This thesis studies different aspects of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices which are used to improve the power transfer capability and increase the controllability in electric power systems. In the thesis, different aspects on the usage and control of Dynamic Power Flow Controllers (DPFC) and related FACTS devices are studied. The DPFC is a combination of a Phase Shifting Transformer (PST) and a Thyristor Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC)/Thyristor Switched Series Reactor (TSSR). The thesis proposes and studies a new method, the Ideal Phase-Shifter (IPS) method, for selection and rating of Power Flow Controllers (PFC) in a power grid. The IPS method, which is based on steady-state calculations, is proposed as a first step in the design process for a PFC. The method uses the Power controller plane, introduced by Brochu et al in 1999. The IPS method extends the usage of decoupling methods in the Power controller plane to a power system of arbitrary size. The IPS method was in the thesis used to compare the ratings of different PFC:s required to improve the power transfer capability in two test systems. The studied devices were here the PST, the TSSC/TSSR and the DPFC. The thesis treats control of ideal Controlled Series Capacitors (CSC), TCSC, TSSC/TSSR, and DPFC. The goals of the FACTS controllers which are developed are Power Oscillation Damping (POD), fast power flow control, and transient stability improvement in the power system. New adaptive control strategies for POD and power flow control are proposed and studied in different models of power systems by time-domain simulations. A strategy for transient stability improvement is also proposed and studied. Additionally, different methods for study of Subsynchronous Resonance (SSR), which is associated with series compensation in power systems, are investigated. Here, four of the most common methods for frequency scanning to determine the electrical damping of subsynchronous oscillations in a power grid are studied. The study reveals significant differences of the electrical damping estimates of the studied standard methods when applied to a four-machine test system. / QC 20110819

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Edmarcio Antonio Belati / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Neste trabalho analisou-se o desempenho de um Sistema Elétrico de Potência, quando alocados TCSC (do inglês, Thyristor Controlled Serie Compensator), e determinaram-se seus parâmetros ótimos de controle buscando maximizar a capacidade de transmissão total do sistema e melhorar o seu perfil de tensão, operando com suas variáveis dentro de limites pré-estabelecidos. Para tanto, foram modeladas variações do problema de Fluxo de Potência Ótimo Reativo (FPOR) e executadas em duas fases, identificadas como fase de alocação e fase de análise. Na fase de alocação foram realizadas simulações para analisar a alocação de diferentes quantidades de TCSC no sistema, com o objetivo de maximizar a capacidade de transmissão total e, por conseguinte, com base em um carregamento previsto na rede, foi determinada a quantidade mínima de dispositivos necessários para atender tal demanda. Em seguida, com o número de TCSC definido, os mesmos foram realocados com o objetivo de minimizar o desvio de tensão. Na fase de análise, os TCSC alocados na fase anterior foram mantidos com objetivo de otimizar o perfil de tensão, simulando variações nas cargas do sistema. Na fase de alocação, foi utilizada uma modelagem de Programação Não Linear Inteira Mista (PNLIM). Na fase de análise, o perfil de tensão foi otimizado por meio de uma modelagem de Programação Não Linear (PNL). Os resultados obtidos para os sistemas testes IEEE-14 e -118 barras demonstram os benefícios da utilização de TCSC na rede, pois possibilitou o aumento da carga total do sistema, e proporcionou uma melhora no perfil de tensão por meio do seu ajuste ótimo. / This work analyzed the electric power system performance when allocated TCSC (Thysristor Controlled Series Compensator) and determined their optimal control parameters in order to maximize the total transmission capability of the system and improve the voltage profile, operating within their pre-stablished limits. For this purpose, variations of Reactive Optimal Power Flow (FPOR) problems were modeled and executed in two phases, identified as phase of allocation and phase of analysis: In the allocation phase, simulations were performed to analyze the allocation of different amounts of TCSC in the system in order to maximize the total transmission capacity and, therefore, based on a predicted loading in the network, the minimum amount of devices was determined to attain such demand. Then, as the number of TCSC was defined, they were reallocated with the objective of minimizing the voltage deviation. In the analysis phase, the TCSC were maintained by considering the objective of optimizing the voltage profile and simulating loads variations of the system. In the allocation phase, a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model was used. In the analysis phase, the voltage profile was optimized through a Nonlinear Programming (NLP) modeling. The results for the IEEE-14 and -118 test systems demonstrated the benefits of using the TCSC in the network because it allowed the increase of the total load of the system and provided an improvement in the voltage profile through its optimum adjustment.

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<p>In this thesis, controllers for power oscillation damping, transient stability improvement and power flow control by means of a Controlled Series Compensator (CSC) and and a Dynamic Power Flow Controller (DPFC) are proposed. These devices belong to the group of power system components referred to as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The developed controllers use only quantities measured locally at the FACTS device as inputs, thereby avoiding the risk of interrupted communications associated with the use of remote signals for control.</p><p>For power systems with one dominating, poorly damped inter-area power oscillation mode, it is shown that a simple generic system model can be used as a basis for damping- and power flow control design. The model for control of CSC includes two synchronous machine models representing the two grid areas participating in the oscillation and three reactance variables, representing the interconnecting transmission lines and the FACTS device. The model for control of DPFC is of the same type but it also includes the phase shift of the internal phase-shifting transformer of the DPFC.</p><p>The key parameters of the generic grid models are adaptively set during the controller operation by estimation from the step responses in the FACTS line power to the changes in the line series reactance inserted by the FACTS device. The power oscillation damping controller is based on a time-discrete, non-linear approach which aims to damp the power oscillations and set the desired power flow on the FACTS line by means of two step changes in the line reactance separated in time by half an oscillation cycle.</p><p>A verification of the proposed controllers was done by means of digital simulations using power system models of different complexities. The CSC and DPFC controllers were shown to significantly improve the small-signal- and transient stability in one four-machine system of a type commonly used to study inter-area oscillations. The CSC controller was also tested for 18 different contingencies in a 23-machine system, resulting in an improvement in both the system transient stability and the damping of the critical oscillation mode. </p>

In this thesis, controllers for power oscillation damping, transient stability improvement and power flow control by means of a Controlled Series Compensator (CSC) and and a Dynamic Power Flow Controller (DPFC) are proposed. These devices belong to the group of power system components referred to as Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices. The developed controllers use only quantities measured locally at the FACTS device as inputs, thereby avoiding the risk of interrupted communications associated with the use of remote signals for control. For power systems with one dominating, poorly damped inter-area power oscillation mode, it is shown that a simple generic system model can be used as a basis for damping- and power flow control design. The model for control of CSC includes two synchronous machine models representing the two grid areas participating in the oscillation and three reactance variables, representing the interconnecting transmission lines and the FACTS device. The model for control of DPFC is of the same type but it also includes the phase shift of the internal phase-shifting transformer of the DPFC. The key parameters of the generic grid models are adaptively set during the controller operation by estimation from the step responses in the FACTS line power to the changes in the line series reactance inserted by the FACTS device. The power oscillation damping controller is based on a time-discrete, non-linear approach which aims to damp the power oscillations and set the desired power flow on the FACTS line by means of two step changes in the line reactance separated in time by half an oscillation cycle. A verification of the proposed controllers was done by means of digital simulations using power system models of different complexities. The CSC and DPFC controllers were shown to significantly improve the small-signal- and transient stability in one four-machine system of a type commonly used to study inter-area oscillations. The CSC controller was also tested for 18 different contingencies in a 23-machine system, resulting in an improvement in both the system transient stability and the damping of the critical oscillation mode. / QC 20101112