreek die studie die sewe beginsels van HACCP, die implimentering en monitering daarvan met inagneming van die uniekheid van elke prosesaanleg. 'n Kort oorsig oor die verwantskap tussen HACCP, ISO 9000 en "TQM ( Total Quality Management)" met elk se voor en nadele word ook bespreek. Die studie word afgesluit met aanbevellings vir verdere studies in die voedselprosesseringsindustrie, oor die monitering van huidige en toekomstige wetgewing, die ontwikkeling van HACCP modelle en harmonisering van internasionale en plaaslike vereistes soos ooreengekom.

Cerebral ischemia is a vascular disorder that is characterized by the reduction of blood supply to the brain, resulting in impaired metabolism and finally death of brain cells. Cerebral ischemia is a major clinical problem associated with global morbidity and mortality rates of about 30%. Clinical management of cerebral ischemia relies heavily on perfusion analysis using dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI (DSC-MRI). DSC-MRI analysis is performed using mathematical models that simulate the underlying vascular physiology of brain. Cerebral perfusion is calculated using perfusion imaging and is used as a marker of tissue health status; low perfusion being an indicator of impaired tissue metabolism. In addition to measurement of cerebral perfusion, it is possible to quantify the blood flow variation within the capillary network referred to as cerebral microvascular hemodynamics. It has been hypothesized that microvascular hemodynamics are closely associated with tissue oxygenation and that hemodynamics might undergo a considerable amount of variation to maintain normal tissue metabolism under conditions of ischemic stress. However with DSC-MRI perfusion imaging, quantification of cerebral hemodynamics still remains a big challenge. Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is currently a standard methodology for estimation of cerebral perfusion with DSC-MRI in both research and clinical settings. It is a robust technique for quantification of cerebral perfusion, however, the quantification of hemodynamic information cannot be achieved with SVD methods because of the non-physiological behaviour of SVD in microvascular hemodynamic estimation. SVD is sensitive to the noise in the MR signal which appears in the calculated microvascular hemodynamics, thus making it difficult to interpret for pathophysiological significance. Other methods, including model-based approaches or methods based on likelihood estimation, stochastic modeling and Gaussian processes, have been proposed. However, none of these have become established as a means to study tissue hemodynamics in perfusion imaging. Possibly because of the associated constrains in these methodologies that limited their sensitivity to hemodynamic variation in vivo. The objective of the research presented in this thesis is to develop and to evaluate a method to perform a quantitative estimation of cerebral hemodynamics using DSC-MRI. A new Control Point Interpolation (CPI) method has been developed to perform a non-parametric analysis for DSC-MRI. The CPI method was found to be more accurate in estimation of cerebral perfusion than the alternative methods. Capillary hemodynamics were calculated by estimating the transit time distribution of the tissue capillary network using the CPI method. The variations in transit time distribution showed quantitative differences between normal tissue and tissue under ischemic stress. The method has been corrected for the effects of macrovascular bolus dispersion and tested over a larger clinical cohort of patients with atherosclerosis. CPI method is thus a promising method for quantifying cerebral hemodynamics using perfusion imaging. CPI method is an attempt to evaluate the use of quantitative hemodynamic information in diagnostic and prognostic monitoring of patients with ischemia and vascular diseases.

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-115).

Thesis (M.P.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-115). Also available in print.

In this thesis, we performed a detailed analysis of the entire HACCP system in the enterprise Libor Novák - production of meat, sausages and specialties. The HACCP system in that enterprise was compared with the available literature and knowledge have been proposed some changes in the system of critical control points in a system of checks. They were designed diagrams of two new production of selected products (smoked meat, cooked production). Both productions were performed new hazard analysis and critical control newly set points and control points. For newly designed control points were established and possible changes of danger and the consequent monitoring and corrective action. Because of the HACCP system in the company for the last 10 years, well developed and stabilized, it was proposed to reduce the number of critical control points. The HACCP system is carried out in constant evolution and must constantly adapt and production workflows. Therefore, these new proposed changes can be valid only until until it changes anything in production technology.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leomar Rufino Alves Júnior - 2015.pdf: 5358486 bytes, checksum: 65b930c6a83152c4867b2f00eb5865b2 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This research aimed to verify the precision and accuracy of orthomosaics and Digital Surface Model (DSM) generated automatically by aerial photography taken with an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in urban and rural areas at the cities of Goiânia, Goiás and Edéia, all located in the state of Goiás. The survey also verified for the influence of the scale, depending on the flight height, the influence of the sunlight, and the phenological analysis obtained in agricultural areas with sugarcane and corn (vegetative cycle) crops. Flight plans were drawn up in E-mo-tion software provided by Sensefly - Swiss company manufacturer of UAV Swinglet CAM used in this work. The camera on board UAV was the Canon IXUS 220 HS, with a spatial resolution of 12.1 megapixel, CMOS sensor equipped with type 1 / 2.3" (4000 x 3000 pixel), pixel pitch of 1.54 m, and focal distance equivalent of 35 mm. To check the precision and accuracy of orthomosaics in urban areas, the flights were uniformly distributed in the study area with three-dimensional coordinates pre-marked targets read in the orthomosaic itself, and compared with the coordinates obtained by RTK and static fast positioning methods geodetic survey, using a pair of GNSS signal receiver. Evaluation of Cartographic Accuracy Standards (PEC, defined by the Brazilian decree, no. 89817 of June 20, 1984) was performed by discrepancies between these coordinates. The bias was analyzed by student's t test and the accuracy with the chi-square probability. We have found that in those orthomosaics performed over the urban area in Goiânia city, some buildings were not properly processed in terms of the conical to orthogonal projection; this product was classified as PEC Class A to the 1/250 scale. In Goiás city, the generated orthomosaics without support points were classified as PEC Class A to the 1/2,500 scale, while the orthomosaic generated with eight supporting points was classified as PEC Class A to the 1/1,125 scale. The orthomosaic and MDS generated without ground supporting points presented planialtimetric trends. The mean difference calculated in the orthomosaic with ground supporting was 54 times lower on the E axis, and 111 times lower in N axis, and 10 times lower in the Z axis relative to the average of the discrepancies in orthomosaic without ground control points. The MDS generated with and without supporting showed vertical displacement trend. Thus it was evident the need for supporting points for making orthomosaics and MDS obtained with UAV. In flights performed in crop areas, it was observed that for a better estimate of MPRI vegetation index, the photographs needs to with larger scales (GSD of 5 cm), even with a higher software difficulty in finding homologous points. It did not occur when we used pictures with smaller scales (GSD 20 cm, or larger) for the generation of orthomosaics and MDS. / Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar a precisão e acurácia dos ortomosaicos e Modelo Digital de Superfície (MDS) gerados automaticamente por programa de aerofotogrametria, utilizando fotografias aéreas tomadas com um Veículo Aéreo Não Tripulado (VANT) em áreas urbanas e rurais das cidades de Goiânia, Goiás e Edéia, todas no estado de Goiás. A pesquisa também verificou a influência da escala, em função da altura de voo, a influência da iluminação solar e a análise fenológica em ortomosaicos obtidos em áreas agrícolas com cultivo de cana-de-açúcar e milho (clico vegetativo). Os planos de voo foram elaborados no programa E-mo-tion, fornecido pela Sensefly – empresa suíça fabricante do VANT Swinglet CAM utilizado nesse trabalho. A câmara instalada no VANT foi a Canon IXUS 220 HS, com resolução espacial de 12,1 megapixel, equipada com sensor tipo CMOS 1/2,3” (4000 x 3000 pixel), pixel pitch de 1,54 m, e distância focal equivalente de 35 mm. Para verificar a precisão e acurácia dos ortomosaicos, nas áreas urbanas, foram uniformemente distribuídos nas áreas de estudo alvos pré-sinalizados, com coordenadas tridimensionais lidas nos ortomosaicos e comparadas com as coordenadas obtidas por levantamento geodésico nos métodos de posicionamento RTK e estático rápido, utilizando-se um par de receptor de sinais GNSS. A avaliação do Padrão de Exatidão Cartográfica (PEC) foi realizada pelas discrepâncias entre essas coordenadas. A tendenciosidade foi analisada pelo teste t de Student e a precisão pela probabilidade do qui-quadrado, considerando o ortomosaico Classe A conforme PEC estabelecido no Decreto nº 89.817 de 20.06.1984. Verificou-se que nos ortomosaicos oriundos do aerolevantamento realizado na área urbana (Goiânia), algumas edificações não foram devidamente transformadas da projeção cônica para a ortogonal. Os ortomosaicos gerados com mais de 8 pontos de controle foram classificados como Classe A para a escala de 1/250. Verificou-se, também, que o ortomosaico sem pontos de apoio, oriundo dos aerolevantamentos realizados na cidade de Goiás, foi classificado como Classe A na escala 1/2.500, enquanto o ortomosaico gerado com oito pontos de apoio foi classificado como Classe A na escala de 1/1.125, conforme parâmetros de precisão e exatidão estabelecidos por este mesmo Decreto Federal. O ortomosaico e MDS gerados sem pontos de apoio apresentaram tendência planialtimétrica. As médias das discrepâncias calculadas no ortomosaico com apoio foi 54 vezes menor no eixo E, 111 vezes menor no eixo N e 10 vezes menor no eixo Z, em relação à média das discrepâncias no ortomosaico sem pontos de apoio. O MDS gerado com e sem apoio apresentaram tendência de deslocamento vertical. Ficou evidente a necessidade de utilizar pontos de apoio para a confecção de ortomosaicos e MDS obtidos com VANT. Em relação aos voos realizados em áreas de cultivo observou-se que para uma melhor estimativa do MPRI observou-se que na geração de ortomosaicos a partir de fotografias com escalas maiores (GSD de 5 cm), o programa de processamento das fotografias teve dificuldade em encontrar os pontos homólogos necessários à geração dos ortomosaicos. Fato que não ocorreu quando se utilizou fotografias com escalas menores (GSD de 20 cm) para a geração dos ortomosaicos e MDS.

Diploma thesis describes collecting of data by mobile mapping system Riegl VMX-450. Science centre AdMas was captured with mobile mapping system. For the purpose of testing the accuracy, a calibration field was constructed in AdMaS. Main part of the thesis deals with testing of the accuracy of point cloud. Calibration field's coordinates were obtained by adjustment of the geodetic network using the least squares adjustment. During the testing, the coordinates of the calibration field points determined by the adjustment of the geodetic network and the coordinates of the points determined from the point cloud were compared. Another part of the work deals with testing of the accuracy, when target's position is in different height levels.

In spite of the documented success of Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (PR/HACCP) at the processing level, farm-level and retail-level application is optional. Several factors impact the gap of food safety regulations from farm to fork. This thesis focuses on the retail level. At the retail level, pathogen survival and the associated ability to cause further disease to humans even after being subjected to certain processing and packaging conditions have varying implications on the probability of sickness or death. This issue also arises over the fact that, sometimes, appropriate handling and processing instructions are not properly followed by consumers. The primary goals of the project are to develop an optimal food safety intervention strategy that incorporates risk, cost, and the value of pathogen reduction with alternative control mechanism. We wish to evaluate incentives for PR/HACCP-like planning and adherence to best management practices that promote safe food production. These incentives will be evaluated for the retail level. In addition, we will develop optimal intervention strategies for ready-to-eat meats and poultry products that incorporate risk assessment, cost of intervention, and the value of risk reduction of alternative strategies for the farm-to-table continuum. The model adopted in this study is an expansion of the stochastic optimization model developed by Nganje, Kaitibie, and Sorin (2005) to include the optimal intervention strategy at the retail ( consumer) level. These components are simulated with firm-level microbial data at the processing and retail level using stochastic optimizer software. Stochastic dominance was also used to compare across the optimal strategies and determine if there is one clear choice that is preferred. This allowed us incorporate risk preferences of firms. The scenario method was used to determine what factors would likely affect the adoption of PR/HACCP at the retail level. Finally, this thesis provides firms and policymakers a direction for future options concerning risk mitigation strategies.